DIGOS CENTRAL ADVENTIST ACADEMY, INC.

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Tel. No.: 082-553-3172 email: dcaaonline@gmail.com

DISCIPLINES AND IDEAS IN THE APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

Grade XII

Grade Level & Section: XII

Subject Teacher: Rojelyn B. Conturno, MACE
Module Number: 2022-Q1-M3-M4
Module date/s coverage: February 17- March 03, 2022

I. Topics: The Discipline of Counseling

1.1 Counseling
1.1.1 Definitions
1.1.2 Goals
1.1.3 Scope
1.1.4 Core values
1.1.5 Principles
II. Discussion of the Topics:

Definitions of Counselling

Process of guiding a person during a stage of life where assessments or decisions have to be made about
him/herself and his/her life course (Sampa, 2017). It is a purposeful, private conversation arising from their intention of
one person (couple or family) to reflect on and resolve a problem in living, and the willingness of another person to assist
in that endeavour (McLeod,2013).
According to the American Counselling Association, counselling is defined as, "a professional relationship that
empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health, wellness, education, and career goals."
Counselling involves helping people make needed changes in ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, and is a goal-based
collaborative process, involving a non-judgmental, supportive counsellor who works with a client in telling his or her story,
setting viable goals, and developing strategies and plans necessary to accomplish these goals. For some people this
process takes a small amount of time, in some cases as little as one or two sessions; for others, the process may last
longer.
Counselling is not the same thing as giving advice (making recommendations). Counselling helps clients to make
their own decisions.
People come to counselling when their attempts to deal with their concerns are no longer effective. Counselling
can be helpful areas such as:
 Addiction and abuse of alcohol and other drugs
 Adjustment issues, including adjustment to college life
 Anger management
 Anxiety
 Communication
 Depression
 Eating disorders
 Gender identity and sexual orientation
 Grief
 Relationship difficulties, including roommates, significant others, and professors
 Relationship violence and physical abuse
 Sexual assault
 Stress management
 Thoughts of suicide or preoccupation with death
 Trauma
Aims of Counselling:
 To assist clients in exploring their problems and guide them to solutions.
 To have clients become aware of the consequences of the experiences and situations they have been/are going
through.
 To reduce worry, anxiety or any other negative emotions.
 To guide clients in their recovery from and adaption to difficult circumstances.
Goals of Counselling
 Empowering a client
 Emancipation from a felt problem

Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2014 (Kindergarten) I Gov’t Recognition No. 018 s. 1989 (Elementary)
Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2015 (Junior High School) I Gov’t Permit No. 062 s. 2021 (Senior High School)
  Client to attain insight and understanding oneself
 Client to develop skills and abilities that require self-management

What are the important points to remember when we provide counselling?

Listen more than you talk, ask open-ended questions, act in a calm and poised manner, do not provide
Advice, and guide people to solutions. We aim to reduce worry and anxiety.

Context and the Basic Concepts of Counselling:

1. Peers as context
2. Neighbourhood as context
3. Culture as context
4. Counselling as context
a. Client Factors
b. Counsellors Factor
c. Contextual Factors
d. Process Factors
6 Stages in the Process of counselling
1. Develop Trust
2. Exploring problem areas
3. Helping to set goals
4. Empowering into action
5. Helping to maintain change
6. Agreeing when to end the helping relationship
Scope of Counselling:
 Application of some psychological theories and recognized communication skills.
Core Values of Counselling:
- Compassion
- Collaboration
- Expertise
- Respect for Autonomy
- Sensitivity to Difference
- Confidentiality
Principle of Counselling:
Counselling aims to help people cope better with situations they are facing. This involves helping the individual to
cope with their emotions and feelings and to help them make positive choices and decisions.
Doing this involves:
 Establishing a trusting relationship
 Helping the client tell their story
 Listening carefully
 Respecting the client
 Being non-judgemental
 Providing confidentiality
 Providing correct information
 Helping the client to recognize and build on their strengths
 Helping the client develop a positive attitude
 Maintaining a professional relationship
It does not involve:
 Making decisions for the client
 Judging, interrogating, blaming, preaching, lecturing or arguing
 Making promises that you cannot keep
 Allowing clients to become dependent on you
Counselling is an approach for assisting people during and in the immediate aftermath of a pandemic, to reduce initial
distress, and to encourage short and long term adaptive functioning.
Counselling does not assume that all clients will develop severe problems or long term difficulties in recovery. Instead, it
is based on an understanding that pandemic clients and others affected by such events will experience a broad range of
early reactions (for example, physical, psychological, behavioural, spiritual). Some of these reactions will cause enough
distress to interfere with adjustment to the situation, and recovery may be helped by support from compassionate and
caring humanitarian responders.
The main aims of counselling is to ease distress, assist with current needs and promote coping skills, NOT to extract
details of difficult experiences and losses.

