Oætlbls euoærfhls

Dhtfvfbdbgs hdpïtual >

Dagxfs Zdagetïe Nlrkd Pdadhfls 

Hdrrgrd Gaghtrøefhd y Dutlodtfzdhføe

Wefvgrsfbdb Plaftæhefhd Xdagsfded Hgbg Hugehd
84/07/>0>0
 

Dhtfvfbdbgs Hdpïtual >

GKG^HFHFL 7.4; Bgtgrofeg ads rdïhgs rgdags bg  

 (() ? .  . 
.  
d)  Cräjfhdogetg ] V
-7 ->0.7
-2 -48.7
-8 -3.7
40 -> ->.7
7 -4 4.7
0 0 2.7
-40 -7 0 7 40 47 4 :.7
-7
> 3.7
-40 8 3.7
-47 2 :.7
->0
7 2.7
: 4.7
->7
3 ->.7
= -3.7
6 -48.7
40 ->0.7

n)  Gopagdebl ad jørouad hudbrätfhd;

(>.7)  2(0.7)(2.7)
 >..7 ´  (>.7)
 >
?  
>(0.7)
  ? 4.2074>2=8= 
  ? :.2074>2=8= 

h)  Wsdebl ga oætlbl bg nfsghhføe hle trgs ftgrdhflegs pdrd bgtgrofedr

ad rdïz oäs crdebg. Gopagg hlol vdalrgs fefhfdags;
 ? 4  ? 7
 

Hdahuag ga grrlr gstfodbl Ɛ  y ga grrlr vgrbdbgrl Ɛ   pdrd hdbd

ftgrdhføe.
j (7) ? 0.7x   >.7
>.7x  2.7
2.7 ? 2.
2.7 
j (40 
40)) ? 0.7x  >.7x  2.7 ? >0.7 0.7 

(2.7)(->0.7)10
-6>.>710 mdy rdïz

OÆRLBL BG AD NFXGHHFØE

Ftgrdhføe xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd % Gt %

4 7 40 3.7 2.7 -2.=37 ->4.6837 43.068=>26

> 7 3.7 :.>7 2.7 0.76837 >.:34=37 >0 >.2>4=4>77
8 :.>7 3.7 :.=37 0.76837 -4.62784>7 -4.4770>68 6.06060606 3.88:00:>

GKG^HFHFL 7.>; Bgtgrofeg ads rdïhgs rgdags bg ; 

 (() ?         
 
 () ?        ?  
 () ?        ?  
 (

(2)(->)10
-:10 mdy rdïz

d)  Cräjfhdogetg
 

:00
x y
  -7 -3=>
200
-2 -2>:
>00 -8 ->00
0
-> -32
-: -2 -> 0 > 2 : -4 -4=
->00
0 ->
-200 4 2
-:00 > 80
8 40:
-=00
2 >:>
-4000 7 7>=

n)  Wtfafzdebl ga oætlbl bg nfsghhføe pdrd alhdafzdr ad rdïz oäs pgqugôd.

Wsg als vdalrgs fefhfdags  ? 0 y  ? 4 ftgrdebl mdstd qug ga grrlr
gstfodbl Ɛ  sg gehugetrg bgndkl bg Ɛ ?40%.
OÆRLBL BG AD NFXGHHFØE

Ftgrdhføe xa ]u ]r j(xa) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %

4 0 4 0.7 -> 0.837 -0.37

> 0 0.7 0.>7 2.7 7.06837 >>.6>4=37 400
8 0.>7 0.7 0.837 7.06837 7.8:34=37 >3.8864448 88.8888888
2 0.837 0.7 0.2837 7.8:34=37 7.26=02:== >6.70602=7 42.>=73428
7 0.2837 0.7 0.2:=37 7.26=02:== 7.7:>0443> 80.7=0>044 :.:::::::3

GKG^HFHFL 7.8; Bgtgrofeg ads rdïhgs rgdags bg;

 () ?      .  
  
 

d)  Cräjfhdogetg

] V
400000 -8 3>343.37
->.7 :4846.>73=
70000 -> 26700
-4.7 83837.=023
0 -4 >7086.>7
-2 -> 0 > 2 : = -0.7 4>7:>.23::
-70000 0 0
0.7 -4>:0=.23::
4 ->7>87.>7
-400000
4.7 -83=:4.=023
> -7023:
-470000
>.7 -:80:6.>73=
8 -37:88.37
->00000 8.7 -==476.7=76
2 -400:8>
: -4268:2

n)  Wsdebl ga oætlbl bg nfsghhføe pdrd alhdafzdr ad rdïz oäs

crdebg hle Ɛ ?40%. Wtfafhg hlol vdalrgs fefhfdags
 ? 0.7 y  ? 4.0.
OÆRLBL BG AD NFXGHHFØE

Ftgrdhføe ]a xu ]r j(xa) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %

4 0.7 4 0.37 -4>:0=.23:: -4=6>0.647= >8=7:86>8
> 0.37 4 0.=37 -4=6>0.647= ->>033.6=27 243387:=2 42.>=73428
8 0.=37 4 0.6837 ->>033.6=27 ->8:7:.:0=8 7>>>60>84 :.:::::::3
2 0.6837 4 0.6:=37 ->8:7:.:0=8 ->2227.6>== 73=8033:2 8.>>7=0:27
7 0.6:=37 4 0.6=2837 ->2227.6>== ->2=20.7=6: :03>74>=2 4.7=380476

d)  ^gdafhg ga ofsol häahual qug ge n), pgrl hle ga oætlbl bg ad jdasd
 plsfhføe y Ɛ ?0.>%.
JL^OWAD;
 

OÆRLBL JDAXD PLXFHFØE

Ftgrdhføe xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xu) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %
4 0.7 4 0.0003>278 -4>:0=.23:: ->7>87.>7 -4=.>270=2: >8002>.3>4
> 0.0003>278 4 4.7>=4G-0: -4=.>270=2: ->7>87.>7 -0.08=2=082 0.30>0330= 23848.64=
8 4.7>=4G-0: 4 8.>>27G-06 -0.08=2=082 ->7>87.>7 -=.4466G-07 8.4>2:G-0: 23>60.464:
2 8.>>27G-06 4 :.=02>G-4> -=.4466G-07 ->7>87.>7 -4.3482G-03 4.8648G-44 23>=6.22:2

GKG^HFHFL 7.2; Hdahuag ads rdïhgs rgdags bg;

 () ?      .  

d)  Cräjfhdogetg

x y
870 -8 >=3.>7
->.7 467.6:=37
800
-> 4>2
>70 -4.7 :6.>=4>7
>00 -4 >6.37
-0.7 8.82837
470
0 -4>
400 0.7 -4=.82837
70 4 -43.37
4.7 -4>.>=4>7
0
> -2
-2 -8 -> -4 0 4 > 8 2
-70 >.7 7.084>7
8 4>.37
n)  Gopagdebl ga oætlbl bg ad jdasd plsfhføe hle ue vdalr Ɛ  
hlrrgsplebfgetg d trgs hfjrds sfcefjfhdtfvds pdrd bgtgrofedr ad rdïz
oäs pgqugôd. 

