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C6opnuxsadaqu3a KaH\udamcmydeHmcKu
HEOPTAHNLIHAX14Ml4fl
rucennHa:cu'
a3oTHaTa
Moxe Aa B3anMogeficrea
1. C roraoT cneAHilTeBeUlecTBa
c xilMl4LlHt4
143pa3ere
cuo, GuGlz,Fe(OH)2,Fe(OH)s,NasPOc.flarlre O6nCuenntl,
ypaBHeHnflhonpeAeneTeBVAaHaXilMl4L{HilTeB3ailMoAetZcremn.
n
cMec cbAbpxa MeranuTezn vt Gu. Or Ta3il cMec nonyqere
2. l-lpaxoo6pa3Ha
pa3rqeneTe COnilHaTe3nMeTanil.c xaqecreeHilpeaKqriltroKaxeTe
pa3TBOpLlMt4
h aHhoHHa
conr4no KariloHHa qacr. Flpegcraaererph
BcFKaeAHaor nonyqeHilTe
B3ahMoAehctawnHa MeAHaracon'
xt4Mt4LtHt4
Ha TpnBaneHTeHp-eneMeHT'
4. Aro npeOpa3TBopHa BeulecTBoToA, xoeto e con
peaKqiltl caMo c $nyopa' flpn
ce nponycra Snyop, xnop ilnil 6poM, npoTl4Lla
yratZra
cMecBaHeHa pa3TBOp A c pa3TBOpHa xhApoKCnAE, ce nonyqaea6nna
- con l-' l-lpn
B, KOFTOB il3niltllbx or E ce pa3rBapn o6pa3yBa ce KoMnneKcHa
ce nonyqaba conra A' uo
B3ailMoAeilCreileHa B c 6earncnopoAHaKncenrHa I
MOXeAa ce o6pasyea h KoMnneKcHaTa con E. l4spasere c ypaBHeHilFOnilcaHilTe
npoqech n onpeAenere Beu-lecrBara,o3HaqeHnc 6yrau'
aqroHHara
Ahcoqvayn Crt AtACO:l,t
5. fle$rannpafrrecreneHraHa eneKrponnrHa
Ha cna6ara
KoHcraHTa Ko. lle nMa flil npoMflHana O n KD'aKo KbMpa3TBop
cf,poBo4opoAHaKucenuHace npr6aan:
O6ocHoeereorroBoPilre'
pa3TBOpa Ha CfpOBOAopoAHa
KaxaO e BnnFHt4eTo Ha KOHqeHTpaLlilflTaHa
KucennHaBpa3TBopaBbpxyorKonpvcna6nTeeneKTpon4r4.
3
vrnaHqeea, I I. MaKedoHcKU,p. gepxesoea
6. lesraHrapararecreneHTa Ha eneKTponilTHa
A^coqnaquflq v BOAOpOAH14F
noKa3arenpH. lle ce npoMeHn nv g il pH Ha Bo,qeH
pa3rBopHa AMOH'IK,AKO:
a) ce npw6aauNHaCI
6) ce npu6aeuconHa KtacenrHa
e) pasreopbr ce pa3peqr
o6scHenilq.
,Qarare
NO,
l '
5l
Y
HN03
5
M. Cmauqeea,17.Maxedoucxu,p. Hepxesoea
15. lz4spaeere
c xvtM.A',Ht'
ypaBHeHrFcne4Hure npeBpbu{aHVA:
zr, ZnO-3---7nSOa-4----7n(OF)z
s --z6---------so2---------sos
-7----Hzsoa-----
arrroo-u----
cu,(oH)z
121 110
i, .- 6je
onpe4enere Koh or rflx ca tzoHoo6MeHHil
v RotloKncnilTenHo-pe4yKLl
vtoHHn.
Hanpaaere xapaKTepvcrlxaHa xhMl4LtHhqeneMeHTcspa.
