NCM (2nd) TM5B10 e

165
Chapter 10 Applications in Trigonometry

Q & A (P.10.2)
1. The required angle is VMO. (b) Draw a horizontal line from P which meets SR
produced at M.
2. tan VMO =
∴ We can find VMO if the lengths of VO and MO

are known.
3. Join BD.
PM = QS = 100 m
MR = MS  RS
= PQ  RS
= (70  50) m
= 20 m
tan MPR =
∵ DM = MA and DO = OB.
=
∴ MO = AB =  230.4 m = 115.2 m
MPR = 11.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of depression of R from P is
tan VMO =
11.3.
=
2. With the notation in the figure,
VMO = 51.8, cor. to 3 sig fig.
∴ The required angle is 51.8.
Review Exercise (P.10.5)

1. (a) Join PS.
 = 54
∴ The bearing of Y from X is N54W.
3. (a) (i) BD is the projection of the line BE on the

plane ABCD.
tan PSQ =
(ii) AE is the projection of the line BE on the
= plane ADEF.
(iii) BF is the projection of the line BE on the
PSQ = 35.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
plane ABF.
∴ The angle of elevation of P from S is 35.0.
(b) (i) EBD is the angle between the line BE and
the plane ABCD.
© Oxford University Press 2015

166 Solutions
(ii) BEA is the angle between the line BE and

the plane ADEF.
(iii) EBF is the angle between the line BE and Instant Drill 2 (P.10.7)
the plane ABF. (a) TBA = 56
ATB + 37  56 = 180
4. (a) CFH is the angle between the line CF and the ATB = 87
plane EFGH. In △ABT, by the sine formula,
(b) FCE is the angle between the line CF and the
=
plane CDEH.
(c) CFD is the angle between the line CF and the AT = m
plane ADEF.
= 49.8 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 49.811
∴ The distance between A and T is 49.8 m.
5. (a) EMD is the angle between the line EM and the
(b) In △APT,
plane ABCD.
TAP = 37
(b) MEN is the angle between the line EM and the
sin 37 =
plane CDEH.
TP = 49.811 sin 37 m
6. (a) VNO is the angle between the line VN and the = 30.0 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
plane ABCD. ∴ The height of the tower is 30.0 m.
(b) CVO is the angle between the line VC and the
plane VBD. Instant Drill 3 (P.10.8)
(c) VMO is the angle between the planes VAB and (a) With the notation in the figure,
ABCD.
Instant Drill 1 (P.10.6)

In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
cos ABC =
=
x = 49
ABC = 48.736, cor. to the nearest 0.001
z = 360  316 = 44
∴ CBD = ABD ABC
y = z = 44
= 90  48.736
∴ ACB = x + y
= 41.3, cor. to the nearest 0.1
= 49 + 44
∴ The angle of elevation of C from B is 41.3.
= 93
(b) By the cosine formula,
AB2 = AC2 + BC2  2  AC  BC  cos ACB
AB = km
= 189 km, cor. to the nearest km
∴ The distance between A and B is 189 km.

Chapter 10: Applications in Trigonometry 167
= 36.7 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The shortest distance between the car and C is
Instant Drill 4 (P.10.10) 36.7 km.
(a) With the notation in the figure, Instant Drill 5 (P.10.17)
The required angle is DAF.
In △ACD,
AD2 = AC2 + CD2
AD = cm
= cm
In △ADF,
sin DAF =
x = 75
y = 20 =
ACB = x + y = 75 + 20 = 95
DAF = 43.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
By the cosine formula,
∴ The angle between the lines AD and AF is 43.3.
AB2 = AC2 + BC2  2  AC  BC  cos ACB
AB = km
= 81.4 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 81.381
(a) Join BD.
∴ The distance between A and B is 81.4 km.
(b) By the sine formula,
sin BAC =
BAC = 37.738, cor. to 5 sig. fig. The required angle is DBE.

z + BAC + 75 = 180 AD = BC = 9 cm
z + 37.738 + 75 = 180 In △ABD,
z = 67.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BD2 = AD2 + AB2
∴ The bearing of B from A is N67.3E. BD = cm
(c) Let D be a point on AB such that CD  AB. Then CD = 15 cm
is the shortest distance between the car and C. DE = CF = 6 cm
In △BDE,
tan DBE =
DBE = 21.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the line BE and the plane
In △ACD, ABCD is 21.8.
sin BAC =
CD = 60 sin 37.738 km

168 Solutions
DBF = 48.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the lines DB and FB is 48.0.
(b) Join CE. Instant Drill 8 (P.10.21)

The required angle is BEC. (a) The required angle is VAN.
EF = AB = 12 cm In △VAN,
In △CEF,
sin VAN =
CE2 = EF2 + CF2
CE = cm =
= cm
VAN = 51.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BCE,
∴ The angle between VA and the plane ABCD is
tan BEC = 51.1.
(b) In △VAN,
=
VN2 + AN2 = VA2
BEC = 33.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AN = cm
∴ The angle between the line BE and the plane = cm
CDEF is 33.9. BN = AN = cm
In △ABN,
Instant Drill 7 (P.10.20) ANB = 90
(a) AD = BC = 4 cm AB2 = AN2 + BN2
AF = CH = 3 cm AB = cm
In △ADF, = 8 cm
DF2 = AD2 + AF2 (c) With the notation in the figure, let M be the mid-point
DF = cm of AD.
= 5 cm
(b) The required angle is DBF.
CD = FG = 5 cm
In △BCD,
DB2 = BC2 + CD2
DB = cm
= cm The required angle is VMN.
BG = CH = 3 cm
MN = AB
In △BFG,
FB2 = BG2 + FG2 =  8 cm
FB = cm
= 4 cm
= cm
In △VMN,
In △BDF, by the cosine formula,
tan VMN =
cos DBF =
=
=
VMN = 60.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the planes VAD and ABCD

is 60.3.
Instant Drill 9 (P.10.23) The required angle is ADC.

(a) VB = VA = 9 cm
cos ADC =
In △VAB, by the cosine formula,
cos AVB = =
ADC = 65.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

=
∴ The angle between the planes VAB and VBC is
AVB = 45.771, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 65.7.
In △VAD,
sin AVB =
(a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
AD = 9 sin 45.771 cm
= 6.45 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 6.449 0 cos BAC =
Alternative Method
=
VB = VA = 9 cm
In △VAB, BAC = 34.048, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABN,
s= (VA + VB + AB)
sin BAC =
= (9 + 9 + 7) cm
BN = 5 sin 34.048
= 12.5 cm = 2.80, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.799 4
By Heron’s formula, Alternative Method
area of △VAB
In △ABC,
= cm2
= cm2 s= (AB + BC + AC)
Area of △VAB =  VB  AD
= (5 + 4 + 7)
2  area of △VAB
AD = =8
By Heron’s formula,
= cm
area of △ABC
= 6.45 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. =
6.449 0
=
(b) Join CD such that CD  VB.
Area of △ABC =  AC  BN
2  area of △ABC
BN =
= 2.80, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.799 4
CD = AD = 6.449 0 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

170 Solutions
∴ ABC + BAD = 180

ABC + 75 = 180
ABC = 105
(b) The required angle is VNB.
In △VBN, In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2  2  AB  BC  cos ABC
tan VNB =
AC = cm
= = 15.867 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
VNB = 65.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AF = AC

∴ The angle between VN and the plane ABC is
=  15.867 cm
65.0.
= 7.933 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
Instant Drill 11 (P.10.32) In △VAF,
(a) In △BCD, by the cosine formula, AF2 + VF2 = AV2
BD2 = BC2 + CD2  2  BC  CD  cos BCD VF = cm
BD = m = 12.7 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 33.194 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The height of the model is 12.7 cm.
In △ABD,
tan 52 =
(a) The required inclination is BDF.
AB = 33.194 tan 52 m Let DF = x.
= 42.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 42.486 In △CDF,
∴ The height of the building is 42.5 m.
sin 40 =
(b) In △ABC,
CF = x sin 40
tan ACB =
In △BCF,
=
tan 35 =
ACB = 54.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BF = x sin 40 tan 35
∴ The angle of elevation of A from C is 54.8. In △BDF,
tan BDF =
With the notation in the figure, let F be the point of =
intersection of the diagonals AC and BD.
= sin 40 tan 35
BDF = 24.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The inclination of BD is 24.2.
(b) Let CDQ = .
From (a), tan PDQ = sin tan 35.
When P moves from B to A (i.e.  increases from 40
to 90), the value of sin  increases to 1.
∵ AD // BC
∴ PDQ increases from 24.2 to 35.

The required angle is CAM.
Instant Drill 14 (P.10.37) In △BCD,

(a) In △APQ, ∵ BC = DC = 10 cm
tan 55 = ∴ BCM = BCD =  50 = 25
In △BCM,
AQ = m
cos 25 =
= 70.021 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △AQS, CM = 10 cos 25 cm
= 9.063 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
tan QAS =
In △BAM and △BCM,
= BA = BC = 10 cm
BM = BM
QAS = 76.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
BMA = BMC = 90
∴ The reduced bearing of R from A is N76.9E.
∴ △BAM  △BCM (RHS)
(b) In △AQS,
∴ AM = CM = 9.063 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AS2 = AQ2 + QS2
In △ACM, by the cosine formula,
AS = m
= 308.06 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. cos CAM =
In △ARS,
=
tan RAS =
CAM = 38.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= ∴ The angle between the line AC and the
RAS = 26.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. horizontal ground is 38.7.
∴ The angle of depression of A from R is 26.0.
Instant Drill Corner 10.1 (P.10.10)
Instant Drill 15 (P.10.39) 1. By the cosine formula,
(a) In △ABC,
cos BAC =
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC = cm =
= 14.1 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 14.142
BAC = 36.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(b) With the notation in the figure, M is the mid-point of
∴ The angle of elevation of C from A is 36.9.
BD, AM  BD and CM  BD.
2. (a) Draw a horizontal line AE from A.