0.77 Ó ∞ )% 

Ɛ  ?  (0.
Ɛ   ? (0.07)% 
Ɛ  1 0.07% 
 

OÆRLBL JDAXD PLXFHFØE

Ftgrdhføe ]a xu ]r j(xa) j(xu) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %
4 -4 0 -0.>=32>747 >6.37 -4> -2.244382=6 -484.>26448
> -4 -0.>=32>747 -0.83622=64 >6.37 -2.244382=6 -4.>=6::8=3 -8=.8:3700> >2.>74670>
8 -4 -0.83622=64 -0.207>8>48 >6.37 -4.>=6::8=3 -0.874>6>=3 -40.2706:>= :.8:>7364:
2 -4 -0.207>8>48 -0.24>438>= >6.37 -0.874>6>=3 -0.068=8736 ->.364:42=2 4.:=2083=3
7 -4 -0.24>438>= -0.2420>472 >6.37 -0.068=8736 -0.0>2688=4 -0.3243=032 0.22:24:72
: -4 -0.2420>472 -0.24274>>2 >6.37 -0.0>2688=4 -0.00::4:4 -0.46:=>60= 0.44=8=40>
3 -4 -0.24274>>2 -0.242:2>2> >6.37 -0.00::
-0.00::4:4
4:4 -0.00437264 -0.07>>0=: 0.08486743

GKG^HFHFL 7.7; Alhdafhg ad prfogrd rdïz el trfvfda bg () ?   ,

blebg  x gstä ge rdbfdegs. Wsg ued tæhefhd cräjfhd y nfsghhføe hle ue
fetgrvdal fefhfda bg 0.7 d 4. Mdcd ga häahual mdstd qug Ɛ   sgd ogelr qug
Ɛ ?>%. ^gdafhg tdonfæe ued prugnd bg grrlr sustftuygebl ad rgspugstd jfeda
ge ad ghudhføe lrfcfeda. 
()    
 () ? (
 (
 
d) Cräjfhl
0,7
x y
0 -4.7 -8.>2326266
-> -4 0 4 > -4 -4.=242306=
-0,7
-0.7 -0.3>62>772
-4
0 0
-4,7
0.7 0.>>62>772
-> 4 -0.47=7>60>
->,7 4.7 -4.>7>70704
-8

-8,7

OÆRLBL BG AD NFXGHHFØE
Ftgrdhføe xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %
4 0.7 4 0.37 0.>>62>77
0.>>62>7722 -0.47=7>60> -0.08:830:
> 0.7 0.37 0.:>7 0.>>62>772 0.44648=3: 0.0>388823 >0
8 0.:>7 0.37 0.:=37 0.46223>>3 0.44648=3: 0.0>84:646 6.06060606
2 0.:=37 0.37 0.34=37 0.4:4670=
0.4:4670=88 0.44648=3: 0.046>62:> 2.823=>:06
7 0.34=37 0.37 0.382837 0.424=2>=2 0.44648=3: 0.04:=6=6= >.4>3:7673
: 0.382837 0.37 0.32>4=37 0.480=4:32 0.44648=3: 0.0477=782 4.07>:847=

Ɛ  1 Ɛ  
 

4.07%1>%
GK^HFHFL 7.:; Bgtgrofeg ad rdïz rgda bg   ? .
.  ;
 () ?   . 
d)  Cräjfhdogetg

>
4,7
4
] y
0,7
0.7 ->.0=:>628:
0
4 -0.3
-0,7 0 4 > 8 2
4.7 0.440680>>
-4 > 0.:=:>628:
-4,7 >.7 4.48>7=42:
-> 8 4.263>>27=
->,7

n)  Gopagdebl trgs ftgrdhflegs ge ga oætlbl bg nfsghhføe hle als vd

vdalrgs
alrgs
fefhfdags  ? 0.7 y  ? >.

OÆRLBL BG AD NFXGHHFØE
Ftgrdhføe xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %
4 0.7 > 4.>7 ->.0=:>628: -0.>7834>6 0.7>684636
> 4.>7 > 4.:>7 -0.>7834>6 0.>34047:8 -0.0:=3:04: >8.03:6>84
8 4.>7 4.:>7 4.2837 -0.>7834>6 0.0>7=4066 -0.00:72=7= 48.02823=8

h)  Wsdebltrgs ftgrdhflegs bga oætlbl bg ad jdasd plsfhføe, hle als

ofsols vdalrgs fefhfdags bg n).

OGRLBL JDAXD PLXFHFØE

Ftgrdhf
xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %
øe j(xu)
4 0.7 > 4.:>=30327 ->.0=:>628: 0.:=:>628: 0.>3773827 -0.7326>38>6
> 0.7 4.:>=30327 4.2630428 ->.0=:>628: 0.>3773827 0.40:6278> -0.>>8446247 =.36307884
8 0.7 4.2630428 4.22=86=72 ->.0=:>628: 0.40:6278> 0.02064:66 -0.0=78:2=33 8.87:74=06
 

GKG^HFHFL 7.3; Bgtgrofeg ad rdïz rgda bg;

(.   . )
 () ?  

d)  Dedaïtfhdogetg
 0.=
  ?  ? >.:::::3 
0.8
n)  Cräjfhdogetg

4,2
x y
4,>
0.7 4.8
4 4 0.7
0,= 4.7 0.>8888888
0,: > 0.4
>.7 0.0>
0,2
8 -0.08888888
0,>
8.7 -0.0342>=73
0
0 4 > 8 2
-0,>

h)  Gopagdebl trgs ftgrdhflegs ge ga oætlbl bg ad jdasd plsfhføe, hle

vdalrgs fefhfdags bg 4 d 8. Hdahuag ga grrlr dprlxfodbl Ɛ  y ga grrlr
vgrbdbgrl Ɛ  ge hdbd ftgrdhføe.
OÆRLBL JDAXD PLXFHFØE
Ftgrdhføe xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xu) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd % Gt %
4 4 8 >.=37 0.7 -0.08888888 -0.0>438648 -0.040=:67:7 3.=4>7
> 4 >.=37 >.36:=37 0.7 -0.0>438648 -0.0486::2= -0.00:6=8>2 >.368>6:06 2.==>=4>7
8 4 >.36:=37 >.32=02:== 0.7 -0.0486::2= -0.00===247 -0.00222>037 4.33:=8042 8.074373=4

GKG^HFHFL 7.=; Hdahuag ad rdïz hudbrdbd plsftfvd bg 4= usdebl ga

oætlbl bg ad jdasd plsfhføe hle   Ɛ   ? 0.7%. Gopagg hlol vdalrgs
fefhfdags  ? 2 y
  ? 7.
 (() ?    
 