18' flpraesau^,'ogetZcrere
c KilcenilHaHarBbpAoHepa3TBopr4Mo BbBBoAaBeu{ecrBo
A, ulrporo pa3npocrpaHeHo B nphpoAara,ce or4ene6esqeereHras E. Axo E ce
nponycHenpe3 BOAeHpa3TBOpHa aer4ecreo B, xorzro
npoMeHflUBera Ha
naKMyCaB ChHbo,ce o6pasyaa h3xoAHoroA. Axo
fa3 E ce nponycKa
npoAbnxhrenHo BpeMenpe3pa3TBOpa HaB, ce ua6no4aeapa3rBapc'eHaA il
o6pasyeaHeHa pa3rBopuMacon t-. l'lpraearprBaHeHa pa3rBopa,
cugupxaq l-,
orHoBoce o6pasyeaA.
onpe4enere Kor ca Ber4ecrBara,o3HaL{eHh c 6yxanreA, E, B raf-.
l/epaserec ypaBHeHilF npo'4'arrrre npoqechu paitreo6scHesrs.
usnumno xumun.2018
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
C6opuuxsada,au
paBHoBecheTo:
ce yCTaHoBFBa
21. flpn cnure3a Ha aMoHeKB cl4cTeMaTa
+
N2 +3H2 2NH3 + q
flafire o6ccHeFthc.
M. Cmauqeea, 17.Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea
28' flpeepur-rlaHero sa A e c e
eK3orepM,qeH npoqec il ce npeAcraBe
cneAHoTO ypaBHeHhe: cbc
E"., E".
A-->B -C
E^,
flpegcraaere eHeprerhqHara
AnarpaMaHa TO3tlnpoLlec,aKo aKTilBnpauJnTe
eHepFill4Ce OTHaCFTnO cfle,qHVA
Hat/nH:
flaitre Heo6xogrM
hre o6scHenrc.
Or rareo 3aBucvaKTLtBhpaularaeHeprneHaAa,qeH
npoqec.
1)A-->t _ Qr
2) B-----------
6
Kaxuee ronnnHHrarr esexr Qz sa BTopr,reran, aro o6uln'T
TonflilHenesexr
Q Ha npeepbulaHeroHaA e C e nonox ureneu?
flocoqere Ha eHeprer[qHara
AnarpaMaTonflilHHl4re eSerrr: er, ez, e r
aKTilBrpaulilTeeHeprvluHaABaraerana - Ear, Eaz,
aro nbpBl4FT eran nporl4Lra
no-6aeHo or BTopt/e.
[arare o6qcHeHilq.
I
M. Cmauqeea,ll. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea
lz
t
. FeS
c noAxogAuJtA
xunvttlHt4
B3ailMO4erzcrene
onpeAenerexapaKTepa
Ha Fe(oH)zra
Fe(OH)e.lame o6scHeHhq
10
C6opuuxsadartusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnum no xuuun.201g
Pbo
I
l6
PbS<---1 Pb --i------- P b (NOs)z4 pb(gH)r-lq----- Nar[Pb(OH)+J
I
\
\
2\
/
/ t, lI s
/+ I'
Y
l / 3 v rr
bo- P b cl2 -
Pb( OH) N03 Pb(N03)2
XaparrepwsupailteBceKaeAHaor peaKqrilre.
OnnrHoAoKaxerearvr$orepnnexapaKrepHa pb(OH)2.
42. Kuu pasreop Ha Me[Ha con c pH < z ce npn6aafl pa3rBop Ha Harp[eBa con c
pH > 7. flonyvaBa ce cnHbo-3eneHayrafixa A u pa3rBop E. vrararara A ce
orAenF or pa3TBopa E. Kurv ytahxata A ce npv1aen coflHa KilcenhHa,
na6nrcgaea ce pa3TBapflHeHa yrarlxara il orAenflHe Ha 6eguaereH ras B.
