VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE

A THESIS

Submitted by

___________________________

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Certified that this Report titled “HYBRID VERTICAL AXIS WIND

TURBINE” is the bonafide work of Mr. __________________ (Roll No.
________________) who carried out the work under my supervision. Certified
further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form
part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was
conferred on an earlier occasion on this or any other candidate.

_________________________ ________________________
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At this pleasing moment of having successfully completed our project, we

wish to convey our sincere thanks and gratitude to the management of our college
and our beloved chairman …………………………………………………, who
provided all the facilities to us.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to our principal

………………………………………, for forwarding us to do our project and
offering adequate duration in completing our project.

We are also grateful to the Head of Department Prof.

…………………………………….., for her constructive suggestions &
encouragement during our project.

With deep sense of gratitude, we extend our earnest & sincere thanks to our
guide …………………………………………………….., Department of MECH
for her kind guidance & encouragement during this project.

We also express our indebt thanks to our TEACHING and NON

TEACHING staffs of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT,
……………………….(COLLEGE NAME).
 CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO.

AKNOWLEDGEMENT

1. ABSTRACT

2. INTRODUCTION

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

4. COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

5. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

6. MANUFACTURING PROCESS

7. WORKING PRINCIPLE

8. 2D DRAWING

9. ADVANTAGES, APPLICATIONS

10. LIST OF MATERIALS

11. COST ESTIMATION

12. CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

BIBLOGRAPHY
 PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MODEL

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CHAPTER 1
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ABSTRACT
 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CHAPTER-1

ABSTRACT

Power from wind or water current can be extracted using a horizontal or vertical axis turbine.
Vertical axis turbines are capable of extracting power from wind or water current regardless of
the direction of flow. A hybrid turbine consists of two types of turbines on a same shaft. Such a
design exploits good features of two turbines. This paper presents the design of a hybrid turbine
based on a straight bladed Darrius (lift type) turbine along with a double step Savonius (drag
type) turbine. Four bladed Darrius rotor is placed on top of a Savonius rotor. The hybrid vertical
axis turbine has much better self-starting characteristics and better conversion efficiency at
higher flow speeds. The turbine is built and tested in variable speed water currents. This turbine
design can also be used as a wind turbine. This paper presents the system design and
performance test results of the turbine. The designed vertical axis turbine will be used to generate
power at the sea floor for an instrumentation system

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 CHAPTER 2
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INTRODUCTION
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 CHAPTER-2
INTRODUCTION
Now a day, the electricity is generated from conventional energy sources.

These sources will be at the end of the scale. For save this sources, we will be must

use the renewable energy sources. The wind energy is the one of the big energy

source of renewable energy sources. The wind mill are used the wind power for

produce the electricity. Wind is the form of solar energy. Wind is created from the

atmosphere of the sun causing areas of uneven heating. In conjunction with the

uneven heating of the sun, rotation of the earth and the rockiness of the earth's

surface winds are formed. This wind energy strikes on the blade of turbine which

rotate the turbine. This rotation of turbine shaft rotates the shaft of generator which

is coupled together. The mechanical energy of wind is converted into the electrical

energy. The wind mill gas the various bearing, gear mechanism, which absorbs the

energy in friction form. For reducing the friction between the bearing and shaft we

are use the magnetic levitation. Magnetic Levitation are suspended the shaft in air

without contact with steady side part of wind mill. This totally neglects the Friction

between the shaft of rotor and the stator assembly. Due to this, speed of wind

power is not reduced and it passes to the generator shaft. Vertical axis wind turbine

is the best option for the acquired the wind energy from all the direction. Vertical

axis wind turbine has not required any yaw mechanism. It is simple in

construction. The Savonius turbine is to be used for this vertical axis wind turbine.
The Savonius wind turbine is rotated at the low speed wind turbine is rotated at the

low speed wind, due to the minimization of friction between shaft and stator the

total wind speed of turbine observed passes to the generator. This causes the

Savonius wind mill are rotated at high speed within the low wind speed. Savonius

turbine wind turbine is used with the magnetic levitation for reducing the friction

between the rotor and stator. This turbine is worked at the low wind speed. This

turbine gives the maximum power than any other wind mill. We are created the

design of Savonius turbine

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CHAPTER 3
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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 CHAPTER-3
LITERATURE REVIEW

The Savonius wind turbine was invited by Finnish Engineer Sigurd Johnson

Savonius in 1922.The Savonius turbine is one of the simplest turbines.