∛ 4=
4= ? 2.2>:20:6 
 

OÆRLBL JDAXD PLXFHFØE

Ftgrdhføe xa xu ]r j(xa) j(xu) j(xr) j(xa)j(xr) Gd %
4 2 7 2.>>>>>>>> -> 3 -0.43>=8674 0.827:3604>
> 2.>>>>>>>> 7 2.>206:8=: -0.43>=8674 3 -0.042>>77= 0.00>27=32> 0.2246464
0.224646466
8 2.>206:8=: 7 2.>2>708>: -0.042>>77= 3 -0.0044::06 4.:7==2G-07 0.08:>=7>=

HDPÏRWAL :
GKG^HFHFL :.4 Wtfafhg ad ftgrdhføe sfopag bg puetl jfkl pdrd alhdafzdr ad
rdïz bg;
 x) ? > sge(∛ ) ‘   xx
 j ( x

> sge(∛ ) ‘  x
 x ? 0
x ?> sge(∛ )
Mdcd ued gaghhføe fefhfda bg x0 ? 0.7 g ftgrg mdstd qug Ɛ d ≢ 0.004%. 
Hloprugng qug ga prlhgsl hlevgrcg ge jlrod afegda sgcûe sg bgshrfnfø ge
ga rghudbrl :.4.
FRG^DHFØE XFOPAG BG PWERL JFKL
Ftgrdhføe ]f Gd %
0 0.7 -
4 4.>66>38=3= :4.74:6:::
> 4.=43423702 >=.266>:46
8 4.670738643 :.=208::68
2 4.6:632>748 0.63847>83
7 4.63>0:===4 0.4436:7=:
: 4.63>82243= 0.048673=:
3 4.63>83::7: 0.004:2::8
= 4.63>8=02=: 0.00046246

0.00046% ≢ 0.004%. 
] V
GKG^HFHFL :.>; Bgtgrofeg ad rdïz rgda oäs
70
crdebg bg;
20
 () ? >   44 .3 
44.3
80
 43
43.3
.3
>0
 7 
40 d)  Cräjfhdogetg
0
-> -40 0 > 2 :

->0
-80
-20
 

  -4 -8:.2
-0.7 -43.0>7
0 -7
0.7 4.437
4 8
n)  Hle ga oætlbl bg ftgrdhføe sfopag bg puetl
4.7 4.637
jfkl (trgs ftgrdhflegs,
> -0.2
 ? 8). Eltd; dsgcûrgsg bg mdngr

bgsdrrlaadbl ued slauhføe qug hlevgrkd d ad >.7
8
->.:>7
-8.>
rdïz. 8.7 -0.:>7
2 :.:
 >   44.3   7
44.3 2.7 46.637
?  
43.3 7 24

FRG^DHFLE XFOPAG BG PWERL JFKL

Ftgrdhføe ]f Gd %
0 8 -
4 8.4=03606: 7.:=8=8:76

> 8.8886764:= 2.7624=8:=

8 8.22>728>23 8.4724=46=

h)  Hle ga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle (trgs ftgrdhflegs,  ? 8,

b ? 0.004).
 () ? >   44 .3   43.3  7 
44.3
 ‾() ? :   >8.2
>8.2  43.
43.33 

OÆRLBL BG EGSRLE ^DPMXLE

F ]f j(x) j²(x) Gd
0 8 -8.> 4.7
4 7.48888888 2=.0600324 77.:=::::3 24.77=224:
> 2.>:63700: 4>.67:>28: >3.43>2246 >0.>>7:4::
8 8.36>6822= >.623:084> 47.>:8227 4>.73447>2

b)  Hle ga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg (trgs ftgrdhflegs x ‘ 4 ? 8,   ? 2).

OÆRLBL BG AD XGHDERG
 

f    ∞    ( )   (∞ )  Gd

0 2 8 :.: -8.>
4 8.8>:780:4> 2 -4.6:==7844 :.: ->0.>2786==
> 8.2=4>3>306 8.8>:780:4 --0.3676478>
0.3676478> -4.6:==
-4.6:==7844
7844 2.2226=:8:
8 8.7=:>378=7 8.2=4>3>34 0.>23=:62: --0.3676478>
0.3676478> >.6>36088

g)  Hle ga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg olbfjfhdbl (trgs ftgrdhflegs,   ? 8,

b ? 0.04). Hdahuag ga plrhgetdkg dprlxfodbl bg grrlrgs rgadtfvls pdrd
sus slauhflegs.

XGHDERG OLBFJFHDBL

f 
f xf   ]f+  
j(xf)  (  xf)  Gd (%)
0 8 0.04 0.08 8.08 -8.> -8.426>3:
4 2.=6>767>
2.=6>767>>> 0.04 0.02=6>767 2.6247>443 87.3:8>02: 8=.0638072 8=.:=>=26
> 2.42>6262> 0.04 0.0242>626 2.4=283=64 6.38023084 40.38::636 4=.0622673

8 8.32>8476: 0.04 0.0832>84: 8.3363864> >.>080:>=7 >.32=4434> 40.3072672

GKG^HFHFL :.8; Wtfafhg als oætlbls bg d) ftgrdhføe bg puetl jfkl, y n)

 Egwtle-^dpmsle pdrd bgtgrofedr
bgtgrofedr ued rdïz bg;
 (x ) ? ‘   + 4.= x + >.7 
 j  x 
Hle ga usl bg x0 ? 7. Mdcd ga häahual mdstd qug Ɛ d sgd ogelr qug gs ?
0.07%.
Dsfofsol, rgdafhg ued hloprlndhføe bga grrlr bg su rgspugstd jfeda.

d)  Ftgrdhføe bg puetl jfkl

 ? ∛ 44.=
.=  >.7
>.7 
 

FRG^DHFØE XFOPAG BG PWERL JFKL

Ftgrdhføe ]f Gd %
0 7
4 8.8644:266> 23.22467:>
  > >.688>32403 47.:40>843
8 >.3=6>2:0>: 7.4:8:6>>7
2 >.32>836026 4.30=6=63:
7 >.3>:6723:2 0.7:7:>808
: >.3>4=76863 0.4=3>043>
3 >.3>04320: 0.0:467:6:

= >.346:4:86 0.0>07072:

Ɛ d1 0.07%.
0.0>4%1 0.07%.
n) Egwtle-^dpmsle

 x ) ?  ‘   + 4.= x + >.7

 j ( x 

( x ) ? ‘ >x+
 j  x  >x+ 4.=

OGRLBL BG EGSRLE ^DPMXLE

f ]f j(x) j²(x) Gd
0 7 -48.7 -=.>
4 8.878:7=72 ->.340220>42 -2.60384303 26.0606064
> >.=0488>>7 -0.8070:28>: -8.=0>::27 46.34:773:
8 >.3>440=2> -0.00:287=:2 -8.:2>>4:=8 >.62=>02>:
2 >.3468242 -8.4>>87G-0: -8.:8=:=>= 0.0:2636:2
7 >.34682072 -3.8:8G-48 -8.:8=:=40= 8.4777G-07

1 0.07%.
Ɛ d

0.0000847%1 0.07%.
] V
-8 -:3
j(x)?-4+7.7x-2xU>+0.7xU8
-> -8>
:0
-4 -44
20
0 -4
>0

0
4 4
->0
-8 -> -4 0 4 > 8 2 7 : 3 = > ->
-20 8 -3
-:0 2 -44
-=0
 

  7 -44
GKG^HFHFL :.2; Bgtgrofeg ads rdïhgs rgdags bg; : -2
3 48
 j ( x   2  + 0.7  
 x ) ? ‘ 4 + 7.7 x  ‘  2
= 28

  +  
 +
+   +
    ?    ? 0.7 9    ?    ? 4.79    ?    ? :.7 
d)  hle ga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle bgetrl bg;
 s ? 0.04%.
Ɛ 
4.  Hle ue vdalr fefhfda ]l?0
f xf j(x) j²(x) Gd (%)
0 0 -4 7.7
4 0.4=4=4=4= -0.4>6>>:47 2.0670248> 400
> 0.>488326> -0.008:6:04 8.=:4>6868 42.3=68836
8 0.>4288>44 -8.834>G-0: 8.=72>7023 0.22:7620>
2 0.>4288>66 ->.=424G-4> 8.=72>2208 0.00020=06
7 0.>4288>66 -3.>=7=G-43 8.=72>2208 8.20::G-40

>.  Hle ue vdalr fefhfda ]l?4

f xf j(x) j²(x) Gd (%)
0 4 4 -4
4 > -> -2.7 70
> 4.7777777: -0.>242>::4 -8.842=42=4 >=.7342>=:
8 4.2=>3>>67 -0.0060824: -8.0:20=>73 2.64>0=2=7
2 4.23633272 -4.7274G-07 -8.078763>6 0.466>2:==
7 4.2363:62= -2.77=8G-44 -8.078736>= 0.00082462
: 4.2363:62= 0 -8.078736>= 4.00==G-06

8.  Hle ue vdalr fefhfda ]l?:

f xf j(x) j²(x) Gd
0 : -2 44.7
4 :.823=>:06 0.:>767727 47.4763878 7.23627>07
> :.80:78728 0.00683=6> 42.30:800> 0.:723>=0=
8 :.807=63:= >.>>07G-0: 42.:6688:6 0.0404487>
2 :.807=6378 4.2>44G-48 42.:66887> >.867:G-0:
7 :.807=6378 0 42.:66887> 4.7268G-48

GKG^HFHFL :.7; Gopagg ga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle pdrd bgtgrofedr

( x ) ?  ‘ 4 + 7.7 x-2 + 0.7 hle ga usl bg gaghhflegs
ued rdïz rgda bg  j  x 
fefhfdags bg d) 2.7>, y n) 2.72. Gstubfg y usg oætlbls cräjfhls y dedaïtfhls
 pdrd gxpafhdr hudaqufgr pghuafdrfbdb
pghuafdrfbdb ge sus rgsuatdbls.
rgsuatdbls.
 

d)  ]l?2.7>
f ]f j(x) j²(x) Gd (%)
0 2.7> -44.:===6: -0.0422
4 -=03.>0===6 - 6=8=2>.273 400.776672
>:7768=:=
> -783.>78> - 283>:7.0>= 70.>238=7=
3=:62430.=
8 -873.>=247> - 462824.3>4 70.834207>
>884:7=:.4
2 ->83.80:=6= -:60=2=4.3 =:837.=04> 70.773=27
7 -473.8>7>4= - 8=860.68=> 70.=8=287=
>02:=:3.03
: -402.00==0: - 430:2.84=> 74.>:4286=
:0:246.>:2
3 -:=.234783: - 37=7.36626 74.60036
436:20.84:
= -22.36020: -78>00.=== 8838.06867 7>.=306644
6 ->6.04=>3>7 - 4700.38:86 72.87>2>08
4732:.20:2
40 -4=.7>7=468 - ::=.7477>3 7:.:8:64=3
2:72.=0468
44 -44.7:>6>:7 - >6=.77784= :0.>43864=
483>.8604:
4> -:.6::47:28 - 482.0>0>77 :7.6=343=6
20>.223303
48 -8.6:8>:6>8 - :0.3:320=2 37.3:3688:
44:.3727>7
42 ->.024682:8 - >=.0=63>>: 62.068=87>
88.4:772=3
47 -0.=:4>8247 - 48.70>276: 483.062042
6.0>80=20:
4: -0.46>63684 - 3.066:6: 82:.>=8477
>.>48628:2
43 0.44==7306 - 2.730888= >:>.8:>237
0.20467226
4= 0.>0:=073 - 8.6063038> 2>.7>34:=6
0.0>6>>0::
46 0.>42>3673 -0.000>076 8.=72:8302 8.2=360336
>0 0.>4288>66 -4.026:G- 8.=72>2207 0.0>26>4==
0=
>4 0.>4288>66 -3.>=7=G- 8.=72>2208 4.>307G-0:
43

 n)  ]l?2.72
F xf j(x) j²(x) Gd (%)
0 2.72 -44.:==0:= 0.0632
4 4>2.720:6= 602236.774 >>>32.37>3 6:.872:078
> =8.6874023 >:3627.642 6604.:34=: 2=.8338::=
8 7:.=322803 3687=.=64 220>.777=7 23.736:=88
2 8=.=2=3=63 >8264.:024 467=.77>8= 2:.866264:
7 >:.=7224=: :627.>>8:: =3>.202826 22.::22>84
 