Bo4unnr pa3TBopua B npoaBeBaKrcennHeHxapaKrep. Kuru ocraH ann1 cne,q
orAeneHe Ha yrarlxara pa3rBop E, ce npra6aenpa3rBopl4Macpe6upHa con.
flonyvaaa ce 6qna ytahxa f .
Kor ca il3xo,qHilTeconnv cbeAhHeHu+ra,o6osFraqeHrc 6yxeilTe A, E, B r l-.
flafire o6scueure n v3pa3ere c xilMr4qHr4
ypaBHe+wflonncaHilTeceorzcrea.
11
M. Cmau,aeea,
fl. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea
12
u3numno xuuun. 2018
ea xandudamcmydeumcKu
C1opuuxsada,au
13
M. Cmauqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,P. gepxesoea
2NO + O, .- 2NO, + q
Kaxqe ce npoMeHnr:
1. PaeFtoeecHara
KoHcraHTa
2. CxopocrraHao6pasyeaHe
HaNOz,
aKo:
a) ce noBrruilTeMneparypara
6) ce yBenilqnKoHqeHrpaqn+raHa NO (T=const)
a) ce noenurvHan*raHero(T=const)
14
usnumno xurvrus.
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
C1opuuxsada,au 2018
3'H2Soa-3----NpHSo4
n25-1---So2-2-----So3
6 1 5
9
$ -Z- so2 -!---- Na2so3 ' rua2doa
lro ./
11 12' '/13
rujzs ,Nacl NaoH
npoqech.
O6ccHere BnAa Ha xhMt4t{Hl4Te
flpegnoxere KaqecrBeHilpeaKutl. sa AoKa3BaHeHa NazSO+ u NazS.
npoqec:
cneAHhfloKilcnurenHo-peAyKULtoHeH
60. lr4apaaHere
15
,vrtvvvvs
1 2 3 4
N2 - NO ---a-------- NOr ---:----- H\O, >
l ^ l
lb ls
!NH3
, , , --- 7r__-______+- e i
NH4OH ttHolo,
l-lpr raxar ycnoBhflce h3BbpruBachHre3aHa NHg.
fiarzre o6qcHeHilc.
16
C6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuutus.201g
Hanpaeere xapaKTephcrilKa
Ha xilMt4r{HhF
eneMeHrxanqri.
7
Fe -----------> FeCl3
[Fe(H2o)6]cr3
,t \ --------n=*
| /
-l^
e.s 5Feo -j>2 Fe(No3)2j----
.
Fe(oH)2$ Fe(oH)3
''l ';l \
* I K3[Fe(oH)6]
,
H 2 S O a- F e S O a
17
M. Cmauqeea,Il. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea
'n,' znct2-J_>Zn(oH)2-1=---xu,[zn(oH)a]
lr +
I lu
2 Y + l {
ZnCb<- ZnO ---------->Zn ___l_____>NarZnOr
l. ln
vl + rl '"
o
Zn ZnSOa * BaSOa
I
P ----------->
PzOs
1B
usnumno xumun.2018
C6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
AI
ypaBHeHrecneAHilTenpeBpbrJ-laHVA'.
74. hspasere c xhML1,.{H14
5
Al2(so4)3<-Al2o3
A
ol , y'lAt(Hzo)olcl:
, 1 7
AlCl3-------> AI(OH,,
i.-,
\Na3[Rl(OH)o]
19
M. Cmau,teea,fl. Maxedoucxu,p. Vepxesoea
1 )A + B g c + e r kz
2 l c ---+ D+Qz
80. ,4aAenra
ca cneAHrreconr: Bacrz,Naspon,Baso+, cas(pol)zra
GaGos.KuNa
BCFKaOT COfll4Tece npn6aea BoAa. Kor or
TFX Ce pa3TBaper Ll KaKBa e
KhceflilHHOCTTa Ha nonyL{eHrrepasraopn?