Aerodynamically, it is a drag-type device, consisting of two or three scoops. When

we look from top side it will be appeared as the "S" shape cross section. The drag

force turns the Savonius wind turbine. It has the maximum torque at the starting.

The horizontal axis wind turbine will not be used at household applications. It is

difficult to construct. Savonius turbine is the best option for household power

generation in the load shading region. This constructed also on the roof floor.A

wide range of materials available for used the blade of turbine. These materials are

categorized with the application with the configuration of material characteristic.

In Savonius turbine major part of material to be used for the blade, because

of the large area of blade is used in this turbine. The material of blade is selected

on the basis of its weight, strength and corrosive resistant. For the blade material

steel, copper, brass aluminum are the major option available, but from this group

of metals, the aluminum has the low weight, therefore we select Aluminum metal

for turbine blade. Aluminum has the low specific weight other than above metal;

therefore it is light in weight. It is the highly corrosive resistant property as well it

is good reflector of visible light, heat that with low weight. Aluminum is the strong
with a tensile strength of 70 to 700 MPa depending upon the alloy and

manufacturing process.

OBJECTIVE OF PROJECT

The main objective of our project is to use the maximum

amount of wind energy The unused considerable amount of
pressurized air used to drive the vertical axis wind turbine from
which the kinetic energy of turbine is converted into electrical
energy. The main aim of this project to reduce the pollution
produced burning of fossil fuel. The generated energy by VAWT and
solar system are stored in a battery and this stored energy which
can be used street lighting

4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

The vertical axis wind turbine is used to convert the kinetic energy into

mechanical energy. The light weight blade materials (mica sheet) are used for

making the vertical axis wind turbine. The height of blade is 0.8meter and

width of blade is 0.33 meter. The whole turbine is assembling with collar and
blades which is fitted by nut bolts. To achieve the unidirectional motion of the

turbine the blades are bended by 200 angle curve shape and shaft of the

turbine connected to the shaft of generator

BLOCK DIAGRAM
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CHAPTER 4
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COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION
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CHAPTER-4

COMPONENTS AND DESCRIPTION

The main components are given below

 Frame

 Dc generator

 Blade

 Shaft

 Battery

 Inverter

FRAME

This is made of mild steel material. The whole parts are mounted on this frame

structure with the suitable arrangement. Boring of bearing sizes and open bores

done in one setting so as to align the bearings properly while assembling.

Provisions are made to cover the bearings with grease.

BLADE

Hybrid wind turbine is small in size and due to its Vertical axis nature

therefore it is possible to obtain output regardless of the wind direction. This wind

turbine is a combination wind turbine with a lift-type Darrieus rotor which is

providing main power, and a dragtypeSavonius rotor which is providing starting

power. The combined Savonius and Darrieus hybrid wind turbine generator has

been investigated by many scientists and its output characteristics related to the

number of the Darrieus blade have been obtained.

GENERATOR

Voltage Production

DC Circuits, that there are three conditions necessary to induce a voltage

into a conductor.

1. A magnetic field

2. A conductor

3. Relative motion between the two.

A DC generator provides these three conditions to produce a DC voltage

output.

BATTERY

In isolated systems away from the grid, batteries are used for storage of

excess solar energy converted into electrical energy. The only exceptions are

isolated sunshine load such as irrigation pumps or drinking water supplies for

storage. In fact for small units with output less than one kilowatt.
 Batteries seem to be the only technically and economically available storage

means. Since both the photo-voltaic system and batteries are high in capital costs.

It is necessary that the overall system be optimized with respect to available energy

and local demand pattern. To be economically attractive the storage of solar

electricity requires a battery with a particular combination of properties:

(1) Low cost

(2) Long life

(3) High reliability

(4) High overall efficiency

(5) Low discharge

(6) Minimum maintenance

(A) Ampere hour efficiency

(B) Watt hour efficiency

We use lead acid battery for storing the electrical energy from the solar

panel for lighting the street and so about the lead acid cells are explained below.