172 Solutions
∴ The bearing of Q from P is S25.4W.

(c) Let R be a point on PQ such that XR  PQ.
Then the car is the closest to X when it is at R.
CAE = 30
BAC = BAE + CAE
= 90 + 30
= 120
(b) In △ABC, by the sine formula,
= In △XPR,
BC = m cos 50.403 =
= 3.35 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. PR = 14 cos 50.403 km

= 8.923 4 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between B and C is 3.35 m.
QR = PQ  PR
= (24.564  8.923 4) km
3. (a) PXQ + 25 + 60 = 180
PXQ = 95
∴ The car is 15.6 km from Q when it is the
closest to X.
PQ2 = PX2 + QX2  2  PX  QX  cos PXQ
PQ =
km Instant Drill Corner 10.2 (P.10.25)
= 24.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 24.564 1. (a) FG = AB = 10 cm
∴ The distance between P and Q is 24.6 km.
QG = FG =  10 cm = 5 cm
GH = AD = 10 cm
=
GR = GH =  10 cm = 5 cm
sin XPQ =
In △QGR,
XPQ = 50.403, cor. to 5 sig. fig. QR2 = QG2 + GR2
With the notation in the figure, QR = cm
=
(b) Join PR.
a = 25
XPQ = a + b
The required angle is PQR.
50.403 = 25 + b
In △PQR,
b = 25.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
PR = AF = 5 cm

In △ADE,
tan PQR =
AD2 = AE2 + ED2
= AD = cm
= cm
PQR = 35.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the lines PQ and QR is
35.3.
2. The required angle is BDF.

In △ADF, by the cosine formula,
In △ADE,
cos DAF =
sin 30 =
AE = 12 sin 30 cm =
= 6 cm
In △DEF,
∴ The angle between the lines AD and AF is
cos 40 = 37.9.
DF = cm
4. (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
= 15.665 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
cos ABC =
In △BDF,
BF = AE = 6 cm =
sin BDF = ABC = 60
(b) The required angle is VMA.
=
In △ABM,
sin 60 =
∴ The angle between the line DF and the plane
ABCD is 22.5. AM = 6 sin 60 cm
= cm
3. (a) In △DEF, by the cosine formula,
ED2 = EF2 + FD2  2  EF  FD  cos EFD = cm
ED = cm In △VAM,
= 7 cm tan VMA =
(b) The required angle is DAF.
In △AEF, =
AE = EF = 3 cm VMA = 62.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

AF = AE + EF
2 2 2
∴ The angle between the planes VBC and
AF = cm ABC
= cm is 62.5.

174 Solutions
AC = m
Instant Drill Corner 10.3 (P.10.39)
= 9.85 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.848 1
1. In △BCD,
∴ The distance between A and C is 9.85 m.
BC2 + BD2 = CD2
(b) In △PAC,
BD = m
=4m tan 25 =
In △ABD,
PA = 9.848 1 tan 25 m
tan 45 = = 4.59 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The distance between the balloon and the
AB = 4 tan 45 m
ground is 4.59 m.
=4m
∴ The height of the flagpole is 4 m.
2. (a) Join CF.
Exercise 10A (P.10.11)

1. By the cosine formula,
cos BAC =
The required inclination is ACF.
In △ACF, =
AF = DE = 3 m BAC = 25.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin ACF = ∴ The angle of elevation of C from A is 25.1.
= 2. In △SPR, by the sine formula,

ACF = 17.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig. =
∴ The inclination of AC is 17.5.
(b) The required inclination is DCE. sin SPR =
In △ACD, SPR = 27.331, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
AD2 + CD2 = AC2 PRQ = PSR + SPR
CD = m
= 40 + 27.331
=6m
= 67.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △CDE,
∴ The angle of elevation of P from R is 67.3.
sin DCE =
3. APB + 42 = 65
=
APB = 23
DCE = 30 BAP + 65 = 180
∴ The inclination of CD is 30. BAP = 115
By the sine formula,
3. (a) In △ABC, by the sine formula, =
=
BP = m

= 9.28 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

YZ = m
∴ The distance between B and P is 9.28 m.
= 309 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 309.43
∴ The distance between Z and Y is 309 m.
4. In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
(b) With the notation in the figure,
cos BAC =
BAC = 39.378, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

The required angle
= 90  BAC a = 48
= 90  39.378
sin a =
= 50.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of depression of C from A is 50.6. h = 309.43 sin 48
= 230, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
5. (a) In △ABC,
ACB = 45  25 = 20 7. (a) In △ABC,
BAC = 25 tan 50 =

ABC + ACB + BAC = 180
ABC + 20 + 25 = 180
ABC = 135 In △ABD,
tan 43 =
=
AC = m
∵ CD = CB + BD
= 76.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 76.495
∴ 15 =
(b) In △ACD,
h=
sin 25 =
= 7.85, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CD = 76.495 sin 25 m
(b) In △ABD,
∴ The distance between C and D is 32.3 m. sin 43 =
6. (a) In △XYZ,
XZY + XYZ + YXZ = 180 In △ACD,
XZY + 48 + 50 = 180 CAD + ADC + ACD = 180
XZY = 82 CAD + 43 + 50 = 180
By the sine formula, CAD = 87
=

176 Solutions
y = 40
=
∴ ACB = x + y
AD = m = 38 + 40
= 78
∴ = By the sine formula,
=
h=
= 7.85, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BC = km

8. (a) By the cosine formula,
∴ The distance between B and C is 20.8 km.
cos ABC =
10. (a) With the notation in the figure,
=
ABC = 91.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 91.574

 = 43
The required angle = 180 + 
= 180 + 43
= 223
∴ The bearing of X from Z is 223.
(b) a = 322  180 = 142
 = 40
b = a = 142
ABC = x + 
∴ The bearing of Y from Z is 142.
x = 91.574  40
(c) x = 90  43 = 47
= 51.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
y = 322  270 = 52
∴ The bearing of C from B is S51.6E.
9. (a) CAB = 62  38 = 24 =

YZ = km
= 111 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The distance between Z and Y is 111 km.
x = 38

(ii) By the cosine formula,

AB2 = AC2 + BC2  2  AC  BC  cos
ACB
AB =
m
∴ The length of the steel wire is 13.5 m.
320 +  = 360
 = 40
13. (a) ABC = 90  18 = 72
BAP =  + 60
BAC = 90  35 = 55
= 40 + 60
ACB + ABC + BAC = 180
= 100
ACB + 72 + 55 = 180
ACB = 53
BP2 = AB2 + AP2  2  AB  AP  cos BAP
BP =
km =
∴ The distance between B and P is 83.9 km. BC = m
(b) The required area
= 128 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 128.21
= area of △BAP
∴ The distance between B and C is 128 m.
=  AB  AP  sin BAP (b) In △BCD,
cos 18 =
=  80  15  sin 100 km2
BD = 128.21 cos 18 m
= 591 km2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 122 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
12. (a) By the sine formula,
∴ The horizontal distance between the two
=
buildings is 122 m.
sin ABC =
14. (a) In △ABC,
ABC = 16.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 16.672
ACB = 25
∴ The required angle is 16.7.
sin 25 =
(b) ACB + BAC + ABC = 180
ACB + 28 + 16.672 = 180
AC = m
ACB = 135, cor. to 3 sig.
= 47.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.324
fig.
135.33
(b) In △ACD,
(c) (i) By the sine formula,
ACD = 75  25 = 50
=
DAC = 35 + 25 = 60
ADC + ACD + DAC = 180
AB = m
ADC + 50 + 60 = 180
ADC = 70
∴ The length of the steel wire is 13.5 m.

178 Solutions
CD = m

∴ The distance between C and D is 43.6 m.
15. (a) TAC = 40

TAB + TAC = 180
x = 240  180 = 60
TAB + 40 = 180
ALB  x = 180
TAB = 140
ALB  60 = 180
In △TAB, by the sine formula,
ALB = 120
=
(b) By the cosine formula,
AB2 = AL2 + BL2  2  AL  BL  cos ALB
sin ATB =
AB =
ATB = 4.990 7, cor. to 5 sig. fig. km
∴ Angle of depression of B from T = 64.490 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 40  4.990 7 ∴ Average speed of the ship
= 35.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 35.009
= km/h
(b) ABT = 35.009, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △TAB, by the sine formula, = 21.5 km/h, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
=
17. (a) (i) Distance between P and Q
TA = m = 12  3 km
= 36 km
= 118.71 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(ii) PQR = 40
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2  2  PQ  QR  cos PQR
In △TAC, by the cosine formula,
PR =
TC2 = TA2 + AC2  2  TA  AC  cos TAC
km
TC =
= 32.9 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 32.925
m
∴ The distance between P and R is
32.9 km.
∴ The distance between T and C is 104 m.
(b) Average speed of M
= km/h
= 16.5 km/h, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

(c) By the cosine formula,

(c) Let T be a point on PR such that QT  PR. Then

cos QPR =
QT is the shortest distance between the car and
= Q.
QPR = 95.348, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

The required angle
= 180  40  QPR
= 140  95.348
= 44.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of R from P is S44.7E.