Kutr'tconure, Kol4ToHe ce pa3TBapgrBbB BoAa,
ce npraoaagconHa KrcenhHa.
Kareil xtAMtleHtlB3an MoAeilct ans n porrvar?
,QarZreo6qcFtenilA t ttspa3ere c ypaBHeHVA.
.[oraxere connre BaGlzraNaspoa no KariloHHarauaHroHHara qacr.
20
usnum no xuuus.2018
C6opuuxsadaquea xandudamcmydeumcKLt
21
M. Cmau,aeea,
fl. Maxedouct<u,
P.1epxesoea
-
CHsCOOH+CHgOH - CHgCOOCHg+HzO
Kax r4e ce orpa3h Bbpxy paBHoBecHara KoHt-leHTpaqheHa ecrepa h Bbpxy
paBHoBecHaraKoHcraHTa,npn6aanHeroHa:
,[arareo6scHeHhq.
22
C6opnuxsada,ausa xau)udamcmydeumcKuusnum no xuuun. 2018
z 3 -4
-C Or+
z N a,CO.j-
z r
NaCl - NaOH
- - -
1 / \ I
Feo H20
s\ ./
FeSOo;-* F"----> Fecla Fe(OH)r/1s
l-
Hanpaeere xapaKTephcruKa
Ha xhMt4L{HilF
eneMeHrxarpufr.
23
M. Cmauqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,P.Vepxesoea
_ CuSl-----Cuo?-----Cu(No.)2
t7
, +3
HrS Cu -j----* CyO i
8l ^,/
\
1
BaCl, - K
10
24
c6opuux sada'ausa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnum no xuuus. 201g
25
p. Vepxesoea
M. Cmauqeea,J1.Marcedoucxu.
102.f1pe4craBereeneKTponilTHaratrvcoqtatrA+ Ha cneAHilTecbe,qilHeHilflBbB
BoAeHpa3TBOp N OnpeAeneTe
KhCenilHHoCTTa Ha pa3TBopr,lTe:
Na2CO3, NaHCOo, Naz[Zn(OH)+], KAI(SO+)2,
N H +OH , H sP On n C u( OH) z
,[oxaxere c KaqecrBeHil
peaKqhil:Nazcos,KAI(so+)2,Hspoa ra cu(oH)2.
llpegcraeere xilAponh3ara Ha NazCOs v HaenH 3a HaManeBaHeroHa
xilAponil3aTa.
26
c6opuuxsada,au
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xutvtus.201g
OPTAHUTIHAXUMUfl
2. cueqrueHhe c MoneKynHa
soprraynaGsHao Moxe Aa B3arMogerzcrea
cuc
conHa K|,rceflhHa,a npn HarpeBaHeB nphcbcrBile
Ha KOHqeHTpr4paHa cflpHa
KhcenuHa B3ahMoAeilcraac oqerHa KlrcenhHa. lz,lsxogHoro
cbeAilHeHileMoxe
Aa ce owAcnv Ao qpyro c MoneKyneHcbcrae csHoo, Koero ce
AoKa3Bac
aMoHFqeHpa3rBop ua AgzO. Kou ca cbeAilHeHUna?
l-lpe4craaere il o6scHere
onilcaHhrecaofcraa c xrMilqHr ypaBHeHilff.
6. ['lpegcraeere xilMt4LtHilTeB3ahvogerlcre ue Ha
cne4HilTe cbeAilHeHhF: nponeH,
nponHH, erhroB ecrep Ha nponaHoBara K.ncenrHa, nponuraMhH 14
3axapo3ac Bofla.
XapaxrepusupahteBceKileAilHor nport4r{aqilTe
npollecu.
27
M. Cmauqeea,J7.Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea
8. [aEeHo e opraHilL{Ho
cbeAhHeHue cbc cbcrae csHoos,KoeroB3ahMoAeficreac
erunoB anKoxor' oqerHa KrcerhHa h HarpneBaocHoBa,Ho He peAyqnpa
OenuxroB pa3TBop.Koe e ToBacbe4hHeHue.IAzpasere c xvnvielvtypaBHeHilq
onncaHnreB3arMoA enctenn.
f'lonyvereAageHorocbe4ilHeHfieor CsHa.