III. Self –Check Activity Instruction: There is a person who is undergoing depression and he needs counselling. You
are assigned to be the counsellor of that person. How can you do a substantial counselling? Explain it in 250 words in a
long bond pape

Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2014 (Kindergarten) I Gov’t Recognition No. 018 s. 1989 (Elementary)
Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2015 (Junior High School) I Gov’t Permit No. 062 s. 2021 (Senior High School)
Criteria:
Areas of 5 4 3 2
Assessment
Ideas Presents ideas in an original Presents ideas in a Ideas are too general Ideas are vague or
manner consistent manner unclear
Organization Strong and organized Organized Some organization; No organization; lack
attempt at a beg/mid/end
beg/mid/end
Understanding Writing shows strong Writing shows a clear Writing shows adequate Writing shows little
understanding understanding understanding understanding
Word Choice Sophisticated use of nouns Nouns and verbs make Needs more nouns and Little or no use of
and verbs make the essay essay informative verbs nouns and verbs
very informative
Sentence Sentence structure enhances Sentence structure is Sentence structure is No sense of
Structure meaning; flows throughout evident; sentences limited; sentences need sentence structure
the piece mostly flow to flow or flow
Mechanics Few (if any) errors Few errors Several errors Numerous errors

I. Topics: Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors
2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work
2.3 Career opportunities of counselors
2.4 Rights, Responsibilities, Accountabilities, and Code of Ethics
II. Discussion of the Topics:
Roles of Guidance Counselors
1. Counselling is the process and the relationship between the clients and counselor. The role of the counselor is to assist the person or
persons (client) in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, to assist them to seek achievement of goals, assist them to find help, and
in some cases, the role of counselors includes the teaching of social skills, effective communication, spiritual guidance, decision-making
and career choices. In some settings, counseling, grief and loss (divorce death, or amputation), domestic violence and other types of
abuse, special counseling situations like terminal illness as well as counseling of emotionally and mentally disturbed individuals.

Functions of Guidance Counselors

The Philippine Republic Act No. 9528 (Sec.2-3)defines a guidance counselor as a natural person who has been professionally registered
and licensed by a legitimate state entity and by virtue of specialized training to perform the functions of guidance and counselling.

The guidance counselor’s functions include the use of an integrated approach to develop a well-functioning individual
primarily through:
1. Helping a client develop potentials to the fullest;
2. Helping a client plan to utilize his or her potentials to the fullest;
3. Helping a client plan his or her future in accordance with his or her abilities, interests, and needs;
4. Sharingandapplyingknowledgerelatedtocounselingsuchascounselingtheories,tools and techniques; and
5. Administering a wide range of human development services.
Competencies of Guidance Counselors
o Counselors have the ability to administer and maintain career guidance and counseling programs.
o They are capable of properly guiding the students toward becoming productive and contributing individuals through informed
career choices with reference to appropriate stakeholders.
o They are capable of designing and implementing programs that expose students to the world and value of work and guide,
provide, and equip the students with the necessary life skills and values.
o They can administer career advocacy activities.
o Guidance counselors are capable career advocates.
o Guidance counselors can facilitate conduct of career advocacy in collaboration with career advocates and peer facilitators.

Areas of Specialization where Counselors Work

Counselors are practically found in all spheres of human development, transitions, and caregiving. Peterson and Nesenholz (1987)
identified 11 major areas:

o Child development and counseling – includes parent education, preschool counseling, early childhood education, child
counseling in mental health agencies, and counseling with battered and abused children and their families.
o Adolescent development and counseling – covers middle and high school counseling, psychological education, career
development specialist, adolescent counseling in mental health agencies, youth work in a residential facility, and youth
probation officer.
o Gerontology – includes counseling of older citizens: pre-retirement counseling, community centers, nursing home counseling,
and hospice work.
o Marital relationship counseling – includes premarital counseling, marriage counseling, family counseling, divorce mediation.
o Health – offers possibility for nutrition counseling, exercise and health education, rehabilitation counseling, stress management
counseling, holistic health counseling, and genetic counseling.
o Career/lifestyle – includes guidance on choices and decision-making pertaining to career or lifestyle; guidance on career
development; provision of educational and occupational information to clients; provision of various forms of educational and

Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2014 (Kindergarten) I Gov’t Recognition No. 018 s. 1989 (Elementary)
Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2015 (Junior High School) I Gov’t Permit No. 062 s. 2021 (Senior High School)
 occupational information to clients, and may also include provision of needed skills in managing or going through job
interviews.
o College and university – college student counseling, student personnel work, residential hall or dormitory counselor, and
counselor educator.
o Drugs – covers substance abuse counseling, alcohol counseling, drug counseling, stop smoking program manager, and crisis
intervention counseling.
o Consultation – covers agency and corporate consulting, organizational development director, industrial psychology specialist,
and training manager.
o Business and industry – include training and development personnel, quality and work-life or quality circles manager,
employee assistance programs manager, employee career development officer, or equal opportunity specialist.
o Other specialties – may include phobia counseling, self-management, intrapersonal management, intrapersonal management,
and grief counseling.