In △PQT,
sin 41.277 =
QT = 1 500 sin 41.277 m

∵ 990 m > 900 m
∴ The claim is agreed.

a = 278  180 = 98
b = a = 98
PQR = 98  41
= 57
PR2 = PQ2 + QR2  2  PQ  QR  cos PQR
PR = (1 5002 + 1 0002  2  1 500  1 000 
cos 57 m c = 285  270 = 15

x = c = 15
= 1 270 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 1 271.3
The required angle
∴ The length of the straight road PR is
= 90 + x
1 270 m.
= 90 + 15
= 105
=
∴ The bearing of P from B is 105.
sin QPR =
QPR = 41.277, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

The required angle
= 278 + 41.277 (b) a = 180  155 = 25
= 319, cor. to 3 sig. fig. b = a = 25
∴ The bearing of R from P is 319. BPL = 90  b  c

180 Solutions
= 90  25  15 XPQ = 62

= 50 By the sine formula,
BLP = 230  155 = 75
=
QX = km
=
= 90.9 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 90.891
BL = km
∴ The distance between Q and X is 90.9 km.
= 47.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.584 (c) Method 1:
∴ The distance between B and L is 47.6 km. Area of △PXQ
(c) In △BLQ,
=  PQ  PX  sin XPQ
QLB = 270  230 = 40
sin 40 = =  80  94.757  sin 62 km2
BQ = 47.584 sin 40 km = 3 350 km2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

= 30.6 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. Method 2:
∴ The distance that B has to move is 30.6 km. s= (PQ + PX + QX)
20. (a) With the notation in the figure, = (80 + 94.757 + 90.891) km

area of △PXQ
= [132.82(132.82  80)(132.82  94.757) 
km2
= 3 350 km2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
21. (a) (i) With the notation in the figure, let D be a

point on AC such that BD  AC. Then BD
a = 33
is the shortest distance between Sophia and
b = 18
B.
PXQ = a + b = 33 + 18 = 51
PQX = 85  18 = 67
PX = km
= 94.8 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 94.757

∴ The distance between P and X is 94.8 km.
(b) XPQ + PXQ + PQX = 180

XPQ + 51 + 67 = 180

In △ABD,
BAD = 180  135 = 45 In △ACH,
AH2 = AC2 + HC2
sin 45 =
AH = cm
BD = 5 sin 45 km
∴ The length of the longest rod is 28.9 cm.
∴ The required shortest distance is
3.54 km. 2. In △PBC,
(ii) AC = 15  1 km = 15 km
tan 40 =
BC2 = AB2 + AC2  2  AB  AC  cos BC = cm
BAC
BC =
In △ABC,
km
= 12.0 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 11.997 sin 55 =
∴ The distance between B and C is
12.0 km. AC = cm
(b) In △ABC, by the cosine formula, = 21.8 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
cos ABC =
3. Join AE.
=
ABC = 117.86, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

The required angle
= 270 + y
= 270 + x
= 270 + ABC  90
= 270 + 117.86  90
= 298, cor. to 3 sig. fig. The required angle is ABE.
∴ The bearing of B from C is 298. In △AFE,
AF = HC = 4 cm
Exercise 10B (P.10.26) AE2 = AF2 + FE2
1. With the notation in the figure, AE = cm
= cm
AB = EH = 4 cm
In △ABE,
tan ABE =
The required length is AH. =

In △ABC,
ABE = 54.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
∴ The angle between the lines AB and BE is 54.7.
AC = cm
= cm

182 Solutions
4. The required angle is DAF. In △ACF,

In △ACD, AF = CH = 7 cm
AD = AC + CD
2 2 2
tan FCA =
AD = cm
= cm =
In △ADF,
FCA = 54.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin DAF = ∴ The angle between the line FC and the
plane ABCD is 54.5.
=
DAF = 21.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 6. Join AC.

5. (a) Join CG.
The required angle is FAC.

In △AEF,
cos 30 =
The required angle is FCG.
In △BCG, AF = cm
BG = CH = 7 cm
CG2 = BC2 + BG2
In △ACF,
CG = cm
FC = ED = 25 cm
= cm
In △CFG, sin FAC =
FG = AB = 4 cm
=
tan FCG =
FAC = 41.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= ∴ The angle between the line AF and the plane
ABCD is 41.0.
FCG = 27.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line FC and the
7. The required angle is GCH.
plane BCHG is 27.7.
In △GCH,
(b) Join AC.
The required angle is FCA. tan GCH =
In △ABC,
=
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC = cm GHC = 45
= 5 cm ∴ The angle between the planes DCGF and DCHE

is 45. AC = 8 tan 50 cm

= 9.53 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.534 0
8. Join US. (b) The required angle is CAD.
In △ACD, by the cosine formula,
cos CAD =
CAD = 49.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

The required angle is USP. ∴ The angle between the lines AC and AD is
In △PRS, 49.8.
PS + RS = PR
2 2 2
PS = cm 11. (a) In △ABC, by the sine formula,

= cm
In △UPS, =
tan USP = BC = cm
= 11.4 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 11.372

=
(b) The required angle is BDE.
USP = 51.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BDE,
∴ The angle between the planes URS and PQRS is
ED = BC = 11.372 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
51.6.
tan BDE =
9. The required angle is DAF.

=
In △AED,
BDE = 52.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
AD2 = AE2 + DE2
∴ The angle between the line BD and the
AD = cm
= cm plane DEF is 52.8.
In △AEF,
AF2 = AE2 + EF2 12. Suppose DH and CE meet at P.
AF = cm
= cm
In △ADF, by the cosine formula,
cos DAF =
=
The required angle is EPH.
In △DEH,
DE = BG = 6 cm
DH2 = DE2 + EH2
10. (a) In △ABC,
DH = cm
tan 50 = = cm

184 Solutions
AG2 = AF2 + FG2

EP = HP = DH = cm
AG = cm
= cm
In △EPH, by the cosine formula, GH = AD = 2 cm
In △AGH,
cos EPH =
AH2 = AG2 + GH2
AH = cm
= = (or )
(b) Suppose AH and FC intersect at P.
EPH = 79.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. FP = AP = AH = cm
∴ The acute angle between the planes ADHG and In △AFP, by the cosine formula,
BCEF is 79.6.
cos  =
13. (a) The required angle is ABF.

In △ABF, by the cosine formula, =
cos ABF =
 = 70.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

=
ABF = 44.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 15. (a) Join AC and HM.
∴ The angle between the planes ABCD and
BCEF is 44.4.
(b) The required angle is AFB.
In △ABF, by the cosine formula,
cos AFB =
=
In △ABC,
AFB = 78.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
∴ The angle between the planes ADEF and AC = cm
BCEF is 78.5. = cm
MC = AC = cm
14. (a) Join AG.
In △CHM,
HM2 = MC2 + HC2
HM = cm
In △AFG,

(b) The required angle is HMC.

In △HMC, (b) Join DM.
The required angle is MBN.
tan HMC =
In △BCM,
BM2 = BC2 + CM2
=
BM = cm
= cm
HMC = 54.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 54.736
In △ABN,
∴ The angle between the planes BDH and
AB = CD = 12 cm
ABCD is 54.7.
(c) The required angle AN = AD = BC =  6 cm = 3 cm
= 90 HMC BN2 = AB2 + AN2
= 90  54.736 BN = cm
= 35.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. = cm
In △DMN,
16. (a) Join CM. DM = CM = 10 cm
DN = AN = 3 cm
MN2 = DM2 + DN2
MN = cm
= cm
In △BMN, by the cosine formula,
cos MBN =
The required angle is BMC. =

In △HMC,
MBN = 51.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CH = DE = 8 cm
∴ The angle between the lines BM and BN is
HM = HE = CD =  12 cm = 6 cm 51.4.
CM2 = CH2 + HM2
CM = cm 17. (a) In △PQR,
= 10 cm PR2 = PQ2 + QR2
In △BCM, PR = cm
= cm
tan BMC =
PN = PR = cm
=
In △VPN,
BMC = 31.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. VN2 + PN2 = VP2
∴ The angle between the line BM and the
VN = cm
plane CDEH is 31.0.