NHz
flpegcraeere c xilMt4t{Hr4
ypaBHeHnFB3ailMoAerZcrereroracuc coflHa KilcenrHa,
HarpneBa ocHoBa, erhfloB aflKoxofl, oqerHa KilcennHa n rnuqnH.
fahe
o6ccHeHhs.
28
c6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuuus. 201g
-c<o
CH2:CH
-OC2H5
Tlspasere c xrMilqHn ypaBHeHnAB3auMoAeficrenero
Ha roBa cbeAilHeHile c
BOAa,aMoHflKU XnOpoBoAOpOA.
f'lpegnoxere HaqilH3a AoKa3BaHeHa xvl4ponv3HllTe
npoAyKTLlHa nocoqeHoro
cbeAilHeHile.
29
18. Kor ca Beu{ecrBaraA, E, B n l-, npegcraBeHhHa
cxeMara:
KOH
n" ----------------+
H"O tol
b -----i----+ B -----------* |
(anxox.)
p-p I I
lnonrMe- II Io1
f'43aqhs
fCH, c H,)n
+
cMec oT MaCTHl4
uouorap6oKcl4flH14
C .H , K4CenuHu
30
c6opuux sadaqusa xau)udamcmydeumcKtiusnum no xunrus.201g
UJECTBANCHTEH
AfiKOXON
t
neHTaaqeTHnrnCIKo3a
I
+- rn1gKg3a-> rn1gKOHOga
KilCefinHa
II
+
eTaHon
Xapaxrepnsnpaitre npoqecilre.
Kaxce pa3no3HaBa rnpKo3a or Spyxro3a.
23. lz'lspaeere
c xrMt4t{Hl4
ypaBHeHile
npol{ecilTeor AaAeHarapeaKqnoHHa
cxeMa:
o-A t"*-EHzo'H+
cH3cH2oH B
31
M. Cmanqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,P.4epxesoea
QeHLrnosscTep Ha
can x qa4noBaraKl4can
hHa
\ aqerllncannqxnoea
KHCENHHA
32
C5opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnum no xuuun. 201g
hl
B + C l 2 - - - - - - - - * r* hcl
f + f l * - - - - - - - + a n a H r , t+H H C I
33
M. Cmaurteea,17.Mxedoucxu, p.7epxesoea
*tu.B+D
c4Hgo2
H2o'H+-
c4Hgo2 c+ D
39. l'4spasere
c xnMneHn
ypaBHeHuF
cnegHilrenpeBpbr{aHnA:
aCnuPwH
.Z
Qe uon _----> can il Llil n o Ba Kilcen HHo----------> e uran can vtLilA
$ nar
\ t r v H a rp t / l e Bc a f li l L l h n a r
Kaxuoxe Aa ce pa3no3Hae
sexunca nu'.nnara ot acnupmaa?
o6ccFteF{ils.
,Qarare
34
C5opuuxsada,tusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
u3numno xutvtus.2018
35
P.9epxesoea
fl. Maxedoucxu,
M. Cmauraeea,
r rpu6pouaHilnuH
aHunuH ---------
SeH rnauoH ueB xnopnA
36
u3numno xurvrus.2018
c6opuux sadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
6eHseFl
CTAH 6 e H s o e H aK h c e n i l H a
AHVNNH
37
M. Cmauqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea
o
tl
CH3-C-CH2Br
C H 3 -C H 2 -C H 2 B r z-COOH
(CH3-CH2-CH2)2o
flpe4craeere rpil xt MalqHtB3ahMoAehctevqHa n3xoAHorocbeArHeHile.
