중간고사 대비 A 해설

1 Simplify the expression cos  tan     .

Proof.
    
cos tan      cos tan                
  tan tan         


2 Prove lim 
  
  using    definition of a limit.
→ 

(Observation)

       . If       , then      . Hence, if
   
Observe that  

  
 





     ≤  ,       .
 
   
Proof.
 
 
For given   , choose   min    . Then, if        , we have
 
    
 
  
         ≤ 
  

since      .



3 Find lim 

and prove or disprove your answer using the    definition of a
→

limit.
Proof.
  
lim  does not exist. Note that    for any    and    for any
→      
  .
Hence, for any   , if            , we have

 
 

         
      

In particular, for any real number  , either 



 
  ≥  or  

 
  ≥  by

triangle inequality. This estimate shows that for any real number  , there does not

exist    such that 

 
    for all      . Hence, the limit does not

exist.
   
4 Let   sec  on   ∪   . Sketch the graph of  , and find the
 

derivative of  .


Proof. Graph of   is given as :

 sin


whereas ′     ′  
cos cos  sec  tan . Hence,

 

   ′    


 
 

 
   
≻
.
sec sec    tansec      tansec    
 

   
  
 ≺  

5 Suppose that we do not know a formula for   , but we know that      and

′     for all . Use a linear approximation to estimate    .


Proof.
By linear approximation of  at   ,     ≈      ′  . Thus,

    ≈        


6 Using the differential, explain that for small angles, the value of  in radians is
very nearly the value of sin  .

Proof. Let us define     sin. Observe that      and ′    cos  . Hence,

by differential,   ′     we have sin ≈      for  ≈ .
 
7 Simplify     tan   
  sin    .

 
Proof. Note that      ∈       if and only if  ≥ . Moreover,    is
 
differentiable on   ∞ . We calculate

′    

  


  

 
 

 
     
 
  

 

   

     

        
 
      
      
 
 
 
Hence,          tan   sin          
 

Another proof. Use problem 1 and change 

  . (see Video Lecture)

8 Show that the equation         has exactly two real roots. (do not use the
graph)

Proof. Let          . Note that  ′                   . Since

 ’   has one real root,    has at most two real roots. (It is a corollary of
Rolle’s theorem; if    has three distinct real roots, then  ′   has at least two
distinct roots.) On the other hand, it is evident that                  .
Hence,    has at least two distinct roots      satisfying             by
intermediate value theorem.

9 Use the Mean Value Theorem to prove the inequality sin   sin  ≤     for all
 and .

Proof. If   , both sides are equal to , hence we may assume   . By mean

sin  sin
value theorem, there exists ∈     such that   cos . Hence, we have

 sin   sin    cos   ≤     .

 
   ln   sin  
10 Evaluate lim  
   
 
 
cos   

→ 

 
Proof.

  ln   sin  
Let     


.
cos    
Note that  is continuously differentiable


 
function and for  ≠  , we have

 
   ln   sin  

   

 
cos   
 .



        
   
             
  
       

           
 
      

Since   and  converges to  as  approaches  , we have

 
   ln   sin   
lim 


  


 
cos   
  ′     
 
→  
 


 tan 
11 Evaluate the integral: 
 



Proof.

Let   tan   . Then, tan   and   sin and   sec  . Hence,

 


 tan 

 
    sin  sec     sec  ′     sec   sec   ln sec  tan    



where  is an integral constant.

Therefore,
 tan   
 
 
  
 
 tan          ln          

12 Use cylindrical shells to find the volume of torus obtained by rotating about the
-axis the region          where     .

Proof.

We have   ±       for    ≤  ≤   . Hence,
 
 


                

 
   
 
   

       

        

13 (a) Show that the volume of the right circular cone with height  and base
 
radius  is   .

Proof.
   
   
  
 
 

         

 

(b) Find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region bounded by
      and    about the line   .
Proof.
Note that         has root for   ±    and     ≤  for  ≤  ≤ . So,

       


Since    is odd function, we have

 
               .
 




14(a) Determine whether the following integrals converge or diverge :  

   

Note that 

  
 
   

  

   and 

 
is continuous and bounded on     ,


however,  has a discontinuity at  and unbounded on     . In particular,

 
    ln→  ∞

as →  . Hence, the improper integral    diverges and

 
 
so does  


. This gives that the integral   
    
diverges.


cos 
(b) Determine whether the following integrals converge or diverge : 
  
 


 cos 
Proof. Note that  is discontinuous at   . On   , we have
   
 cos 
≤   ≤
   
 

Since 


        ∞

where we have used change of variable   
,


 cos 
the integral 
  
 
 is convergent by Comparison theorem.

15 The given curve is rotated about the y-axis. Find the area of the resulting
surface.
  
       ln   ≤  ≤  
 
 

Proof. Note that ′      . So,
    
  ′   
    .
 
Hence,                
 





16 Find the area of the surface obtained by rotating the curve


      ≤  ≤   about the -axis.

Proof. Observe that  

  ′       . So,

  

    

  
Let          . Then ′         . Hence, we have
   

 
 
′     .
 