186 Solutions
∵ VY = VX
∴ VYX = VXY = 73.301, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(b) The required angle is VPN.
In △VPN, XVY + VYX + VXY = 180
XVY + 73.301 + 73.301 = 180
cos VPN =
XVY = 33.4, cor. to 3
sig. fig.
=
∴ The angle between the planes VAB and
VPN = 64.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig. VCD is 33.4.
∴ The angle between VP and the plane PQRS

19. (a) In △VPS,
is 64.5.
∵ VP = VS
(c) The required angle is SVQ.
VS = VQ = VP = 10 cm ∴ VPS = VSP
SQ = PR = cm VPS + VSP + PVS = 180
In △VSQ, by the cosine formula, VPS + VPS + 50 = 180

2VPS = 130
cos SVQ =
VPS = 65
(b) With the notation in the figure, let N be a point
=
on VP such that QN  VP and SN  VP. Join QS.
SVQ = 50.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the lines VS and VQ is
50.9.
18. (a) XN = BC =  6 cm = 3 cm
In △VXN,
The required angle is QNS.
VX2 = VN2 + XN2
In △NPS,
VX = cm
= 10.4 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 10.440 sin 65 =
VY = VX SN = 12 sin 65 cm
= 10.4 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 10.440 = 10.876 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(b) The required angle is VXN. QN = SN = 10.876 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △VXN, In △PQS,
tan VXN = QS2 = PQ2 + PS2

QS = cm
= = cm
In △NQS, by the cosine formula,
VXN = 73.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 73.301
∴ The angle between the planes VAB and cos QNS =
ABCD is 73.3. =
(c) The required angle is XVY.
In △VXY,

QNS = 103, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

EA = cm
∴ The angle between the planes VPS and VPQ
is 103.
20. (a) In △ABD, by the cosine formula,
cos BAP = ∵ BE + EA = 12 cm
= ∴ = 12
BAP = 57.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 57.140 = 12

(b) Join CP.
tan x =
∴ x = 51.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 51.340

(b) In △AED,
sin 51.340 =
DE = cm
The required angle is BPC. = 12.8 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 12.806
In △ABP, (c) With the notation in the figure,
sin 57.140 =
BP = 18 sin 57.140 cm
CP = BP = 15.120 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △BCP, by the cosine formula,
cos BPC =
= The required angle is CED.

In △FGD,
BPC = 30.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. FD2 = FG2 + GD2
∴ The angle between the planes ABD and FD = cm
ACD is 30.7. = 13 cm
In △CFD,
21. (a) In △CBE, CD2 = CF2 + FD2
CD = cm
tan BEC =
= cm
In △CBE,
BE = cm
sin 51.340 =
In △AED,
tan AED = CE = cm
= 6.403 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

188 Solutions
In △CDE, by the cosine formula,
cos CED =
CED = 113, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the lines CE and ED is
113.
22. (a) The required angle is DEF. The required angle is BEP.
In △DEF, by the cosine formula, In △BEP,
cos DEF = sin BEP =
= =
DEF = 47.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.156 BEP = 22.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the planes ABFE and ∴ The angle between the line BE and the
ACDE is 47.2. plane ACDE is 22.9.
(b) In △BEF, 23. (a) The required angle is TQP.
BE2 = BF2 + EF2 In △TQP,
BE = cm tan TQP =
= 9.43 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.434 0
=
(c) s = (4 + 5 + 5) cm = 7 cm
TQP = 63.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the lines TQ and PQ is
area of △ABC =
cm2 63.4.
= cm 2
(b) In △PQR, by the cosine formula,
= 9.17 cm2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. QR2 = PQ2 + PR2  2  PQ  PR  cos QPR
Area of △ABC =  AC  BP QR = cm
2  area of △ABC = cm
BP =
Area of △PQR
= cm =  PQ  PR  sin QPR
=  3  4  sin 60 cm2
3.666 0
(d) Join EP. = cm2
Area of △PQR =  QR  PS
2  area of △PQR
PS =
= cm

2.882 3

(c) The required angle is TSP.

cos  =
In △TSP,
 = 56.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
tan TSP =
(ii) With the notation in the figure, let H and K
= be the projections of F and G on the plane

ABCD respectively.
TSP = 64.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line TS and the plane
PQR is 64.3.
24. (a) ABG = 60
Area of △ABG =  AB  BG  sin ABG
2  area of △ABG Then  = FBH and  = GBK.

BG =
tan  = and tan  = .
= cm
∵ FH = GK and BH < BK.
= 8 cm ∴ tan  > tan 
(b) (i)  = ABF ∵  and  are acute angles.
FBG = 90 GBC ∴  is greater than .
= 90  65
= 25 Exercise 10C (P.10.40)
In △BFG, 1. In △ABC,
AC2 + BC2 = AB2
cos 25 =
AC = m
BF = 8 cos 25 cm
= 10 m
= 7.250 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ACM,
sin 25 =
tan 50 =
FG = 8 sin 25 cm
MC = 10 tan 50 m
= 3.380 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABG, by the cosine formula,
∴ The height of the lamp post is 11.9 m.
AG2 = AB2 + BG2  2  AB  BG 
cos ABG
2. With the notation in the figure, let N be the point of
AG = cm
intersection of AC and BD. Join VN.
= cm
In △AFG,
AF2 + FG2 = AG2
AF = cm
= 6.369 4 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ABF, by the cosine formula,
cos ABF =

190 Solutions
In △ABC,
tan 20 =
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC = cm PQ = 46.153 tan 20 m
= cm = 16.8 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The height of the tree PQ is 16.8 m.
NC = AC =  cm = cm
In △VCN, 5. (a) Join BE.
tan 60 =
VN = tan 60 cm
∴ The height of V above the card is 12.2 cm.
3. (a) In △PQR, by the cosine formula, The required inclination is DBE.

In △DBE,
PQ2 = PR2 + QR2  2  PR  QR  cos PRQ
PQ = m sin DBE =
= 6.536 8 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=
In △PQS, DBE = 21.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The inclination of the path BD is 21.1.
tan 50 =
(b) The required inclination is DCE.
PS = 6.536 8 tan 50 m In △DCE,
= 7.79 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 7.790 3 DC = AB = 30 m
∴ The height of the flagpole PS is 7.79 m.
sin DCE =
(b) In △PRS,
tan PRS = =
DCE = 36.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

=
∴ The inclination of the hillside ABCD is
PRS = 33.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 36.9.
∴ The angle of elevation of S from R is 33.0.
6. The required inclination is EAD.

4. In △ABQ,
In △AEF,
AQB + QAB QBA = 180
AQB + 85  45 = 180 cos 50 =
AQB = 50 AE = 12 cos 50 cm
By the sine formula, = 7.713 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= In △AED,
ED = CF = 3 cm
AQ = m
sin EAD =
= 46.153 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △APQ, =

EAD = 22.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The inclination of AE is 22.9. 10. (a) In △ACR,
tan 27 =
7. In △RPT,
AC = m
tan 25 =
= 491 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 490.65
PR = m
∴ The distance between A and C is 491 m.
= 167.27 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. (b) In △BCR,
In △PQR,
tan 20 =
tan PRQ =
BC = m
=
= 687 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 686.87
PRQ = 21.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 21.236 ∴ The distance between B and C is 687 m.
∴ The bearing of Q from R is S21.2E. (c) In △ABC,
If the answer is in whole circle bearing,
sin ABC =
bearing of Q from R
= 180  PRQ =
= 180  21.236
ABC = 45.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 45.588
= 159, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of R from B is S45.6W.
8. (a) (i) The angle of elevation of A from P is 26.

(ii) The angle of elevation of B from P is 43. If the answer is in whole circle bearing,
(iii) The angle of elevation of C from P is 30. bearing of R from B
(b) (i) The bearing of X from P is N35E or 035.
= 180 + ABC
(ii) The bearing of A from P is N35E or 035.
= 180 + 45.588
(iii) The bearing of B from P is N or 000.
(iv) The bearing of C from P is N68W or 292.
11. In △TYZ,
9. In △TPQ,
tan 27 =
tan 32 =
YZ = m
PQ = m
= 5.887 8 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 640.13 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △XYZ, by the sine formula,
In △PQR,
=
cos RPQ =
sin XZY =
=
XZY = 57.940, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
RPQ = 79.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. With the notation in the figure,
∴ The reduced bearing of T from P is N79.2E.

192 Solutions
= 94.036 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

In △ACH,
tan 35 =
AC = m
= 71.407 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

a = YXZ = 12
BC2 = AB2 + AC2  2  AB  AC  cos BAC
 = XZY + a
BC = (94.0362 + 71.4072  2  94.036  71.407
= 57.940 + 12

= 69.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
cos 70 m
∴ The bearing of T from Z is S69.9W.
= 96.7 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 96.688
12. With the notation in the figure, ∴ The distance between B and C is 96.7 m.
(b) (i) With the notation in the figure,
Area of △ABC
The required length is TM.
=  AB  AC  sin BAC
In △RBM,
BRM = 30 =  94.036  71.407  sin 70 m2
RB = QR =  30 cm = 15 cm
= 3 154.9 m2, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
cos 30 = Area of △ABC =  BC  AP

MR = cm AP =

= m
In △TMR,
TM2 + MR2 = TR2
65.259
TM = cm
∴ The distance between P and A is
65.3 m.
∴ The height of T above the ground is 18.0 cm.
(ii) In △HAP,
13. (a) In △ABH, tan HPA =
tan 28 =
=
AB = m HPA = 37.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle of elevation of H from P is

37.5.
14. (a) In △TCP,
tan TPC =
The inclination of XP is XPZ.

