This experiment is entitled "Urine Analysis" which has the aim of identifying urine both

qualitatively and quantitatively, determining glucose levels in urine semi-qualitatively and

quantitatively, and determining urine acidity by titration. (Mulyani, 2022)
This experiment is divided into several experiments, namely:
A. Urine Properties
a. Urine Color
The color of urine is influenced by the amount of urobilin contained in the urine.
Urobilin is a natural pigment in urine that gives it its yellow color. In addition, the
color of urine is also influenced by drugs and food consumed. Adults tend to
consume more and more varied foods so that the color of adult urine becomes
more concentrated. Normal urine color ranges from light yellow to clear yellow. In
experiments that have been carried out, the color of urine is clear yellow. So this
is in accordance with theory, because according to theory, the color of urine is
clear and not cloudy.
b. pH
In experiments that have been carried out, the urine pH of adult women is 7.
Measurement of urine is one of the relatively inexpensive and simple
measurements that can describe the acid-base balance in the body (Widyastuti,
et al). According to theory, normal urine pH is between 4.5-8.0 and neutral urine
pH value is 7. This means that the urine pH in this experiment is neutral.
c. Smell
Adult urine has a pungent odor than that of a child or toddler. The odor in the
urine is influenced by the food consumed, where foods that contain a lot of
protein will make the urine smell pungent. This is because protein metabolism will
produce NH4^+ with the conversion of glutamine to glutamate catalyzed by the
glutamine enzyme found in renal cells. Glutamate dehydrogenase catalyzes the
conversion of glutamate to -ketoglutarate.
Glutamine → glutamate + NH4 ^+
Glutamate → -ketoglutarate.
In the experiments that have been carried out, it was found that the smell of urine
was pungent like the smell of ammonia. According to the theory, urine has a
pungent odor due to the presence of ammonia. So this experiment is in
accordance with the theory.
d. Urine volume
Quantitatively, there is more urine in adult men and women than toddlers. This
difference is influenced by the food or beverage consumption. In addition, at low
temperatures urine is usually excreted more, because if the temperature is hot,
the Ammonia salts can be excreted through the pores in the form of sweat, but at
high temperatures this is not the case. Age also affects the volume of urine,
where the more mature a person is, the higher the body fluids needed. So that
the volume of urine excreted is also increasing. . In this experiment, the urine
volume was 182 ml. Urine is taken in the morning after waking up. This is in
accordance with the theory, where the volume of urine in adults has a high
volume.
 e. Urine clarity
Urine clarity is influenced by the amount and type of food consumed. It is also
affected by salt crystals, blood sperm, or other mucous fluids. In the experiment,
clear urine was obtained. So this experiment is in accordance with the theory,
because according to the theory the color of urine is clear, not cloudy, and there
is no sediment.

B. Ammonia Salts
This experiment aims to identify/identify the ammonia salt present in urine samples. The
working principle in this experiment is to mix 2 ml of urine + 0.5 M NaOH until alkaline (test with
litmus), then evaporate with a bath and test for odor and test for odor and steam with litmus.
In experiments that have been carried out after adding urine with NaOH and after that,
the results are obtained in the form of a solution that has a white precipitate. After that heating it
and obtained a white precipitate in the solution. In addition, the sample also has a pungent odor,
and the litmus paper used changes the red litmus to bluish purple.
According to the theory, adult urine has a pungent odor caused by the food it eats.
Foods that contain a lot of protein will make the urine smell pungent, this pungent odor also
comes from the content of ammonia in the urine sample. Ammonia is a compound in urine that
is alkaline and when exposed to light or heat will cause a pungent odor. (Fujishima et al, 1999).
Therefore, it can be concluded that the analyzed urine sample contains ammonium salts which
are characterized by a pungent odor and the litmus paper changes from red to blue which
indicates an alkaline solution resulting from the ammonia content of alkaline urine.
The reaction that occurs in the testing of ammonium salts:

NH4Cl + NaOH → NH4OH + NaCl NH4OH (heating) → NH3+ + H2O

Addition function:
- NaOH serves to make urine cleaner and when heated it will form ammonia (NH3) or a
kind of ammonia.
- Heating serves to accelerate evaporation, so that the steam produced can be used to
test the nature of urine whether it is acidic or alkaline on litmus paper.
- Litmus paper is used to detect an acid/alkaline atmosphere in urine.
- Urine as the substance to be analyzed

