8th std Physical science Bridge Course portion

1. What is Measurement?
The comparison of an unknown quantity with some known quantity is known as
measurement.
2. What are the Measuring device?
• Measuring taps
• Thermometer
• Clock
• Speedometer
• Glucometer
3. What is Measuring unit
A measuring unit is a standard quantity used to express a physical quantity.
Measure of length Measure of weight Liquid measure
1 meter = 1000millimeters 1 gram = 1000 milligrams 1 liter = 1000 milliliter
1 meter = 100 centimeters 1 kilogram = 1000 grams 1 decimeter = 1/10 liter
1 kilometer = 1000 meters
4. What is Fundamental unit?
The units used to measure the fundamental quantities are called fundamental units
5. What is Length?
Length is the extent of something between two points. The SI unit of length is metre (m).
6. Define Mass.
Mass is the quantity of matter contained in a body. The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
7. What is Time?
Time is a measure of duration of events and the intervals between them. The SI unit of time
is second(s).
8. Define fundamental Quantity
Quantities which cannot be expressed in any other physical quantities is called
fundamental quantities. Example: length , mass, time.
Quantity Unit Symbol
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Temperature kelvin K
Electric current ampere A
 Amount of substance mole Mol
Luminous intensity candela cd
9. Define Derived Quantity
Quantities which can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities are called derived
quantities. Example: Area, volume, density etc.
10. Define Force
Force is defined as an external agency which changes or tends to change the state of rest or
the state of uniform motion of a body or the direction of a moving body or the shape of a body.
Force is a vector quantity, which has magnitude and direction.
It is measured by a unit called 'newton' (N).
11. What is Motion?
The objects which change their position are said to be in motion. For example, Cars and
buses running on the road, birds and Aeroplan flying in air are in motion.
Types of motion
Linear motion: Motion along a straight line.
Circular motion: Motion along a circular path.
Oscillatory motion: Repetitive to and fro motion of an object at regular interval of time.
Random motion: Motion of the object which does not fall in any of the above categories.
12. Define Force.
Force is an external agent capable of changing the state of rest or motion of a particular
body. It has a magnitude and a direction. The SI unit of force is newton (N)
Types of force
• Contact Force.
• Non- contact Force
1. Contact Force.
Contact force is a force that is applied by objects in contact with each other.
Example.
• Frictional Force
• Magnetic Force
2. Non-Contact Force.
A non-contact force is a force which acts on an object without coming physically in contact
with it.
Example
• Gravitational Force
 • Electrostatic Force
13. What is an Atom?
Atom, the smallest unit that matter can be broken down into without releasing any electrically
charged particles. As such, the atom is the fundamental building block for chemistry.
Example: Ne, O
14. What is a Molecule?
A molecule can be defined as the combinations of two or more atoms which are held together by
chemical bonds. Example: O2, HCl
15. What is metal and non-metal?
Metals tend to be hard, metallic-looking solids, with high electrical and thermal
conductivity values and high melting and boiling points.
Nonmetals tend to be softer, often colorful elements. They may be solids, liquids, or gases.
16. What is chemical formula?
A representation of any substance, element or compound by its symbols is its chemical
formula. It denotes the number of atoms of each element in the compound.
17. What is the mass number?
Mass number, in nuclear physics, the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons present
in the nucleus of an atom
18. What is atomic number?
The number of protons, which is always equal to the number of electrons in the neutral
atom, is also the atomic number.
19. What do you mean by Valancy?
Valency is the combining power of an element. Elements in the same group of the periodic
table have the same valency. The valency of an element is related to how many electrons are in
the outer shell
20. What are the subatomic particles?
There are three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons and electrons. Two of the subatomic
particles have electrical charges: protons have a positive charge while electrons have a negative
charge
21. What is atomic structure?
An atom contains three basic particles namely protons, neutrons and electrons. The nucleus
of the atom contains protons and neutrons where protons are positively charged and neutrons
are neutral. The electrons are located at the outermost regions called the electron shell.