In △XYZ,
In △TCQ,
tan XYZ =
tan TQC =
In △XPZ,
tan XPZ = .......................... (1)

(b) In △PQC, by the cosine formula,
When P does not coincide with Y,
PQ2 = CP2 + CQ2  2  CP  CQ  cos PCQ
PZ > YZ
2002 = ∴ tan XPZ < tan XYZ
∵ XPZ and XYZ are acute angles.
∴ XPZ < XYZ
In △YPZ,
40 000 =
sin  =
PZ = ............................ (2)
h=
Substitute (2) into (1).
tan XPZ =
= 105, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= tan XYZ sin 
When P moves from A to Y (i.e.  increases
towards 90), the value of sin  increases. When
15. (a) ∵ XY // DA // BC
P moves from Y to B (i.e.  decreases from 90),
∴ Inclination of XY = inclination of BC
the value of sin  decreases.
In △BCF,
∴ The value of tan XPZ increases to
cos CBF = tan XYZ and then decreases.
i.e. When P moves from A to Y, the inclination
=
of XP increases to 19.7. When P moves
CBF = 19.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. from Y to B, the inclination of XP
∴ The inclination of XY is 19.7. decreases.
(b) With the notation in the figure, let Z be the
projection of X on ABFE and YPZ = . 16. (a) In △AFC,
sin 22 =
FC = 500 sin 22 m

194 Solutions
= 187 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 187.30 AE = 100 sin 30 m

∴ The height of the top F of the path above = 50 m
the horizontal plane is 187 m. EF = AE = 50 m
(b) The required angle is EAF. (ii) CDE + DEF = 180
In △ADE, 60 + DEF = 180
ED = FC = 187.30 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. DEF = 120
Join DF.
sin 34 =
AE = m
= 334.95 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

In △AEF,
cos EAF =
In △DEF, by the cosine formula,
= DF2 = DE2 + EF2  2  DE  EF  cos

DEF
EAF = 47.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.941
DF = (86.6032 + 502  2  86.603  50 
∴ The angle between AF and AE is 47.9.
(c) With the notation in the figure, cos 120 m
= 120 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 119.71

∴ The distance between D and F is 120
m.
(b) The required inclination is BDF.
BF = AE = 50 m
tan BDF =
In △AGE, by the cosine formula,
GE2 = AE2 + AG2  2  AE  AG  cos EAF =
GE = (334.952 + 3002  2  334.95  300 
cos 47.941 m ∴ The inclination of BD is 22.7.
= 260 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. (c) With the notation in the figure, let H be a point
∴ The length of the path GE is 260 m. on CD such that AH  CD and EH  CD.
17. (a) (i) In △ADE,
cos 30 =
DE = 100 cos 30 m The inclination of the plane ABCD is AHE.

tan ADE = and tan AHE = .
86.603
∵ HE < DE
sin 30 =
∴ tan AHE > tan ADE

∵ AHE and ADE are acute angles.

∴ AHE > ADE
i.e. AHE > 30
∴ The claim is disagreed.
18. (a) The inclination of the route AE is EAW.

In △BCY,
sin 23 = The inclination of AD is DAX.
CY = 100 sin 23 m In △ABX,

AX2 = AB2 + BX2
cos 23 =
AX = m
BY = 100 cos 23 m = 163.82 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △CDZ, In △ADX,
sin 45 = tan DAX =
DZ = 72 sin 45 m
=
cos 45 =
DAX = 28.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CZ = 72 cos 45 m AD = AX2 + DX2
2
In △AEW, AD = m
AW = BY + YX = 187 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= BY + CZ ∴ The inclination and the length of the route
= (100 cos 23 + 72 cos 45) m AD are 28.8 and 187 m respectively.
= 142.96 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
EW = DZ + ZX 19. (a) BXY = 90  60 = 30
= DZ + CY BYX = 90  30 = 60
= (72 sin 45 + 100 sin 23) m In △XBY,
= 89.985 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. XBY + BXY  BYX = 180
XBY + 30  60 = 180
tan EAW =
XBY = 90
= (b) In △XBY,
AEW = 32.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. sin 30 =

∴ The inclination of the route AE is 32.2.
BY = 24 sin 30 km
= 12 km
In △ABY,
tan 10 =
(b) Join AD and AX. AB = 12 tan 10 km

= 2.12 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.115 9
∴ The height of A above B is 2.12 km.
(c) The required angle is AXB.

196 Solutions
In △XBY, (c) Area of the wall ABC
cos 30 = =  AB  BC
BX = 24 cos 30 km
=  50  40 m2
= 1 000 m2
In △ABX,
Area of the shadow ABQ
tan AXB =
=  AB  BQ  sin ABQ
=
=  50  55  sin 50.479 m2
AXB = 5.81, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= 1 060.663 m2, cor. to 7 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of A from X is 5.81.
∴ The area of the shadow ABQ is larger.
The required difference
20. (a) The required angle is CQB.
= (1 060.663  1 000) m2
In △BCQ,
= 60.7 m2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
tan CQB =
21. (a) In △BCD,

=
cos 45 =
CQB = 36.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of the sun from the CD = 6 cos 45 cm
ground is 36.0. = cm
(b) With the notation in the figure, = 4.24 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin 45 =
BD = 6 sin 45 cm
= cm
In △ABD,
AD2 + BD2 = AB2
AD = cm
= cm
In △ABQ, by the cosine formula, (b) (i) The required angle is ADC.
cos ABQ =
cos ADC =
=
=
ABQ = 50.479, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
 = 90 ABQ ADC = 33.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 33.749
= 90  50.479 ∴ The angle between the plane CBD and
= 39.5, cor. to 3 sig fig. the horizontal ground is 33.7.
∴ The reduced bearing of the sun from the
ground is N39.5E.

∴ BE = DE
(ii) With the notation in the figure, let E be a
BE = BD
point on AD such that E is the projection of
C on the horizontal ground. =  5.735 8 cm
= 2.867 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

In △ABE,
AE2 + BE2 = AB2
The required angle is CBE. AE = cm
In △CDE, = 4.095 7 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
sin 33.749 = CE = AE = 4.095 7 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ACE, by the cosine formula,
CE = sin 33.749 cm
= 2.357 0 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. cos AEC
In △BCE, =
sin CBE =
=
=
AEC = 103, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CBE = 23.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ∴ The angle between the planes ABD and
∴ The angle between BC and the BCD is 103.
horizontal ground is 23.1. (iii) Suppose P is a point on BD.
22. (a) In △BCD, by the cosine formula, sin =

BD2 = BC2 + CD2  2  BC  CD  cos BCD
BD = cm
sin =
= 5.74 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 5.735 8
(b) (i) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
∵ AP  AE
AC2 = AB2 + BC2  2  AB  BC  cos
∴ 
ABC
AC = cm APC  AEC
= 6.43 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 6.427 9 i.e. APC  103
∴ The distance between A and C on the ∴ It is not possible to find a point P on
horizontal ground is 6.43 cm. BD such that APC exceeds 105.
(ii) Let E be a point on BD such that AE  BD
and CE  BD. Supplementary Exercise 10 (P.10.48)
1. (a) SPR = 40
In △PRS,
tan 40 =
PR = m
The required angle is AEC.
= 53.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 53.629
∵ AB = AD

198 Solutions
∴ The distance between P and R is 53.6 m.

4. (a) AVC is the angle between the lines VA and VC.
(b) MVN is the angle between the planes VBC and
(b) Join XR. VAD.

(c) VMN is the angle between the planes VBC and
ABCD.
5. (a) EPQ is the angle between the lines PE and PQ.

(b) FAQ is the angle between the line AQ and the
plane ADEF.
The required angle is XRP.
In △PRX, 6. In △ABP, by the sine formula,
tan XRP = =
= sin PBA =
XRP = 29.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. PBA = 41.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of X from R is 29.2. ∴ The angle of depression of B from P is 41.1.
2. With the notation in the figure, 7. In △ABR, by the cosine formula,

AB2 = BR2 + AR2  2  BR  AR  cos ARB
AB =
km
= 0.298 61 km, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
The required average speed
= km/h
APQ   = 66 = 1 075 km/h, cor. to the nearest km/h

APQ = 66  
x= 8. (a) With the notation in the figure,
AQP  x = 38
AQP = 38 + 
∵ PA = QA
∴ APQ = AQP
66  = 38 + 
2 = 28
 = 14
∴ The bearing of Q from P is S14W.
In △RQT,
3. (a) FCM is the angle between the line FC and the RQT + QRT = RTP
plane ABCD. RQT + 32 = 90
(b) FNM is the angle between the planes FCD and RQT = 58
ABCD. In △PRQ, by the sine formula,

In △APQ,
=
PQ = 36  4 km = 144 km
PR = m
= 89.7 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 89.714

∴ The distance between P and R is 89.7 m.
(b) In △PRT,
cos 65 = AQ2 = AP2 + PQ2  2  AP  PQ  cos APQ
RT = 89.714 cos 65 m AQ =
= 37.9 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. km
∵ SQ = RT
∴ The distance between A and Q is 93.1 km.
∴ The distance SQ between the building and
the school is 37.9 m.
11. With the notation in the figure,
9. In △ABC,
BCA + CAB = CBD
BCA + 20 = 50
BCA = 30
BC = m
In △ABC,
= 68.404 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. BAC  42  54 = 180
In △BCD, BAC = 84
sin 50 = By the sine formula,
CD = 68.404 sin 50 m =

sin ACB =
∴ The height of the cliff is 52.4 m.
ACB = 69.929, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
10. With the notation in the figure, a = 54
b = ACB  a
= 69.929  54
= 15.929, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
c = b = 15.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of C from B is S15.9W.
12. (a) Join BD and BE.
 = 220  180 = 40

APQ =  = 40

200 Solutions
XC = cm
= 5 cm
In △PXC,
tan PCX =
The required angle is EBD. =

In △ABD,
PCX = 67.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
AD = EF = 5 cm ∴ The angle between the line PC and the
plane ABCD is 67.4.
BD2 = AB2 + AD2

(b) Let Y be the mid-point of CD. Then PY  CD
BD = cm
and
= cm
XY  CD.
In △BDE,
DE = AF = 7 cm
tan EBD =
EBD = 36.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the line BE and the line
BD is 36.6.
(b) Join BH. The required angle is EBH. The required angle is PYX.
In △BDE, In △PXY,
BE = BD + DE
2 2 2
XY = BC = 4 cm
BE = cm
tan PYX =
= cm
In △BEH, =
EH = AB = 8 cm
PYX = 71.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
sin EBH = ∴ The angle between the planes PCD and
ABCD is 71.6.
=
EBH = 42.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 14. (a) Join AE.