LEAD-ACID WET CELL

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the

type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulfuric acid

(H2SO4). In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile,

for example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A. One
cell has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series

combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.

The lead acid cell type is a secondary cell or storage cell, which can be

recharged. The charge and discharge cycle can be repeated many times to restore

the output voltage, as long as the cell is in good physical condition. However, heat

with excessive charge and discharge currents shortens the useful life to about 3 to 5

years for an automobile battery. Of the different types of secondary cells, the lead-

acid type has the highest output voltage, which allows fewer cells for a specified

battery voltage

INVERTER

A power inverter, or inverter, is an electronic device or circuitry that

changes direct current (DC) to alternating current(AC). The input voltage, output

voltage and frequency, and overall power handling depend on the design of the

specific device or circuitry. The inverter does not produce any power; the power is

provided by the DC source.

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CHAPTER 5
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PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
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 CHAPTER 5
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

Blade weight (mica sheet) = 4kg

Shaft weight= 1.5 kg

Width of blade= 13 inch= 0.33 meter

Area = diameter * height

=0.68 * 1.09 Area = 0.7412 m2

DC GENERATOR
 VOLT : 12V
 TYPE : PMDC
 RPM : 100 RPM

BALL BEARINGS
 SIZE : 20 X 45 X 12 MM

 MATERIAL: STEEL

BATTERY
 Material : Lead-Acid Free maintenance Battery
 Output Voltage : 12 V D.C
 Output Power : 7.2Ampere-Hour
WHY?? Mild steel???

The term ‘mild steel’ is also applied commercially to carbon steels not

covered by standard specifications. Carbon content of this steel may vary from

quite low levels up to approximately 0.3%. Generally, commercial ‘mild steer’ can

be expected to be readily weldable and have reasonable cold bending properties

but to specify ‘mild steel’ is technically inappropriate and should not be used as a

term in engineering. Mild steel is the most widely used steel which is not brittle

and cheap in price. Mild steel is not readily tempered or hardened but possesses

enough strength.

Mild steel Composition

 Mild steel contains –C45

 Carbon 0.35 to 0.45 % (maximum 0.5% is allowable)

 Manganese 0.60 to 0.90 %

 Silicon maximum 0.40%

 Sulfur maximum 0.04%

 Phosphorous maximum 0.04%

 Mildest grade of carbon steel or mild steel contains a very low amount of

carbon - 0.05 to 0.26%

 Tensile strength – 63-71 kgf/mm2

 Yield stress -36 kgf/mm2

 Izod impact valve min -4.1 kgf m

 Brinell hardness (HB) - 229

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CHAPTER 6
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 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
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CHAPTER-6
MANUFACTUING PROCESSES

Introduction:
 Manufacturing involves turning raw material to finished products, to be used

for various purposes. There are a large number of processes available. These

processes can be broadly classified into four categories.

1 Casting processes

2 Forming processes

3 Fabrication processes

4 Material removal processes

Casting Processes:

These processes only processes where the liquid metal is used. Casting is

also the oldest known manufacturing process.

Basically it consists of inducing the molten metal into a cavity of mould of

the required form and allowing the metal to solidify. The object after solidification

removed from the mould. Casting processes are universally used to manufacture a

wide variety of products. Casting is the most flexible and cheapest method and

given high strength of rigidity to the parts which are difficult to produce by other

manufacturing processes. The principle process among these sand casting where

sand is used as the raw material. The process is equally suitable for the production
of a small batch as well as on a large scale. Some of the other classified casting

processes for specialized need are

·        Shell mould casting

·        Precision mould casting

·        Plaster mould casting

·        Permanent mould casting

·        Die casting

·        Centrifugal casting

Forming Processes:

These are solid state manufacturing processes involve minimum amount of

material wastage. In forming process metal may be heated to temperature which is

slightly below. This solidify temperature and large force is applied such the

material flows and act in desired shape. The desire shape is controlled by means of

a set of tool ties and dies, which may be closed during manufacturing.