Career Opportunities for Counselors

o Educational and school counselors – they offer personal, educational, social, and academic counseling services. The
professionals often work in elementary school, high school, or university settings to help students assess their abilities and
resolve personal or social problems, and do so in tandem with teachers and school administrators.
o Vocational or career counselors – These professionals facilitate career decision-making. They aid individuals or groups in
determining jobs that are best suited to their needs, skills, and interests. In some cases, they may also help clients who are
already employed to improve their skills, including how to manage work-related stress. This can also stretch to providing
support to individuals who have lost their jobs. For those seeking jobs, they also provide skills such as practicing for an
interview and developing a meaningful and acceptable resume.
o Marriage and family counselors – these professionals offer a wide range of services for couples and families. They help
couples and families deal with social issues, emotional problems, and in some cases, mental health treatment. They do conduct
counseling sessions with couples or the entire family unit.
o Addictions and behavioral counselors – these professionals work with people suffering from addictions. These may range
from drugs, alcohol, eating disorder, to gambling.
o Mental health counselors – these professionals work with people suffering from mental or psychological distress such as
anxiety, phobias, depression, grief, esteem issues, trauma, substance abuse, and related issues. They aim at promoting mental
health. In treatment centers or facilities, counselors have physicians, psychologists, social workers, and other health care
professionals as their treatment team.
o Rehabilitation counselors – these professionals are engaged with individuals suffering from physical or emotional disabilities.
Rehabilitation counselors provide services such as evaluation of the strengths and limitations of clients. The goal is to facilitate
the rehabilitation process and prevent relapse.
o Genetics counselors – these professionals operate in a very specialized context of dealing with genetic information for
individuals and the decisions that come with it. The common area here is counseling parents who are concerned with
determining if their potential offspring might be at risk for being born with an inherited disorder, or individual adults themselves
who may be at risk of developing a genetic disease such as heart disease and breast cancer. They help individuals and families
to make informed decisions about their health and to assist them in finding the services that best meet their needs.

Rights, Responsibilities, and Accountabilities of Counselors

As registered and licensed professionals, counselors are protected. They are governed by scientific theories, practices, and processes
as well as professional standards and ethics.
o They are responsible for the practice of their profession in accordance with their mandates and professional guidelines and
ethics.
o They are accountable to their clients, the professional body, and the government.
o It is critical that the counselor and the client fully understand the nature of the concerns, which leads to a contract to take
action on a mutually agreed upon problem.

Code of Ethics of Counselors

o As in all professional practices in applied social sciences, counselors must observe confidentiality at all times. Without
confidentiality, clients cannot trust the counselors and therefore make the profession impossible to practice.
o The code of ethics also states that counselors live and work in accordance with the professional standards of conduct set forth
for the practice of guidance and counseling. They should be people of high moral standing.

Four Overall Ethical Principles that Subsume a Number of Specific Ethical Standards:
Principle 1: Respect for the rights and dignity of the client
o Guidance counselors honor and promote the fundamental rights, moral and cultural values, dignity, and worth of clients. They
respect clients’ rights to privacy, confidentiality, self-determination and autonomy, consistent with the law.
Principle 2: Competence
o Guidance counselors maintain and update their professional skills. They recognize the limits of their expertise, engage in self-
care, and seek support and supervision to maintain the standard of their work. They offer only those services for which they are
qualified by education, training, and experience.
Principle 3: Responsibility
o Guidance counselors are aware of their professional responsibility to act in a trustworthy, reputable, and accountable manner
toward clients, colleagues, and the community in which they work and live. They avoid doing harm, take responsibility for their
professional actions; and adopt a systematic approach to resolving ethical dilemmas.
Principle 4: Integrity
o Guidance counselors seek to promote integrity in their practice. They represent themselves accurately and treat others with
honesty, straightforwardness, and fairness. They deal actively with conflicts of interest,avoid exploiting others, and are alert to
inappropriate behavior on the part of colleagues.
The Code of Ethics goes into specifics to detail professional behavior from respect for fundamental rights, moral and cultural values,
dignity and worth of clients to respect for rights to privacy, confidentiality, self-determination and autonomy, consistent with the law,
and ensuring that the client understands and consents to whatever professional action they propose. Hence, Codes define parameters
for general respect, privacy and confidentiality, informed consent and freedom of consent, and recognition of limits of competence.
Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2014 (Kindergarten) I Gov’t Recognition No. 018 s. 1989 (Elementary)
Gov’t Recognition No. 001 s. 2015 (Junior High School) I Gov’t Permit No. 062 s. 2021 (Senior High School)