∴ The angle between the line BE and the
plane BCHG is 42.9.
13. (a) The required angle is PCX.
XB = AB =  6 cm = 3 cm
In △XBC,
The required angle is AED.
XC2 = XB2 + BC2
In △ADE,

AD = BC = 12 cm In △PAC,
DE = AF = 5 cm
tan 50 =
tan AED =
PC = 50.430 tan 50 m
= 60.1 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig 60.100
=
∴ The distance between P and C is 60.1 m.
AED = 67.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(b) In △PBC,
∴ The angle between the line AE and the
tan PBC =
plane CDE is 67.4.
PBC = 53.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle of elevation of P from B is 53.2.
(b) Join BE. The required angle is AEB.

16. Join AC.
In △ADE,
AE2 = AD2 + DE2
AE = cm
= 13 cm
In △BCE,
CE = BF = 9 cm The required inclination is FAC.
In △ABF,
BE2 = BC2 + CE2
BE = cm cos 40 =
= 15 cm
In △ABF, by the cosine formula, AF = m
AB2 = AF2 + BF2  2  AF  BF  cos AFB = 97.906 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

AB = cm In △BCF,
= 9.907 4 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
sin 23 =
In △ABE, by the cosine formula,
CF = 75 sin 23 m
cos AEB =
= 29.305 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △ACF,
=
sin FAC =
AEB = 40.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the line AE and the line =
BE is 40.7.
∴ The inclination of the path AF is 17.4.
15. (a) In △ABC, by the sine formula,
= 17. (a) In △BFC,
cos 60 =
AC = m
FC = BF cos 60
= 50.430 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

202 Solutions
In △ABF,
19. In △PAC,
cos 45 =
tan 25 =
AF =
AC = m
= 428.90 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

AF =
cos ACB =

∴ The reduced bearing of P from A is N59.9E.
(b) In △AFC,
sin  = 20. (a) ADB = 65

ADC + 65 = 90
= ADC = 25
CAD + 35 = 65
= CAD = 30
In △ACD,
 = 20.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
ACD + ADC + CAD = 180
ACD + 25 + 30 = 180
18. In △TQP,
ACD = 125
tan 35 = By the sine formula,
PQ = m =
= 122.82 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. AD = m

In △PQR,
= 81.915 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
QPR = 90
In △ABD,
sin PRQ =
cos 65 =
= BD = 81.915 cos 65 m
PRQ = 47.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 47.345 = 34.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 34.619
∴ The bearing of T from R is N47.3W. ∴ The distance between B and D is 34.6 m.
If the answer is in whole circle bearing, (b) In △ABD,
bearing of T from R sin 65 =

= 360  PRQ
AB = 81.915 sin 65 m
= 360  47.345

∴ The height of the building AB is 74.2 m.

=
(c) Join BC.
PAQ = 14.542, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
CAQ = CAP + PAQ
= 42.799 + 14.542
= 57.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 57.341
∴ The angle of depression of Q from A is
57.3.
(b) AQB = CAQ
In △BCD, = 57.341, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

In △ABQ,
tan CBD =
sin 57.341 =
=
AB = 92 sin 57.341 m
CBD = 55.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. = 77.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 77.455
∴ The angle of elevation of C from B is 55.3. ∴ The height of the television tower is 77.5 m.
21. (a) Draw the horizontal line AC from A. Then

CAP and CAQ are the angles of depression
of P and
Q from A respectively. (c) With the notation in the figure,
In △APQ, by the cosine formula, In △ABR,
cos APQ = tan (57.341 + 10) =
= BR = m
APQ = 42.799, cor. to 5 sig. fig. = 32.335 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

CAP = APQ In △ABQ,
= 42.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig. cos 57.341 =
∴ The angle of depression of P from A is
BQ = 92 cos 57.341 m
42.8.
= 49.647 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ RQ = BQ  BR
cos PAQ = = (49.647  32.335) m

204 Solutions
∴ The distance between R and Q is 17.3 m. = 20 km

Distance between O and John 18 minutes after
22. (a) With the notation in the figure, he leaves O
= 50  km
= 15 km
∵ 15 km < 20 km
∴ John is not closest to P 18 minutes after he
leaves O.
∴ The claim is disagreed.
23. (a) With the notation in the figure, let P be the port.
 = 30
POQ = 30 + 
= 30 + 30
= 60
OQ = 50  km = 25 km
PA = 40  2 km = 80 km
In △OPQ, by the cosine formula, PB = 30  1.5 km = 45 km
PQ = OP + OQ  2  OP  OQ  cos POQ
2 2 2
APB = 35 + 25 = 60
PQ = In △APB, by the cosine formula,
km
AB2 = PA2 + PB2  2  PA  PB  cos APB
= 35 km
AB =
∴ The distance between P and Q is 35 km.
km
(b) With the notation in the figure, let R be a point = 69.5 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 69.462
on OQ such that PR  OQ. Then R is the point ∴ The distance between the two ships is
closest to P on OQ. 69.5 km.
(b) a = 35
In △APB, by the cosine formula,
cos PAB =
PAB = 34.128, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

 = a + PAB
In △OPR,
= 35 + 34.128
cos 60 = = 69.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
OR = 40 cos 60 km ∴ The bearing of B from A is S69.1E.

24. (a) BAC  120 = 180

BAC = 60
In △ABC,
ACB + BAC + ABC = 180
ACB + 60  80 = 180
ACB = 40
=
 = 120
 = 180 +  + DCA
AC = m = 180 + 120 + 28.738
= 766.04 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The bearing of D from C is 329.
BAD + 60 = 180
BAD = 120
25. (a) In △ABC,
In △ABD,
BAC + ABC ACB = 180
ADB + BAD  ABD = 180
BAC + 70  70 = 180
ADB + 120  25 = 180
BAC = 40
ADB = 35
=
=
AB = m
AD = m
= 1.46 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 1.461 9
= 368.41 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The length of the rod AB is 1.46 m.
CAD = 120  60 = 60
In △CAD, by the cosine formula,
CD2 = AC2 + AD2  2  AC  AD  cos CAD
CD = (766.042 + 368.412  2  766.04 
(b) In △ABD,
m
ADB = ACB CAD
= 664 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 663.57 = 70  20
∴ The distance between C and D is 664 m. = 50
(b) In △CAD, by the cosine formula, BAD = BAC + CAD
cos DCA = = 40 + 20

= 60
=
=
DCA = 28.738, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
With the notation in the figure, BD = m

∴ The length of the rod BD is 1.65 m.

206 Solutions
26. (a) The required angle is CBD.

In △BCD, by the cosine formula,
cos CBD =
=
The required angle is FAG.
CBD = 9.62, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △BFG,
∴ The angle between the fishing lines BD and
BC is 9.62. sin 45 =
(b) The required angle is BAC. FG = 8 sin 45 cm

=8 cm
cos BCD =
= cm
= In △ABF,
AF2 = AB2 + BF2
BCD = 32.328, cor. to 5 sig. fig. AF = cm
In △ABC, = cm
BAC + ABC  ACB = 180 In △AFG,
BAC  70  32.328 = 180
sin FAG =
BAC = 77.7, cor. to 3 sig.
fig =
77.672
FAG = 32.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the fishing pole and the
∴ The angle between the line FA and the plane
horizontal plane is 77.7.
ABCD is 32.2.
(b) The required angle is FAC.
In △BCF, by the cosine formula,
CF2 = BF2 + BC2  2  BF  BC  cos FBC
CF = cm
= 6.122 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
(c) In △ABC, by the sine formula,
= In △ABC,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AB = m
AC = cm
= 2.19 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. = cm
∴ The length of the fishing pole AB is 2.19 m. In △AFC, by the cosine formula,
cos FAC =
27. (a) With the notation in the figure, construct FG
such that FG  BC, where G is a point on BC. =
Join AG.

∴ The angle between the lines FA and AC is

33.5.
cos ACB =
= The required angle is AED.

ACB = 59.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 59.556
BC2 = AB2 + AC2  2  AB  AC  cos BAC
(b)
BC = cm
= cm
Area of △ABC =  BC  AE
AE =
= cm
In △CDN,
cos 63 = In △ADE,
CN = 18 cos 63 cm sin AED =

= 8.171 8 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
=
Let E be the foot of perpendicular from A to BC.
In △ACE, AED = 20.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the planes ABC and
cos 59.556 =
BCD
CE = 16 cos 59.556 cm
is 20.7.
= 8.107 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∵ CN  CE 30. (a) In △ABC, by the cosine formula,
∴ N is not the foot of perpendicular from A to
BC. cos ABC =
AND is not the angle between the planes ABC

=
and BCD.
∴ The claim is disagreed. ABC = 51.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 51.318
29. (a) Area of △ABC
=  AB  AC  sin BAC
=  12  15  sin 60 cm2 (b) With the notation in the figure, let H and K be
= 77.9 cm2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 77.942 the points on BC and FD respectively such that
(b) With the notation in the figure, let E be a point SH  BC and SK  FD.
on BC such that AE  BC and DE  BC.