These processes are normally used for large scale production rates. These

are generally economical and in many cases improve the mechanical properties.

These are some of the metal forming processes.

 ·        Rolling forging

·        Drop forging

·        Press forging

·        Upset forging

·        Extrusion forging

·        Wire forging

·        Sheet metal operation

Fabrication Processes:

These are secondary manufacturing processes where the starting raw

materials are produced by any one of the previous manufacturing processes

desired. Its assembly involve joining pieces either temporary or permanent. So that

they would be perform the necessary function. The joining can be achieved by

either or both of heat and pressure joining materials. Many of the steel structure

construction, we see are first rolled and then joined together by a fabrication

process are

·        Gas welding

·        Electric arc welding

 ·        Electrical resistance welding

·        Thermo welding

·        Brazing welding

·        Soldering welding

·        Cold welding

Material removal processes:

   These are also a secondary removal manufacturing process, where the

additional unwanted material is removed in the form of chips from the blank

material by a hard tools so as to obtain the final desired shape.

Material removal is normally a most expensive manufacturing process.

Because more energy is consumed and also a lot of waste material is generated in

this process. Still this process is widely used because it deliver very good

dimensional accuracy and good surface finished. Material removal process are also

called machining processes. Various processes in this category are

 Turning

 Drilling

 Shaping and planning

 Milling
  Grinding

 Broaching

 Sawing

 Trimming

WELDING:

Welding is a process of joining two metal pieces by the application of heat.

Welding is the least expensive process and widely used now a days in fabrication.

Welding joints different metals with the help of a number of processes in which

heat is supplied either electrically or by mean of a gas torch. Different welding

processes are used in the manufacturing of Auto mobiles bodies, structural work,

tanks, and general machine repair work. In the industries, welding is used in

refineries and pipe line fabrication. It may be called a secondary manufacturing

process. 

Classification of welding processes:

There are about 35 different welding and brazing process and several

soldering methods, in use by the industry today. There are various ways of

classifying the welding for example, they may be classified on the basis of source

of heat (flames, arc etc.)

In general various welding processes are classified as follows.

1: Gas Welding

(a): Air Acetylene

(b): Oxy Acetylene

(c): Oxy Hydrogen Welding 

2: Arc Welding

(a): Carbon Arc welding 

(b); Plasma Arc welding

(c): Shield Metal Arc Welding

(d): T.I.G. (Tungsten Inert Gas Welding)

3: Resistance Welding:

(a): Spot welding

(b): Seam welding 

(c): Projection welding 

(d): Resistance Butt welding

4: Solid State Welding:

(a): Cold welding

(b): Diffusion welding

(c): Forge welding 

(d): Fabrication welding

(e): Hot pressure welding 

(f): Roll welding

5: Thermo Chemical Welding

(a): Thermite welding 

(b): Atomic welding

6:  Radiant Energy Welding

(a): Electric Beam Welding

(b): Laser Beam Welding

Welding Joints:
DRILLING:

Drilling is a cutting process that uses a drill bit to cut a hole of circular

cross-section in solid materials. The drill bit is usually a rotary cutting tool,

often multipoint. The bit is pressed against the workpiece and rotated at rates

from hundreds to thousands of revolutions per minute. This forces the cutting

edge against the workpiece, cutting off chips (swarf) from the hole as it is

drilled.

In rock drilling, the hole is usually not made through a circular cutting

motion, though the bit is usually rotated. Instead, the hole is usually made by

hammering a drill bit into the hole with quickly repeated short movements. The

hammering action can be performed from outside of the hole (top-hammer drill)

or within the hole (down-the-hole drill, DTH). Drills used for horizontal drilling

are called drifter drills.

DRILLING PROCESS:

 Center drilling

 Deep hole drilling

 Gun drilling

 Trepanning

 Micro drilling
  Vibration Drilling

Types of Drilling Jigs:

1.     Template jig

2.     Plate type jig 

3.     Open type jig 

4.     Channel jig

5.     Leaf Jig

6.     Box type jig

1: Template Jig:

This is the simplest type of jig; It is simply a plate made to the shape and

size of the work piece; with the require number of holes made it. It is placed on the

work piece and the hole will be made by the drill; which will be guided through the

holes in the template plate should be hardened to avoid its frequent replacement

this type of jig is suitable if only a few part are to be made.