: 4=.=682024 >023.43>24 8=6.368=2: 2>.48:2326

3 48.:242:36 76=.6832:4 437.70>3>3 8=.2663=33
= 40.>>=3346 434.=786:3 =0.:442=:2 88.8:8:6>=
6 =.06:=6>7 2:.3060>== 86.0:28:>> >:.8>6766=
40 :.60446=8: 40.360784: >4.380>>42 43.8>7=642
44 :.202:8024 4.70700>37 47.364=6>3 3.378>:2=
4> :.8068>=43 0.07026>86 42.38:=03: 4.74026328
48 :.807604=6 :.24>2G-07 42.:668=>6 0.07288227
42 :.807=6378 4.08==G-40 42.:66887> :.6436G-07
47 :.807=6378 0 42.:66887> 4.4>03G-40

Cräjfhl
200
870
800
>70
>00
470

400
70
0
        >         6        2         8        2         >        7         6         :        2         >        2         >         8         =        7        4         6         :        3         :         6
       7         =         0         >         =         =         :        7         0        7         8        7         8         8         >        7         8         =         6        7         =         =
  ,
        =         0        7         6        4         0        3        2         >         6         :        2         >         :        4         6         0         :         6         6         6
       2
        =         >        4         =         >         =         8         0        3        4         >         :         6        2        2        3        3        7        3         >         >
        =         8        2         :        7         =        7         6         >         =         6        7         :         8         8         6        7         0         >         8         8
        0        7         =         0         >         0        4        3         =        7         >        4         >         6         >         >         =         =        2         8         8
  ,
        >         >         >         8         8         0        3        4         >         :         :         8        4        4         6         =         :        4        2        2
  ,   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,        2
       2         0        7        7         :         :        2         :        4        4         0         >        4        4
       3        3        3        3        3        2   ,        2   ,   ,   ,   ,   ,
    -         6         6         0         =        4         >         >         >
        0         8        7         8        7         0         =         6         =        4   ,   ,   ,   ,         0   ,   ,         0   ,   ,
        =        7         8         >        4        4         :         >        4        4         :         8         >         0     -         0         0         0         0
    -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -     -

Xf els jfkdols ga eûogrl bg ftgrdhflegs ga odylr pdrd ]l?2.7> qug

 pdrd ]l?2.72, gstl els bd d getgebgr qug ga vdalr bg als bghfodags
fejauyg ouhml ge sus rgsuatdbls plstgrflrgs, dsï tdonfæe ge sus
grrlrgs, due ge gstls vdalrgs mdy bfjgrgetgs rdïhgs rgdags.

GKG^HFHFL :.:; Bgtgrofeg ad rdïz rgda oäs pgqugôd bg;

 j ( x 
 x ) ?  ‘ 4>  >4 x +4= ‘  >.2  
4>  ‘  >4
d) Cräjfhdogetg

j(x) ? ‘4> ‘ >4x +4=xU> ‘

>.2xU8 ] V
200
800 -8 >33.=
>00
-> 4>4.>
400 -4 >6.2
0 0 -4>
-400 -8 -> -4 0 4 > 8 2 7 : 3 = 4 -43.2
->00 > -4.>
 -800 8 >>.>
 

  2 8=.2
 0  4 7 88
    ?   ? 0.7  : -=.2
>
n) Hle ga gopagl bga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg 3 -400.>
= ->7:.=
 pdrd ue vdalr bg gs qug hlrrgsplebd d
trgs hfjrds sfcefjfhdtfvds.
  1 (0.7
(0.7 Ó 40∞) 
  1 (0.07) 
Hlebfhflegs fefhfdags
∞ ? 4 9    ? 0 
F Gd (%)
   ∞    ( )   (∞ ) 
0 0 -4 -4> >6.2
4 -0.>=6=7703> 0 -2.82>840>: -4> 400
> -0.272>4=02: -0.>=6=7703 4.233486>6 -2.82>840>: 8:.4=764==
8 -0.24>26=446 -0.272>4=07 -0.40:80>78 4.233486>6 -40.4486:3:

27 -0.247>6=68=
-0.2478:0=06 -0.24>26=4>
-0.247>6=62 -0.00>>6326
8.34:7G-0: -0.40:80>78
-0.00>>6326 0.:3224088
0.042=67:4

GKG^HFHFL :.3; Alhdafhg ad prfogrd rdïz plsftfvd bg;

 (x ) ? sge x + hls(4 +  )  ‘  4
 j  x   4 blebg x gstä ge rdbfdegs. Pdrd alhdafzdr ad
rdïz, usg hudtrl ftgrdhflegs bga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg hle vdalrgs fefhfdags
bg;
d)  xf ‘ 
 ‘ 4?
4? 4.0 y xf ? 8.0
f   ∞    ( )   (∞ )  Gd (%)
0 8 4 -4.:636747> -0.732:37=7
4 -0.0>8>42>3= 8 -0.2=88:822 -4.:636747> 480>8.0=06
> -4.>>:82323: -0.0>8>42>= ->.32237004 -0.2=88:822 6=.4030864
8 0.>88674>4: -4.>>:8232= -0.>32343>3 ->.32237004 :>2.4=6866
2 0.86:8:7332 0.>88674>> -0.>4462088 -0.>32343>3 20.6376>=
20.6376>===

n)   xf ‘  4
 4 ? 4.7 y xf ? >.7
f   ∞    ( )   (∞ )  Gd (%)
0 >.7 4.7 0.4::86:843 -0.66::82:6
4 >.87:6>=387 >.7 0.::6=2>842 0.4::86:8> -:.030>2427
> >.723>=34: >.87:6>=38 -0.0=>=>364 0.::6=2>84 3.23>6=:26
8 >.7>:8860== >.723>=34: 0.084234068 -0.0=>=>364 -0.=>64=:=3
2 >.78>40:68> >.7>:88606 0.0007300:: 0.08423406 0.>>33==8
 

h)  xf ‘ 
 ‘ 4 ? 4.7 y xf ? >.>7.

f   ∞    ( )   (∞ )  Gd (%)

0 >.>7 4.7 0.378=>0=:8 -0.66::82:6
4 4.6>3043668 >.>7 -0.0:43:62= 0.378=>0=: -4:.3:03473
> 4.67423688> 4.6>304366 0.0>242:=82 -0.0:43:62= 4.>7823:3>
8 4.622:0227= 4.67423688 -4.8622G-07 0.0>242:=8 -0.878787==
2 4.622:0=2>: 4.622:022: 4.:4003G-06 -4.8622G-07 0.000>0208
7 4.622:0=2>7 4.622:0=28 0 4.:404G-06 ->.8773G-0=

GKG^HFHFL :.=; Bgtgrofeg ad rdïz rgda bg  . ? =0, hle ga oætlbl bg ad

sghdetg olbfjfhdbl bgetrl bg Gs ? 0.4%, hle ga usl bg ued gaghhføe fefhfda
bg  ? 8.7 y  ? 0.04.
j(x)? .   ‘ 
 ‘  =0
 =0
F xf f  ]f+   j(xf)  (  xf)  Gd (%)
 