C. Test Benedict
This test aims to identify the glucose content in urine qualitatively. Qualitative
determination of urine content can be done by comparing the color of the urine sample with the
color of the urine sample that has been given glucose.
The working principle of this experiment is to react 2.5 mL of Benedict which has a blue
color with 4 drops of urine sample. Heat for 5 minutes on a boiling water bath. Repeat this step
by replacing the urine sample with glucose levels of 0.5%, 1%, and 3%.
In the experiments that have been carried out, it was found that when Benedict was
reacted with a urine sample to produce a clear blue solution, then cooking in a water bath for 5
minutes did not change so that the color of the solution was clear blue. Benedict's sample +
0.5% glucose produced a clear blue solution, but after heating for 5 minutes, the solution turned
dark blue (blackish blue). While in Benedict's solution + 1% glucose, a clear blue solution was
produced, but after heating for 5 minutes, the solution turned into a dark blue solution with a
brown precipitate. Meanwhile, in Benedict's solution + 3% glucose, a dark blue solution was
produced, then after heating for 5 minutes, the solution turned into a reddish blue solution.
According to the theory, the Benedict's test of glucose solution will give a color, namely
for levels of 0% to produce a blue color, levels of 0-0.5 produce a turquoise color, levels of 0.6 -
1% produce a green color, levels of 1.1-1.5% produces a light green color, levels of 1.6 - 2.5%
produce a yellow color, levels of 2.6 - 3.5% produce an orange color, levels of 3.6 - 4% produce
a red color, levels > 4% produce a brown color. As can be seen in the following image.

From the experiments that have been carried out, it can be concluded that the Benedict's
test on glucose is not in accordance with the theory, because the color of the urine + glucose
experiment at each level produces a different color according to the theory. While the urine
analysis that has been carried out can be concluded that the urine sample shows a negative
test from the Benedict test (blue color means 0% glucose) so that the sample is normal/healthy
because the urine sample does not contain glucose. Benedict's test results in testing the
glucose test are not appropriate, this can be caused because the glucose solution used is not
really standard and still contains other chemical components (not pure)
Addition function:
- Benedict's test serves as a reagent to determine the level of glucose in the urine
qualitatively
- Glucose 0.5%, 1%, and 3% function as standard solutions
- Urine as the substance to be analyzed

D. Determination of Glucose Levels in Urine

This experiment aims to determine the level of glucose in the urine quantitatively. In this
experiment the sugar content of oats is calculated by the formula:

𝑉 𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑒
% glucose = 𝑉 𝑔𝑙𝑢𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒
x % glucose
 The working principle of this experiment is to react 10 mL of Benedict's solution + 3
boiling stones and 2 grams of Na2CO3. Then heat the sample until it boils and dissolves. Then
titrate with 0.5% glucose until a color change / precipitate occurs. Perform the same steps by
replacing the urine as the titrant. Record the volume required for each titration. In each solution
titration there are 2 tubes tested or made.
From the experiments that have been carried out, when Benedict + 3 boiling stones +
Na2CO3 obtained a cloudy blue solution, after heating the solution turned clear blue and
Na2CO3 dissolved. After being heated, the solution was titrated with 0.5% glucose, the color of
the solution became pale blue and the V1 required for the titration was 8 mL. Then in the
second tube experiment with the same titrant, 0.5% glucose, the color of the solution becomes
pale blue and the volume of V2 required for the titration is 7 mL so that the average V for
glucose titrant is 7.5 ml. Then titrate with urine titrant the color of the solution changes to a
greenish blue (tosca) solution and V1 which is used for titration is 8.4 ml. Then repeat the
titration again with the urine titrant the color of the solution remains greenish blue (tosca) with a
V2 of 3.9 ml so that the average V in the titrant with urine is 6.15 ml. From the calculation results
obtained based on the experimental glucose levels in the sample that is equal to 0.41%.
From the calculation of the sample levels obtained, it can be concluded that the glucose
level test in urine samples of adult women showed a positive test that the sample contained
very little glucose, namely 0.41% which was marked by a greenish blue (tosca) color solution.
According to the theory, in Benedict's test, if the solution is blue/tosca green, it means that the
solution contains glucose with a concentration of 0-0.5 % glucose.

Addition function:
- Na2CO3 serves to provide an acidic atmosphere
- Benedict's function as a reagent to determine the presence or absence of glucose in the
urine.
- 0.5% glucose serves as a standard solution and titrant in the glucose test
- Urine as titrant and analyzed substance
- Boiling stone serves to speed up the reaction.