2. Plate Type Jig:

This is an improvement of the template type of jig. In place of simple holes,

drill bushes are provided in the plate to guide the drill. The work piece can be

clamped to the plate and holes can be drilled. The plate jig are employed to drill

holes in large parts, maintaining accurate spacing with each other. 

3. Open Type Jig:

In this jig the top of the jig is open; the work piece is placed on the top.
4. Channel jig:

The channel jig is a simple type of jig having channel like cross section. The

component is fitted within the channel is located and clamped by locating the

knob. The tool is guided through the drill bush.

5. Leaf Jig: 
 It is also a sort of open type jig , in which the top plate is arrange to swing

about a fulcrum point , so that it is completely clears the jig for easy loading and

unloading of the work piece.

6. Box Type Jig:

When the holes are to drill more than one plane of the work piece, the jig has

to be provided with equalant number of bush plates. For positioning jig on the

machine table feet have to be provided opposite each drilling bush plate. One side

of the jig will be provided with a swinging leaf for loading and unloading the work

piece, such a jig would take the form of a box.

METAL CUTTING OPERATIONS:

1. Blanking:

Blanking is the operation of cutting a flat shape from sheet metal. The

product punched out is called the “blank” and the required product of the operation

the hole and the metal left behind is discarded as waste.

2. Punching or Piercing:

It is a cutting operation by which various shaped holes are made in sheet

metal. Punching is similar to blanking except that in punching, the hole is the

desired product. The material punched out from the hole being waste.

3. Notching:
 This is cutting operation by which metal pieces are cut from the edge of the

sheet, strip or blank.

4. Perforating:

This is a process by which multiple holes are very small and close together

are cut in a flat sheet metal.

5. Trimming:

This operation consists of cutting unwanted excess of material from the

periphery of a previously formed component.

6. Shaving:

The edge of a blanked part are generally rough, uneven and un-square.

Accurate dimensions of the part are obtained by removing a thin strip of metal

along the edges.

7. Slitting:

It refers to the operation of making incomplete holes in a work piece.

8. Lancing:

This is a cutting operation in which a hole is partially cut and then one side

is bent down to form a sort of tab. Since no metal is actually removed and there

will be no scrap.
9. Nibbling:

The nibbling operation, which is used for only small quantities of

components, is designed for cutting out flat parts from sheet metal. The flat parts

from simple to complex contours. This operation is generally substituted for

blanking. The part is usually moved and guided by hand as the continuously

operating punch cutting away at the edge of the desired contour.

Forming Operations:

1. Bending:
 In this operation; the material in the form of flat sheet or strip is uniformly

strained around a linear axis which lies in the neutral plane and perpendicular it’s

the length wise direction of the sheet or metal.

1. Drawing:

This is a process of forming a flat work piece into a hollow shape by means

of a punch which cause the blank into a die cavity.

3. Squeezing:

Under the operation, the metal is caused to flow to all portions of a die

cavity under the action of compressive forces.

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CHAPTER 7
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 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
WORKING PRINCIPLE
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CHAPTER-7

WORKING PRINCIPLE

In our project, both the rotor and the stator are made to rotate in the opposite

direction so that be induced which results in the higher power generation compared

to the normal method. The outer hub is coupled with the rotor that is connected to
the frame with the help of the bearings. We use the spur gear to run the wind mill.

Outer rotor coupled with gear arrangements with shaft. The two bearings are fixed

at the bottom of the rotor shaft. The generator can be used to store the energy

whenever the rotation of blades. When the rotors are rotated by wind energy, when

the blades are to produce the power then stored in generator. The rate of power

production is higher than the conventional type wind turbines.The generated

energy can be stored by the inverter and the battery for the future purpose.

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CHAPTER 8
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2D DRAWING
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2D DRAWING
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CHAPTER 9
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ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
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 CHAPTER-9
ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
ADVANTAGES

 Independence on wind direction, no additional control mechanisms are

required

 Ability to operate in a wide range of wind conditions (turbulence level, wind

speed) Electrical equipment can be placed at ground level

 Low noise emission

 High starting torque

 Compact size

 Simple and cheap construction.