0 8.7 0.04 0.087 8.787 0.>443=0>8 8.0722:0=3
4 8.26386>26 0.04 0.0826386> 8.78>8::2> 0.00>=>>> >.=8=06322 0.03277738
> 8.263873:= 0.04 0.0826387= 8.78>884>: 8.7026G-07 >.=87>4474 0.0006672

GKG^HHFHFL :.6; Bgtgrofeg ad rdïz rgda oäs crdebg bg;

 (x ) ? 0.67 xU8  ‘  7.6
 j  x   7.6 xU> +40.6 x  ‘  :
 :

d)  Cräjfhdogetg. ] V
0.7 -4.60:>7
4 -0.07
4 4.7 0.>=4>7
0
> -0.>
0 ,7 4 4,7 > >,7 8 8,7 >.7 -0.3=4>7
-4

-> 8.78 -0.37

0.:0:>7

-8
j(x) ? 0.67xU8 ‘ 7.6xU>
+40.6x ‘ :

n)  Hle ga usl bga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle (trgs ftgrdhflegs,

 xf ? 8.7).
F xf j(x) j²(x) Gd
0 8.7 0.:0:>7 2.74>7
4 8.8:7:7063 0.034>2=:3 8.2:=66:62 8.6643:677
> 8.82744>>= 0.004726>2 8.84=78342 0.:486644:
8 8.822:2728 3.64=>G-03 8.84742742 0.04867367
 

 
h)  Hle ga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg (trgs ftgrdhflegs, xf ‘ 4 ? >.7 y xf ? 8.7).
f Gd (%)
   ∞    ( )   (∞ ) 
0 8.7 >.7 0.:0:>7 -0.3=4>7
4 8.0:80:80: 8.7 -0.:::3008 0.:0:>7 -42.>:23076
> 8.>6460:>2 8.0:80:80: -0.4:2=38=7 --0.:::3008
0.:::3008 :.674:6437
8 8.8:306>4 8.>6460:>2 0.03:>77:8 -0.4:2=38=7 >.>8>6:486

b)  Plr ogbfl bga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg olbfjfhdbl (trgs ftgrdhfl

ftgrdhflegs,
egs,
 xf ? 8.7, ? 0.04).

f xf f  ]f+   j(xf)  (  xf)  Gd (%)

 
0 8.7 0.04 0.087 8.787 0.:0:>7 0.3:6>>044
4 8.8:636632 0.04 0.088:6= 8.20826332 0.0=73028: 0.>03=3=6= 8.=:838=3:
> 8.82:4:064 0.04 0.0882:4:4 8.836:>>7> 0.00708843 0.4>0286>8 0.30:22:82
8 8.8223047: 0.04 0.0882230> 8.83=42=7= 0.0004=:== 0.4474=487 0.028:8434

GKG^HFHFL :.40; Bgtgrofeg ad ogelr rdïz plsftfvd bg;

 j  x   x ) ∞    ‘ 
 (x ) ? = sge( x  ‘  4
 4;

d)  Ge jlrod cräjfhd.

n)  Hle ga usl bga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle (trgs ftgrdhflegs,

 xf ? 0.8).
f xf j(x) j²(x) Gd

j(x) ? = sge(x)  ‘ 4
] V
>
0 -4
4,7
0.7 4.8>:>6084
4 4 4.23:23604
0,7 4.7 0.3=07:638
0
> -0.047746=
0 0,7 4 4,7 > >,7 8 8,7 >.7 -0.:0:6678>
-0,7
8 -0.62836>86
-4 8.7 -4.0=2324==
-4,7
 

0 0.8 0.37424208 8.64028486

4 0.403=283 -0.>>:67476 :.8:3830> 43=.4=08:3
> 0.4282=::4 -0.00=67>0= 7.=:=8==04 >2.=207=>4
8 0.42704>0= -4.7678G-07 7.=2323=2: 4.0746:2:6

h)  Hle ga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg (trgs ftgrdhflegs, xf ‘ 

 ‘ 4 ? 0.7 y
 xf ? 0.8).
f Gd (%)
   ∞    ( )   (∞ ) 
0 0.8 0.7 0.37424208 4.8>:>6084
4 0.08=7=>87 0.8 -0.30806:=: 0.37424208 -:33.773:8=
> 0.4:26264= 0.08=7=>87 0.448=:2:6 -0.30806:=: 3:.:06778=
8 0.42388:3 0.4:26264= 0.048720> 0.448=:2:6 -44.678600>

b)  Plr ogbfl bga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg olbfjfhdbl (hfehl ftgrdhflegs xf

? 0.8,  ? 0.04).
f xf   f  ]f+   j(xf)  (  xf)  Gd (%)

0 0.8 0.04 0.008 0.808 0.37424208 0.3:806228

4 0.40300:7 0.04 0.00403003 0.40=03:73 -0.>8>>=387 -0.>>72:6>8 4=0.87:36=
> 0.4282:>:= 0.04 0.004282:8 0.422=6384 -0.00606>74 -0.000:=3> >7.244:448
8 0.427042: 0.04 0.00427047 0.42:2:237 -4.>23>G-0: 0.00=2:204 4.0304=473

GKG^HFHFL :.44; Ad juehføe    >   2  = tfgeg ued rdïz blnag ge x ?

>.
Gopagg;
 j(x)
 j( ?         
x)?
d)  ga oætlbl gstäebdr bg Egwtle-^dpmsle Ygh. (:.:)_

f xf j(x) j²(x) Gd
0 4.> 3.=0= 7.4>
4 -0.8>7 6.23:6>4== -2.6=84>7 2:6.>803:6
> 4.73:=0>6: 40.7=7=>07 6.3::4827: 4>0.:448>:
8 0.26>=347 :.:820==44 -4.>663230> >46.6>4348
2 7.7630062: >>8.76636> 44>.8:37=8 64.4620>07
7 8.:034487: ::.7>3>02> 26.2:>>7=6 77.4:7=364
: >.>:>40242 >0.3:4>:4 >0.8663:46 76.27=8887
3 4.>228=886 =.02:8:438 7.:>800876 =4.3=74222
= -0.4=:7=== =.=062=636 -2.:2460607 3::.64>4:8
6 4.344>>384 4>.0>>:383 44.:>6=0: 440.608=
 