38
c6opuuxsada'tusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuuus. 201g
65. Cue4nnenreroX:
a) npncre AlAHnBa
BoAopoA
6) o6esqeersBa pa3rBopHaKarueBnepMaHraHarv 6pouxa BoAa
e) o6pasyBacon npil B3ailMo4eicrerec narpui
r) npraB3ailMogehcteuec BoAace nonyqaBaaqeroH.
o6gcHere Koee roBa cbeAVHeHne v n3paserec xhMLrLrHLr
ypaBHeH
vA onvtcaH.Te
B3ailMoEehctans.
39
M. Cmauqela, 17.Maxedoucxu,P. gepxesoea
67. .Qa.qeHra
ca BeulecrBara6yranon, 6yraxan, MeAeHAhxh4poKcr4gil KaflheB
nepMaHraHar. Mex(4y Ko14 or rflx Mofar Aa nporeKar xnwwlHn
B3anMoAefiCfaun? !arare o6scHeHhq. klspasere npollecilre c xilMt4qHil
ypaBHeHilF.
[lpegcraeere ABe npncbegilHrrenHil peaKlll4l4Ha 6yratox.
c H4---------czHz--------+6eHsep,---------*
se Hon--------cannL{rn oBaKhcenr Ha
I
t
TOfl!€ H------->Tp 14 pOTOnye
H14T H
--_.------Cao CaC2-)ar'*,
\ 1
CaCo3
7 C6H5C2H5----------
crrpeH
-/
czHz-coHo -_------_----- aHVnnH
\ ronyeu ----------->
6eHeoeHaKilcefiilHa
40
Cdopuurc sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
sada,au usnumno xuwun.2018
71. lr4epasere
npeBpbu]aHnera,o3HaqeHnHa cxeMara:
CZHq---+ff ---------+
CH3CHO € 6+ IHSCONHZ
i
eT[/naLleTaT
Kor ca BeulecrtsaraA n 6. iloco.{ereycnoBhera3a npon4qaHe
Ha
i'rpoLlecilTe.
ilpe4craaere ts3ailMogeficreuero Haerunaqerara c BoAa.
ilpOnaHan
tl
eraH ----------->
nponaH ,/
|
\ |
r iponaHoH
!-lpegnoxere KaqecrBeHn peaKqhil 3a pa3no3HaBaHe Ha nponaHan or
rrponaHoH.fialare o6ccFreHhc.
41
M. Cmau,teea,17.Maxedoucxu,P.4epxesoea
CH3COCH3
COOH
I OOCCH3
CqHto+cHscboH <-
1I
czHz
ypaBHeHileHa npoqechre, Bogeulil Ao
a) uannuere xilMr4L{HilTe
nonyLlaBaHe Ha oqerHa KhceruHa
6) npe4craBere rpn B3ailMogerZcrernHa oqerHara KncenuHa, npn KoilTo
ce orAenF BoAa.
42
u3numno xuuun. 2018
C5opnuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
43
M. Cmauqeea,17.Marcedoucxu,
P. 4epxesoea
44
C6opuuxsada,au
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuuus.2018
89. ypaBHeHnAcneAHnAnpexotr:
lzlspaaerec xilMl4L{Hr4
Y
I
Y
eThnoeH3eH eThnoBecTep Ha
6eHsoenaraKilcenhHa
45
94. cue4une'ue A cbc cbcrae ceHzN He
npoMeHF qBera Ha J.raKMy
B3arMoAeilcreue c 6porvrna ca, a npu
BoAa o6pasyea 6ana ytailwa
B3ailMoAeilctanesa A c 6esxrcnopoAHa E. Frpra I
o
, fH3
cHs-cHz*i-oJu
cH3-cH2-cH2OH I
CH:
coHs
(.rr)
cH3-f;-cH3
o
flpe4craeere Tph xuMtleHuceoicrea
Ha KeroHa.
46
usnum no xuuus. 2018
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
C1opnux sada,au
47