208 Solutions
be the projection of A on the plane BCD.
The required angle is HKS.

In △BHS,
∵ △BCD is an equilateral triangle.
BS = AB =  8 cm = 4 cm
∴ DE = BD =  4 cm = 2 cm
sin 51.318 =
CE2 + DE2 = CD2
HS = 4 sin 51.318 cm CE = cm
= 3.122 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. = cm
In △HKS, AE = CE = cm
HK = BF = 10 cm In △ACE, by the cosine formula,
tan HKS = cos ACE =
=
=
HKS = 17.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
ACE = 54.736, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
∴ The angle between the planes FDRS and
In △ACG,
BCDF is 17.3.
(c) In △HKS, sin 54.736 =
KS2 = HK2 + HS2 AG = 4 sin 54.736 cm
KS = cm = 3.27 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 3.266 0
= 10.476 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The height of the wooden model is 3.27 cm.
In △ABC, AS = SB and AR = RC. (b) Area of △BCD
∴ SR // BC
=  BD  CE
and SR = BC =  10 cm = 5 cm
= 4 cm2
∵ SR // FD
∴ FDRS is a trapezium. = cm2
Volume of the wooden model
FD = BC = 10 cm
Area of FDRS =  area of △BCD  AG
=  (SR + FD)  KS
=   3.266 0 cm3
=  (5 + 10)  10.476 cm2
= 7.54 cm3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
31. (a) With the notation in the figure, let E be a point 32. (a) In △TBC,
on BD such that CE  BD and AE  BD, and G BTC + TCB = TBA

BTC + 25 = 40

tan TNA =
BTC = 15
By the sine formula, =
= TNA = 43.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ When M moves from C to N, the angle of
TB = m
elevation of T from M increases from 25 to
= 130.63 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. 43.0. When M moves from N to D, the
In △TAB, angle of elevation of T from M decreases
from 43.0 to 40.0.
sin 40 =
TA = 130.63 sin 40 m

33. (a) Join BQ and QC.
= 84.0 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 83.967
∴ The height of the tower is 84.0 m.
(b) In △TAB,
cos 40 =
AB = 130.63 cos 40 m

In △ABQ,
= 100.07 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
BQ2 = AB2 + AQ2
AC = AB + BC
BQ = m
= (100.07 + 80) m
= 21.5 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 21.541
= 180.07 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △DCQ,
DQ = AD  AQ
AD2 = AC2 + CD2  2  AC  CD  cos ACD
= (12  8) m
AD = (180.072 + 2002  2  180.07  200 
=4m
cos 30 m
QC = DQ2 + DC2
2
= 100.24 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. QC = m

In △TAD, = 20.4 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 20.396
tan ADT = (b) With the notation in the figure, let E be a point
on AN such that QE  BE and F be a point on
=
CM such that QF  CM.
ADT = 40.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The angle of elevation of T from D is 40.0.
(c) When M is at N, the angle of elevation of T from
M is maximum.
In △ANC,
In △AND,
sin 30 =
sin 30 =
AN = 180.07 sin 30 m
DN = 12 sin 30 m
=6m
In △TAN,
∵ △AEQ ~ △AND (AAA)

210 Solutions
(d) Construct CG such that CG  PQ, where G is a

∴ =
point on PQ.
=
QE = 4 m
In △QEB,
sin QBE =
The required angle is PCG.
=
In △QCG,
QBE = 10.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig. QG = CF = 2 m
∴ The inclination of BQ is 10.7. CG2 + QG2 = QC2
CF = CM  FM CG = m
= DN  QE = 20.298 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= (6  4) m PG = PQ  QG = (6  2) m = 4 m
=2m In △PCG,
In △CQF,
tan PCG =
sin CQF =
=
=
PCG = 11.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CQF = 5.63, cor. to 3 sig. fig. ∴ The angle of elevation of P from C is 11.1.
∴ The inclination of QC is 5.63.
(c) The required angle is PAE. 34. (a) In △PAB,
In △AQE,
tan 60 =
cos 30 =
AP = m
AE = 8 cos 30 m
In △PDC,
=8 m
tan 45 =
= m
PD = h m
In △PAE,
In △PAD,
PE = PQ + QE = (6 + 4) m = 10 m
cos APD =
tan PAE =
= =
PAE = 55.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle of elevation of P from A is 55.3. =
APD = 54.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The reduced bearing of C from P is
N54.7E.

(b) In △PAD, (c) In △ABC,

AD + AP = PD
2 2 2
ACB + CAB + ABC = 180
ACB + 20 + 100 = 180
AD = m
ACB = 60
Area of △ABC
=
=  AC  BC  sin ACB
=
=  172.76  60  sin 60 m2
(c) BC = AD
= 4 490 m2, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
ut =
36. (a) In △ABC,

40u =
BAC + ABC + ACB = 180
u = 30.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BAC + 30 + 30 = 180
BAC = 120
35. (a) In △BCR, By the sine formula,
tan CBR = =
=
AB = cm
CBR = 16.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= cm
∴ The angle of elevation of R of from B is
16.7.
= cm
= cm
=
(b) In △ABP, by the cosine formula,
AP2 = AB2 + BP2  2  AB  BP  cos ABP
AP =
 = 70 cm
ABC =  + 30 = 70 + 30 = 100 = 2 cm
CAB = 90  70 = 20 (c) With the notation in the figure, let M be the mid-
In △ABC, by the sine formula, point of PQ.
Let H and N be the projections of P and M on the
=
horizontal ground respectively.
AC = m
= 173 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 172.76

∴ The distance between A and C is 173 m.

212 Solutions
(ii) With the notation in the figure, produce BC

to E such that AE  ECB.
The required angle is AED.

The required angle is MAN. Consider △ABC.
In △BPH,
s= (13 + 8 + 8) cm = 14.5 cm
sin 30 =
PH = 2 sin 30 cm area of △ABC
=
=2 cm cm2
= 1 cm = 30.314 cm2, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
MN = PH = 1 cm Area of △ABC =  BC  AE
∵ AQ = AP and PM = QM. 2  area of △ABC
AE =
∴ AM  PQ
PM = PQ =  2 cm = 1 cm = cm
In △APM, = 7.578 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig.

fig.
AM2 + PM2 = AP2
In △AED,
AM = cm
= cm sin AED =
In △AMN,
=
sin MAN =
AED = 41.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
= ∴ The angle between the plane ABC and
the plane  is 41.3.
MAN = 35.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(b) (i) In △ADE,
∴ The angle between the plane APQ and the
AD2 + DE2 = AE2
horizontal ground is 35.3.
DE = cm
= 5.695 1 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
37. (a) (i) The required angle is ABD.
Area of △BCD
In △ABD,
=  BC  DE
sin ABD =
=  8  5.695 1 cm2
=
ABD = 22.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
∴ The area of the projection of △ABC on
∴ The angle between the line AB and the
the plane  is 22.8 cm2.
plane  is 22.6.

 = 35.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

(ii) When the length of AD increases, the length
(b) Join BP and BQ.
of DE decreases.
The angle that the spotlight P needs to rotate is
∴ The area of the projection of △ABC
KPB.
on the plane  decreases.
In △BPD,
38. (a) (i) In △ABD, tan BPD =

BD2 = AB2 + AD2
=
BD = m
= 15 m BPD = 56.310, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
DK = BD  KB KPB = BPD  
= (15  5) m = 56.310  45
= 10 m = 11.3, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
In △PDK, ∴ The angle that the spotlight P needs to
rotate is 11.3.
tan  =
The angle that the spotlight Q needs to rotate is
= KQB.
In △BCQ,
 = 45
BQ2 = BC2 + QC2
(ii) Join CK.
BQ = m
= 13.454 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △QCK,
QK2 = QC2 + CK2
QK = m
= 12.329 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
In △BQK, by the cosine formula,
cos KQB =
tan CBD =
=
= KQB = 21.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

CBD = 53.130, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ The angle that the spotlight Q needs to
In △CBK, by the cosine formula, rotate is 21.8.
CK2 = BC2 + BK2  2  BC  BK 
cos CBD 39. (a) OB = (64  x) cm
CK = (b) In △AOB, by the cosine formula,
m AB2 = AO2 + OB2  2  AO  OB  cos 60
= 7.211 1 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
402 = x2 + (64  x)2  2x(64  x)
In △QCK,
tan  = 1 600 = x2 + 4 096  128x + x2  64x + x2

214 Solutions
3x2  192x + 2 496 = 0 = 2.63 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

x  64x + 832 = 0
2
∴ The height of the flagpole BC is 2.63
m.
x=
∴ x = 18.1, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 18.144
cos ACB =
or x = 45.9, cor. to 3 sig. fig. (rejected)
∴ AO = 18.1 cm =
OB = (64  18.144) cm
In △BCE,
40. (a) BPC = CPA  BPA sin ACB =

= 20  12 BE = 18 sin 29.926 cm
= 8 = 8.98 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 8.979 9
∴ BPC = BQC (b) (i) In △ABF,
∴ B, C, P and Q are AB2 = AF2 + BF2
concyclic. converse of s in the AF2 = (102  x2) cm2
same segment
In △BCF,
(b) (i) ABQ = CPQ = 20
BC2 = CF2 + BF2
AQB BAQ ABQ = 180
CF2 = (182  x2) cm2
AQB 90 20 = 180
In △ACF,
AQB = 70
AC2 = AF2 + CF2
PBQ BPQ = AQB
202 = (102  x2) + (182  x2)
PBQ 12 = 70
2x2 = 24
PBQ = 58
x2 = 12
In △PBQ, by the sine formula,
x= or  (rejected)
= = 3.46, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
(ii) From Fig. I and Fig. II, E is the point on AC
BQ = m
such that BE  AC and DE  AC.
= 3.922 6 m, cor. to 5 sig. fig. The required angle is BED.
In △ABQ, In △ABD, AB = AD and AF  BD.
sin 70 = ∴ BF = DF
BD = 2BF = cm
AB = 3.922 6 sin 70 m DE = BE = 8.979 9 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
= 3.69 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 3.686 0
In △BDE, by the cosine formula,
∴ The height of the tower AB is 3.69 m.
(ii) In △BCQ, cos BED =
BCQ = BPQ = 12 =

= BED = 45.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

∴ The angle between the planes ABC and
BC = m

ADC is 45.4. = 21, cor. to the nearest degree

∴ The bearing of Q from R is N21W.
(iii) Note that = .