DISADVANTAGES

 More number of moving parts.

 Maintenance is needed.

 Need skilled operators for the installation.

APPLICATIONS

 In open places where there is high winds,

 Near tunnels,
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CHAPTER 10
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LIST OF MATERIALS
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 CHAPTER-10
LIST OF MATERIALS

SL. NO. NAME OF THE PARTS MATERIAL QUANTITY

1 Wind mill blades - 3

2 Shaft MS 1

3 Frame MS -

4 Bearing with bearing cap MS 4

5 Generator DC 1

6 Inverter - 1

7 Battery Lead acid 1

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CHAPTER 11
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 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
COST ESTIMATION
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CHAPTER-11
COST ESTIMATION

1. MATERIAL COST:
 SL. NO. NAME OF THE PARTS QUANTITY AMOUNT

1 Wind mill blades -

2 Shaft 1

3
Total Frame -
=
2. 4 Bearing with bearing cap 2

5 Generator 1

6 Spur Gear 1

6 Inverter 1

7 Battery 1

LABOUR COST

LATHE, DRILLING, WELDING, GRINDING, POWER HACKSAW, GAS

CUTTING:
Cost = 2000
3. OVERHEAD CHARGES
The overhead charges are arrived by “Manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing Cost = Material Cost + Labour cost

=
=
Overhead Charges = 20% of the manufacturing cost
=
TOTAL COST

Total cost = Material Cost + Labour cost + Overhead

Charges
=
=
Total cost for this project = rs

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CHAPTER 12
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 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CONCLUSION
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CHAPTER-12
CONCLUSION
A strong multidiscipline team with a good engineering base is necessary for

the Development and refinement of advanced computer programming, editing

techniques, diagnostic Software, algorithms for the dynamic exchange of

informational different levels of hierarchy.

This project work has provided us an excellent opportunity and experience,

to use our limited knowledge. We gained a lot of practical knowledge regarding,

planning, purchasing, assembling and machining while doing this project work.

We are proud that we have completed the work with the limited time

successfully. The “VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE” is working with

satisfactory conditions. We are able to understand the difficulties in maintaining

the tolerances and also quality.

We have done to our ability and skill making maximum use of available

facilities. In conclusion remarks of our project work. Thus we have developed a

“VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE”. By using more techniques, they can be

modified and developed according to the applications.

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REFERENCE
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REFERENCE
[1] Minu John, Rohit John, Syamily P.S, Vyshak P.A., MAGLEV WINDMILL,

International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-

1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 Vol: 03 Issue: 05 | May-2014,

[2] AshwinDhote, Prof. VaibhavBankar, Design, Analysis And Fabrication Of

Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine, International Research Journal of

Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 02 Issue: 03 |

Jun-2015

[3] S. JagadishVenkataSai, T. Venkateswara Rao, Design and Analysis of Vertical

Axis Savonius Wind Turbine,

International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET), e-ISSN : 0975-4024,

Vol 8 No 2 Apr-May 2016

[4] Marco D’Ambrosio Marco Medaglia, Vertical Axis Wind Turbines: History,

Technology and Applications, HogskolanHalmstad, Master thesis in Energy

Engineering – May 2010

[5] S. Brusca, R. Lanzafame, M. Messina, Design of a vertical-axis wind turbine:

how the aspect ratio affects the turbine’s performance, Int J Energy Environ Eng

(2014) 5:333–340.

[6] Ryan McGowan, Kevin Morillas, AkshayPendharkar, and Mark Pinder ,

Optimization of a Vertical Axis Micro Wind Turbine for Low Tip Speed Ratio

Operation, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.

[7] Jean-Luc Menet, NachidaBourabaa, Increase In The Savonius Rotors

Efficiency Via A Parametric Investigation, EcoleNationaleSuperieureD'ingenieurs

En InformatiqueAutomatiqueMecaniqueÉnergetiqueÉlectroniquedeValenciennes -

Université de Valenciennes F-59313 ValenciennesCedex 9 FRANCE

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PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MODEL
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PHOTOGRAPH OF THE MODEL