40 0.:3322:>4 :.74=6=273 0.0=:7=26: 47>.76638>

44 -32.:4>7==7 -208680.:47 4:86=.::23 400.60367>
4> -26.6=0::32 -446:74.007 3>60.>3=:3 26.>=>=637
48 -88.7:=>:>: -872>6.383> 8>2>.>4434 2=.=6>:>74
42 ->>.:20:4= -402=4.3:=7 4228.>80>= 2=.>:7::83
47 -47.833602> -8062.0628: :28.6>=> 23.>>=>24=
4: -40.73>=32> -60=.08>63> >=6.0:770= 27.22:33>2
43 -3.284:08:4 ->:>.>724:3 484.6763=> 2>.>:60=4>
4= -7.222>>24 -3>.80=22: :8.424=846 8:.7028::8
46 -2.>660264> -43.>622>82 82.>26>38: >:.:83=::=
>0 -8.36206437 ->.:26=>0=6 >2.0060>6: 48.806027
>4 -8.:=83>203 -0.44>62482 >4.63273>= >.66:0=633
>> -8.:3=7=228 -0.000>8=6: >4.==4:4>7 0.486343=
>8 -8.:3=73874 -4.033:G-06 >4.==4247> 0.000>6:=3
>2 -8.:3=73874 0 >4.==4247> 4.88=3G-06
>7 -8.:3=73874 0 >4.==4247> 0

n)  ga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle olbfjfhdbl Ygh. (:.6d)_

F xf o j(x) j²(x) Gd(%)

0 4.> > 3.=0= 7.4>
4 -4.=7 > 47.648837 -4.48>7 4:2.=:2=:7
> >:.>780607 > 46837.343> >4:=.:=::7 403.02:3=6
8 =.8=223463 > 302.2=867> >20.287666 >48.447:06
2 >.7>224=4 > >:.3870>:6 >7.>4738>3 >8>.482=8=
7 0.20864228 > :.33:78886 -4.=626043 7>2.6==823
: 3.77:>6676 > 7>8.243436 463.74=4=6 62.:72:004
3 >.>7:8:077 > >0.:228=>6 >0.>6=684 >82.====8:
= 0.>>>8>206 > 3.>>072=:3 - 642.=63002
>.6:>246:8
 

6 7.0630==8: > 434.66:>04 62.8>6>=>= 67.:8=>486

40 4.2708:6>> > 6.27::468 =.44>4=623 >74.288=26
44 -0.==40=66: > 4>.86>6647 - >:2.:4036=
7.467204>6
4> 8.==6::287 > =4.72=678> 7:.6234>83 4>>.:7>0=>
48 4.0>7:2037 > 3.0=0>>:82 8.>7=836=4 >36.>2>833
42 -8.8>0>4:>2 > :.3>3043= 47.360:2>3 480.=603=>

47
4: -2.43>>2>0=
-8.886=8068 >> -48.4>27:4:
:.242>4=66 84.788=28:
4:.4020==> >0.2>4>622
>2.6>83748
43 -2.48:2>:02 > -4>.00=7=6 80.3=28734 46.>7=07>6
4= -8.87:>74>6 > :.423:43>: 4:.8:=>:84 >8.>272>4>
46 -2.40324287 > -44.4>2>46: 80.4=>6007 4=.>=363=:
>0 -8.830>683 > 7.64:43878 4:.7672:24 >4.=344404
>4 -2.0=8>=07> > -40.2043==7 >6.:=:2438 43.2:44>32
>> -8.8=>70>=6 > 7.34>82773 4:.3686:76 >0.3433>22
>8 -2.0:>3==83 > -6.36332738 >6.>:3762: 4:.322800>
>2 -8.868>763= > 7.78037036 4:.6:676:: 46.38448>6

h)  ga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle olbfjfhdbl Ygh. (:.48)_ pdrd rgslavgr

 pdrd ad rdïz
ue vdalr ge x x?0 >.
fefhfda Hlopdrg y dedafhg ad tdsd bg hlevgrcgehfd hle
? 4.>.

F xf j(x) j²(x) j"(x) Gd

0 4.> 3.=0=
4 4.=7>=2>=4 48.=477204
> 40.6>3>>7> 4703.=7:32
8 -0.>6=8:64 6.8226:>76
2 4>.2>>>846 >4=8.=8>84
7.4> 44.>
48.3402703 47.44307:6 87.>82:73
863.6>4:72 :6.7:88748 =8.0283624
-2.6>:20202 >.>063=72 83:>.84366
70=.:>22:3 3=.7888643 40>.204=6:
 

7 -0.84:2708 6.2828684= -2.6:783==> >.404>6=>> 20>7.26>>3

: 6.8=482::: 63>.4284>8 >63.7728=> :0.>==0= 408.8384=:
3 -0.>=886:>8 6.>34274>: -2.=6>:22:: >.>66:>>: 8240.8>=:8
= 43.026>367 7233.00=0> 68:.>8064 40:.>67:33 404.::>>4=
6 -0.8347>>=> 6.340=:=3 -7.03>008:: 4.330=:80= 2:=6.0>:43
40 7.2087=034 >0>.7:0262 407.>4083: 8:.2>42=28 40:.=37268
44 -0.8:6>3>72 6.:6627633 -7.0:=00872 4.3=28:237 47:8.802>>
4> 7.26=:0:4> >4>.3>8274 40=.:6=28> 8:.664:8:3 40:.34732=
48 -0.8:0:2>08 6.:773=32 -7.07>8=04 4.=8:423=> 4:>2.:342:
42 7.=6:420:2 >7=.6>0:43 4>8.=336=: 86.83:=28= 40:.44:73=
47 -0.88476848 6.706=>077 -2.66:74074 >.040224>4 4=3=.4>70=
4: 3.36:060>6 73>.>4>222 >06.7>4288 70.33:7243 402.>788>:
43 -0.>=02=8>2 6.>73>0==> -2.==76>02> >.84340072 >=36.7>0=3
4= 4=.86473=: :=84.===7> 40=2.84:=4 442.82623> 404.7>70:8
46 -0.8=726474 6.3=4==363 -7.06:4726> 4.:=307067 2=30.62>:>
>0 2.=36238=7 47>.>338>4 =:.627:603 88.>3:=284 403.600>:=
>4 -0.28>62=== 40.0>7784 -7.4:62:488 4.20>80:3 4>>3.08>8>
>> 8.:7688:67 :6.4272044 70.=067==: >7.67:0>43 444.=8482=
>8 -0.=0723:6: 44.66:60:> -7.>377>=22 - 772.80:=24

>2 0.=:3=2773 :.:==77>:8 0.=8>=:436 46>.=4886=

4.380=704> 6.>0303822

GKG^HFHFL :.4>; Bgtgrofeg ads rdïhgs bg ads sfcufgetgs ghudhflegs el

afegdags sfouatäegds, plr ogbfl bg als oætlbls bg;
 ?      .   
   ?   
Bgspgkl x y;
 ?      0.37 
    
