INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS

OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC. (IIEE-ERCSA)

www.iiee-ercsa.org
First IIEE Accredited Foreign Chapter (Charter No. 62)
Most Outstanding Chapter – Overseas for the year
1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 & 2005
Foreign Chapter Excellence Bronze Awardee 2013
Foreign Chapter Excellence Silver Awardee 2014

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Buried Pipeline
Production Pipeline :

A pipeline transporting oil, gas or water to or from a well.

These include flow lines, test lines, water injection lines
and trunk lines.

Flow lines-a pipeline connected to a well

Test lines-a pipeline that is used for testing an individual well
or group of wells.
Trunk lines-a pipeline designed to distribute or gather product
from two or more wells, typically connecting flow lines
or injection lines to the associated GOSP or WIP.

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Buried Pipeline
Cross Country Pipeline:
A pipeline between; two plants areas, another cross-country
pipeline and a plant area, or between two cross-country
pipeline.

Transmission Pipeline:
A cross country pipeline transporting product between GOSPs,
WIPs or other process facilities

Utility Pipeline:
A pipeline designed to deliver an end use service product
(typically water, gas or air)

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Deep Anode Bed:
Anode or anodes connected to a common CP power supply
Installed in a vertical hole (typically 25 cm diameter) with a depth
Exceeding 15 m (50ft)
Galvanic Anode:
Anode fabricated from materials such as aluminum, magnesium or
Zinc that are connected directly to the buried structure to provide
cathodic protection without the requirement for an external cathodic
protection power supply. Galvanic anodes are also referred to as
sacrificial anodes

Impressed Current Anodes:

Anodes fabricated from materials such as High Silicon Cast
Iron (HSCI) or Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO) that are immersed
or buried and are connected to the positive terminal of a DC
power supply to provide cathodic protection current.
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Project : UBTG-1 Pipeline Replacement Project
Length : 67 kilometer
Diameter of pipe : 56 inches

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Contents
What is Cathodic Protection?

General Design Requirements

CP Performance Criteria

CP Material Requirements

Installation, Testing and References

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What is Cathodic Protection ?

“Cathodic protection (CP) is a technique

used to control the corrosion of a metal
surface by making it the cathode of an
electrochemical cell”.

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A 'Cathode' is a Negatively charged Electrode (or Element)
that attracts the Positive (+) ions (Cations) in a Circuit or
Chemical reaction. The 'Anode' is the Positively charged Electrode
(or Element) that attracts the Negative (-) ions (Anions) in a Circuit
or Chemical reaction.

Diagram of a copper cathode in a

galvanic cell (e.g., a battery).
A positive current i flows out of the
Cathode.

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CP Method
The simplest method to apply CP is by connecting
the metal to be protected with a piece of another
more easily corroded "sacrificial metal" to act as the
anode of the electrochemical cell.
The sacrificial metal then corrodes instead of the
protected metal.

For structures where passive galvanic CP is not adequate,

for example in long pipelines, an external DC electrical
power source is used to provide current.

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General Design Requirements

Design Considerations

Soil Resistivity Survey Results

Design Current Density

Protection Criteria

System Design Life

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Soil resistivity is a function of soil moisture and the concentrations ERCSA
of ionic soluble salts and is considered to be most comprehensive
indicator of a soil’s corrosivity. Typically, the lower the resistivity,
the higher will be the corrosivity as indicated in the following Table

Corrosivity ratings based on soil resistivity

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Design Current
Density = 0.10 mA/m²
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Design Current
Density = 0.10 mA/m²
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Protection Criteria

Pipelines: The negative pipe-to-soil ON potential shall

be a minimum of 1.2 volts and a maximum of 3.0 volts,
with reference to a copper/copper sulfate electrode

Pipeline Valves and associated buried piping: The negative

pipe-to-soil ON potential shall be a minimum of 1.0 volts
and a maximum of 3.0 volts, with reference to a copper/
copper sulfate electrode

For all pipelines, cathodic protection must be achieved

within 30 days of pipeline burial. If this cannot be met,
provide temporary cathodic protection.

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System Design Life

The design life of cathodic protection system for pipeline shall be

for ≥ 20 years. The design life of anodes shall be calculated
as per SA-SAES-X-400 paragraph 7.2

Formula:
Total Anode Weight(Kgs) ≥ 20
Design Life = Anode Cons. Rate x Rect. Rated Current Cap.

Where:
Total Anode Weight, WA =38.6 Kg x 36 nos.
Anode Consumption Rate = 0.45 Kg/A-Y
Rated Current Capacity = 150 A

Design Life = 20.53 years

Using 36 x TA-4 anodes satisfies the minimum requirement design life of
20 years or more

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CP Performance Criteria

Guidelines & Parameters

Surface area to be protected

Calculation of Deep Anode

Temporary CP System

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Guidelines & Parameter ERCSA

Guideline/Parameter Value/ Comment

CP system type
Anode installation
Anode type
Anode Weight net weight
Anode current capacity
Impressed Current
Deep Well Anode Bed
High Silicon Cast Iron (TA-4)
38.6 Kg (SAES-X-400)
4.45 A (SAES-X-400)

Anode-bed Active length 11,000cm

Anode-bed diameter 25cm
Nos. of Anodes 36
Anodes Spacing 100cm
Anode consumption rate 0.45 Kg/A-Y (SAES-X-400)
Anode current density 0.7mA/cm² (SAES-X-400)
Life 20 Years (SAES-X-400)
Soil Resistivity 1,400 ohm-cm

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Surface Area To Be Protected

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System Design Life

The cathodic protection system for pipeline is designed

For ≥ 20 years. The design life of anodes shall be calculated
As per SA-SAES-X-400 paragraph 7.2

Formula:
Total Anode Weight(Kgs) ≥ 20
Design Life = Anode Cons. Rate x Rect. Rated Current Cap.

Where:
Total Anode Weight, WA =38.5 Kg x 36 nos.
Anode Consumption Rate = 0.45 Kg/A-Y
Rated Current Capacity = 150 A

Design Life = 20.53 years

Using 36 x TA-4 anodes satisfies the minimum requirement design life of
20 years or more
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Temporary Cathodic Protection System ERCSA

Design Considerations:
Soil Resistivity: Assume a value of 3,000 ohm-cm

Current Density :
As per SA standard SAES-X-400 specifies
a current of 0.005mA/m² (Table 2)

Protection Criteria:
The negative pipe-to-soil ON potential shall be a minimum
of -1.0 volts and a maximum of 3.0 volts.

Design Life:
As per SA standard SAES-X-400 specifies
The minimum design life of temporary CP shall be
2 years
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CP Material Requirements

ICCP/Transformer Rectifier

Anode

Junction Boxes

Bond Boxes

Test Station

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An air cooled
cathodic protection
rectifier connected
to a pipeline

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An air cooled
cathodic protection
rectifier connected
to a pipeline

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Junction Box
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References
NACE – National Association of Corrosion Engineers

SAES-X-400 – Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipeline

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INSTITUTE OF INTEGRATED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS
OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC. (IIEE-ERCSA)
www.iiee-ercsa.org
First IIEE Accredited Foreign Chapter (Charter No. 62)
Most Outstanding Chapter – Overseas for the year
1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003 & 2005
Foreign Chapter Excellence Bronze Awardee 2013
Foreign Chapter Excellence Silver Awardee 2014

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