43. B
Since BM  BE, BMD  BED.
With the notation in the figure,
In △BAD, by the cosine formula,
cos BAD =
BAD = 40.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

cos BCD =
In △ACD,
CAD = 48  27 = 21
=
ACD = 27 + 90 = 117
BCD = 22.2, cor. to 3 sig. fig. By the sine formula,
∴ When M moves from A to E, BMD
=
increases from 40.5 to 45.4. When M
moves from E to C, BMD decreases AD = m
from 45.4 to 22.2.
= 17.404 m, cor. to the nearest 0.001 m
In △ABD,
42. A
By the cosine formula, sin 48 =
cos PRQ = AB = 17.404 sin 48 m

= 12.9 m, cor. to the nearest 0.1 m
= ∴ The height of the flagpole AB is 12.9 m.
PRQ = 50.98, cor. to the nearest 0.01

44. C
With the notation in the figure,
Join AE and CE.
Let 2x be the length of each side of the cube.

 = 30
In △BCM,
 = PRQ 
= 50.98  30 BM = AB = (2x) = x

216 Solutions
CM2 = BM2 + BC2

CM =
=
In △VRQ, by the cosine formula,

In △CEH,
cos  =
CE2 = CH2 + EH2
CE =
=
=
In △AEM,
=
AM = BM = x
AE = CE = =
EM2 = AE2 + AM2
EM = =
= 3x
In △CEM, by the cosine formula,
46. B
cos  = In △ABC,
AB2 + BC2 = AC2
= BC = cm
= cm
= = cm
In △VBC,
 = 63.4, cor. to the nearest 0.1
tan 30 =
45. D
VB = tan 30 cm
Let a be the length of each side of the base and x be
= cm
the length of each slant edge.
In △QRS, = 5 cm
SQ = RS + QR
2 2 2
In △VAB,
SQ =
tan  =
=
In △VSQ, by the cosine formula,
=
cos VQS =  = 45
cos 30 =
47. A
Join BD.
= 2a2
= 2a2

The required inclination is EBD. PBC = 20, cor. to the nearest degree
∴ The angle of elevation of P from B is 20.
49. (a) 11.5 cm

In △BCF, (b) 16.1
(c) 6.46 cm
sin 35 =
BF = 50. (a) 36.3

(b) (i) 5.81 m
In △BEF,
(ii) 46.4
sin 40 =
(iii) 58.4
BE =
51. (a) (i) FF = 10 m, AE = m
=
(ii) 34.8
In △BED,
(b) no
ED = CF
sin EBD = 52. (a) 148 m

(b) (i) 37.8
= (ii) 69.3
(iii) no
= sin 35 sin 40
EBD = 22, cor. to the nearest degree 53. (a) BC = cm, BD = cm
∴ The inclination of BE is 22. (b) (i) 46.6
48. A 54. (a) 17.4 cm

In △PAC, (b) 71.9
tan 25 =
55. (a) 23.3 cm
AC = m (b) (i) 58.6 (ii) 
In △ABC,
56. (a) (i) 53.1 (ii) 17.1 cm
cos 38 =
(b) (i) 28.1 cm (ii) no
BC = m
57. D 58. B 59. B 60. B
In △PBC,
tan PBC = 61. D 62. B 63. C 64. A
= 65. D 66. B
= tan 25 cos 38

Unit Test (P.10.65)

218 Solutions
1. (a) In △PQT, CH = 9.813 5 cos 60 cm

= 4.906 8 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.
tan 30 = (1M)
∵ CE  CH
QP = m ∴ DE is not perpendicular to BC. (1M)
∴ AED is not the angle between the planes
= 17.3 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 17.321
ABC and BCD.
∴ The distance between P and Q is 17.3 m.
∴ The claim is disagreed. (1A)
(1A)
(b) In △PQR,
cos PQR = (1M)

3. C
In △BCD,
=
BDC = 90  25 = 65
PQR = 41.4, cor. to 3 sig. fig.
CBD = 25 + 50 = 75
∴ The reduced bearing of T from Q is
N41.4E.
=
(1A)
BC = m
2. (a) In △BCD, by the sine formula,
= 112.593 m, cor. to 3 d.p.
= (1M)
In △ABC,
CD = cm sin 50 =
= 9.81 cm, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 9.813 5 AB = 112.593 sin 50 m

(1A) = 86.3 m, cor. to 1 d.p.
(b) In △ABC, by the cosine formula, ∴ The height of the building AB is 86.3 m.
cos ACB =
4. C
= In △ADE, tan DAE = .

In △DEX, tan DXE = .
In △ACE,
cos 46.567 = (1M) In △CFX, tan CXF = .
CE = 7 cos 46.567 cm ∵ AX : XB = 1 : 2
= 4.812 5 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig. ∴ AX < XB
In △BCD, ∵ AD = BC and AX < XB.
BCD + CBD + BDC = 180 ∴ DX < CX
BCD + 70 + 50 = 180 ∴ AD < DX < CX
BCD = 60 ∵ DE = CF
Suppose H is a point on BC such that DH  BC. ∴ tan DAE > tan DXE > tan CXF
In △CDH, ∵ DAE, DXE and CXF are acute angles.
∴ DAE > DXE > CXF
cos 60 =
∴ The answer is C.

cos ANC =
5. A
In △ABC, =
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
ANC = 124, cor. to the nearest degree
AC = cm
= cm ∴ The angle between the planes VAB and VBC is
= cm 124.
In △ACF,
tan  =
6. D
With the notation in the figure, let N be a point of VB
such that AN  VB and CN  VB. Join AC.
The required angle is ANC.

In △VAB, by the cosine formula,
cos ABV =
ABV = 53.13, cor. to the nearest 0.01

In △ABN,
sin 53.13 =
AN = 12 sin 53.13 cm
= 9.60 cm, cor. to the nearest 0.01 cm
CN = AN = 9.60 cm, cor. to the nearest 0.01 cm
In △ABC,
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC = cm
= cm
In △ANC, by the cosine formula,

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165

Chapter 10 Applications in Trigonometry

∴ We can find VMO if the lengths of VO and MO

Review Exercise (P.10.5)

3. (a) (i) BD is the projection of the line BE on the

© Oxford University Press 2015

(ii) BEA is the angle between the line BE and

Instant Drill 1 (P.10.6)

© Oxford University Press 2015

= 36.7 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

BAC = 37.738, cor. to 5 sig. fig. The required angle is DBE.

DBE = 21.8, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

DBF = 48.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

(b) Join CE. Instant Drill 8 (P.10.21)

Instant Drill 7 (P.10.20) ANB = 90

(a) AD = BC = 4 cm AB2 = AN2 + BN2

© Oxford University Press 2015

∴ The angle between the planes VAD and ABCD

Instant Drill 9 (P.10.23) The required angle is ADC.

ADC = 65.7, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

= 2.80, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 2.799 4

CD = AD = 6.449 0 cm, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

∴ ABC + BAD = 180

VNB = 65.0, cor. to 3 sig. fig. AF = AC

© Oxford University Press 2015

The required angle is CAM.

Instant Drill 14 (P.10.37) In △BCD,

tan 55 = ∴ BCM = BCD =  50 = 25

2. (a) Draw a horizontal line AE from A.

© Oxford University Press 2015

∴ The bearing of Q from P is S25.4W.

= 3.35 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig. PR = 14 cos 50.403 km

© Oxford University Press 2015

2. The required angle is BDF.

AE = EF = 3 cm VMA = 62.5, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

Exercise 10A (P.10.11)

= 2. In △SPR, by the sine formula,

© Oxford University Press 2015

= 9.28 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

BAC = 39.378, cor. to 5 sig. fig.

BAC = 25 tan 50 =

© Oxford University Press 2015

= 7.85, cor. to 3 sig. fig. BC = km

= 20.8 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

ABC = 91.6, cor. to 3 sig. fig. 91.574

(b) With the notation in the figure,

9. (a) CAB = 62  38 = 24 =

= 111 km, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

11. (a) With the notation in the figure,

© Oxford University Press 2015

(ii) By the cosine formula,

© Oxford University Press 2015

= 43.6 m, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

15. (a) TAC = 40

16. (a) With the notation in the figure,

(b) Average speed of M

= 16.5 km/h, cor. to 3 sig. fig.

© Oxford University Press 2015

(c) Let T be a point on PR such that QT  PR. Then

QPR = 95.348, cor. to 5 sig. fig.