?  
7
 
d) Ftgrdhføe bg puetl jfkl
f xf yf
0 4.> 4.>
4 0.=::0>72 0.02
> 4.>7786=7 0.4:86:32=
8 4.87:6688= 0.>>26733>
2 4.834=3807 0.>8=>288:
7 4.83>278=6 0.>86:2>02
: 4.83>47764 0.>867:606
3 4.83>03864 0.>8674>72
= 4.83>0:2:2 0.>8670>8
6 4.83>0:266 0.>867043
40 4.83>0:782 0.>86704=3
44 4.83>0:72 0.>867046>
 

4> 4.83>0:724 0.>8670468

Ge ad blhgdvd ftgrdhføe sg gehletrdrle sus rdïhgs.

n)  Egwtle-^dpmsle;

Jlrouad;

Xlauhføe;
(, ) ?        0.37?0 Gh.(4)
(, ) ?    7   ? 0  Gh.(>)
Gh.(4)
 
? >
>  4  ? 4  
   

Gh.(>)
 
? 7  >  ? 7
7  4 
 

   
f ] V       (
   
∓  
 ) (  *  ) 
       
     
0 4.> 4.> >.46 :.6: -4.2 -4 8.: 3 -:.>
4 2.3674:4>6 -4.:28>>7=4 80.4=467=6 -:2.0822:47 -=.7608>>7= -4 -43.=0:7 >2.637=0:7 ->8>.87::=73
> 3.3:8=078= 8.0834>>3> :7.37887:3 :0.:7=763> -42.7>3:40= -4 -0.82> 86.=460>:6 -73=.=438>44
8 4>.86>0>28 4.77874:24 4:7.470332 -77.37>:=2> ->8.3=202=: -4 -43.04:7 :>.6:04>47 -4742.2:807:
2 46.>>067>6 2.>=23>04: 8=7.484>:2 2:.:>43444 -83.2246076 -4 -43.04=8 63.4023:2: -8:7>.=073:4

Wtfafhg vdalrgs fefhfdags bg x ? y ? 4.>, y dedafhg als rgsuatdbls.

Gkgrhfhfl :.48; Gehugetrg ads rdïhgs bg ads ghudhflegs sfouatäegds qug

sfcuge;
( ‘ 2)  ( ‘ 2) ? 7  
     ? 4: 
Wsg ue gejlqug cräjfhl pdrd lntgegr als vdalrgs fefhfdags. Gehugetrg
gstfodhflegs rgjfedbds hle ga oætlbl bg Egwtle-^dpmsle pdrd bls
ghudhflegs, qug sg bgshrfng ge ad sghhføe :.7.>.
 

Jlrouad;

Xlauhføe;

(  2)  (  2)  7 ? 0 
(, ) ? (
(, ) ?       4: ? 0 
Gh.(4)
 
? >(
>(  2)  >(  2) 
? >(
   

Gh.(>)
 
 ? >    ? >  

   
f x y            
( ∓  ) ( * ) 
       
     
0 > 8.7 -0.37 0.>7 -2 -4 2 3 ->2
4 4.364:3 8.7=888 0.07087 0.07087 -2.24::3 -0.=8888 8.7=888 3.4:::3 ->=.:::::::3
> 4.=073> 8.7:6>= 0.00086 0.00086 -2.8==73 -0.=:428 8.:4428 3.48=73 ->=.>43072>:
8 4.=07=8 8.7:643 0.00000 0.00000 -2.8==82 -0.=:4:: 8.:44:: 3.48=82 ->=.>4823>46
2 4.=07=8 8.7:643 0.00000 0.00000 -2.8==82 -0.=:4:: 8.:44:: 3.48=82 ->=.>482346:

GKG^HFHFL :.42; ^gpftd ga prlnagod :.48, gxhgptl qug

 ?    4 
 ? >hls()
>hls() 
Xlauhføe;
(, ) ?      4 ? 0 
(, ) ? >()   ? 0 
Gh.(4)
 
? >   ? 4 
   

Gh.(>)
 

 
 
?-4 
? >()  

^gslauhføe;
   
f  x  V       (
   
∓  )   
( * ) 
       
     

0 4 > 0 -0.64686786 > -4 -4.:=>62463 -4 -8.:=>62463

4 0.3708:8=3 4.7003>332 0.0:>84=> -0.083=2:47 4.7003>332 -4 -4.8:8=0664 -4 ->.=:2783:2
> 0.34786:=7 4.7407:66: 0.004>>>:6 -0.00060867 4.280368:6 -4 -4.844=8202 -4 ->.32>:>332
8 0.342:>422 4.740:=8>4 :.04>7G-03 -2.7867G-03 4.2>6>2>=6 -4 -4.840::807 -4 ->.38660768
2 0.342:>40: 4.740:=8>: 4.2=>4G-48 -4.4>48G-48 4.2>6>2>4> -4 -4.840::>23 -4 ->.3866027=
7 0.342:>40: 4.740:=8>: 0 0 4.2>6>2>4> -4 -4.840::>23 -4 ->.3866027=

GKG^HFHFL :.47; Ga ndadehg bg odsd bg ue hletdofedetg ge ue adcl nfge

ogzhadbl sg gxprgsd dsï;
 ?     ∛   
Bdbls als vdalrgs bg pdräogtrls Z ? 4x40 o8, T ? 4x40  /dôl y
S ? 4x40  c/dôl, y i ? 0.>7 . /dôl, usg ga oætlbl bg ad sghdetg
olbfjfhdbl pdrd rgslavgr pdrd ad hlehgetrdhføe bg gstdbl gstdnag. Gopagg
ue vdalr fefhfda h ? 2 c/  y ? 0.7.
^gdafhg trgs ftgrdhflegs y bgtgrofeg ga grrlr rgadtfvl plrhgetuda bgspuæs bg
ad tgrhgrd ftgrdhføe.

Xlauhføe;
f ]f j(xf)  (  xf)  Gd (%)
  f  ]f+  

0 2 0.7 > : 400000 ->4>83>.28:

4> 2.:20>:48:
2.:>827>>4 0.7
0.7 >.8>0480:=
>.8443>:44 :.6:086>02
:.68743=8> ->773.3=>64
66.2>032=2 -877:08.033
-874==: 48.363676
0.8:87:>34
8 2.:>240743 0.7 >.84>07>76 :.68:4733: -8.=8880276 -87>080.288 0.0424>0=:

GKG^HFHFL :.4: Pdrd ga prlnagod :.47, ad rdïz pugbg alhdafzdrsg hle

ftgrdhføe bg puetl jfkl hlol;

L hlol;

Bg ads qug slal ued hlevgrcgrä pdrd vdalrgs fefhfdags bg > 1 h 1 :.

 

Xgaghhfleg ad qug sgd hlrrghtd y bgougstrg plr quæ sfgoprg al sgrä.