usn

C6opnuxsadaqu3a KaH\udamcmydeHmcKu

HEOPTAHNLIHAX14Ml4fl

rucennHa:cu'
a3oTHaTa
Moxe Aa B3anMogeficrea
1. C roraoT cneAHilTeBeUlecTBa
c xilMl4LlHt4
143pa3ere
cuo, GuGlz,Fe(OH)2,Fe(OH)s,NasPOc.flarlre O6nCuenntl,
ypaBHeHnflhonpeAeneTeBVAaHaXilMl4L{HilTeB3ailMoAetZcremn.

n
cMec cbAbpxa MeranuTezn vt Gu. Or Ta3il cMec nonyqere
2. l-lpaxoo6pa3Ha
pa3rqeneTe COnilHaTe3nMeTanil.c xaqecreeHilpeaKqriltroKaxeTe
pa3TBOpLlMt4
h aHhoHHa
conr4no KariloHHa qacr. Flpegcraaererph
BcFKaeAHaor nonyqeHilTe
B3ahMoAehctawnHa MeAHaracon'
xt4Mt4LtHt4

pa3nilqeH cbcTaB Ha gApOTO Ha

3. llonyvere ABa KOnOhAHl4pa3TBOpa c
qacTilLla,KaTOeAVtHIATOTr3non3BaHhTepeaKTilBl4Tee Baclz' xofrro
KOnohAHaTa
Ha KonohAHhTeqacThl-ll4'
e B il3nulubK14B ABaTacnyqaF. f'lpepcraaeTecTpoexa
pa3TBOpnHa NazSO+ raAlGls'
flony,reHrareKonohAr4Morar Aa ce Koarynilpar c
KoarynaLlilOHHa aKOhMaT
61OCO$HOCT'
KOraor ABaTa pa3TBOpailMa nO-Bl4COKa
eAHa il cbqa MonapHaKoHqeHTpa1un?

Ha TpnBaneHTeHp-eneMeHT'
4. Aro npeOpa3TBopHa BeulecTBoToA, xoeto e con
peaKqiltl caMo c $nyopa' flpn
ce nponycra Snyop, xnop ilnil 6poM, npoTl4Lla
yratZra
cMecBaHeHa pa3TBOp A c pa3TBOpHa xhApoKCnAE, ce nonyqaea6nna
- con l-' l-lpn
B, KOFTOB il3niltllbx or E ce pa3rBapn o6pa3yBa ce KoMnneKcHa
ce nonyqaba conra A' uo
B3ailMoAeilCreileHa B c 6earncnopoAHaKncenrHa I
MOXeAa ce o6pasyea h KoMnneKcHaTa con E. l4spasere c ypaBHeHilFOnilcaHilTe
npoqech n onpeAenere Beu-lecrBara,o3HaqeHnc 6yrau'

aqroHHara
Ahcoqvayn Crt AtACO:l,t
5. fle$rannpafrrecreneHraHa eneKrponnrHa
Ha cna6ara
KoHcraHTa Ko. lle nMa flil npoMflHana O n KD'aKo KbMpa3TBop
cf,poBo4opoAHaKucenuHace npr6aan:

a) (NH+)zS 6) NaOH e) Gu(NOe)z r ) NaCl

O6ocHoeereorroBoPilre'
pa3TBOpa Ha CfpOBOAopoAHa
KaxaO e BnnFHt4eTo Ha KOHqeHTpaLlilflTaHa
KucennHaBpa3TBopaBbpxyorKonpvcna6nTeeneKTpon4r4.

3
 vrnaHqeea, I I. MaKedoHcKU,p. gepxesoea

6. lesraHrapararecreneHTa Ha eneKTponilTHa
A^coqnaquflq v BOAOpOAH14F
noKa3arenpH. lle ce npoMeHn nv g il pH Ha Bo,qeH
pa3rBopHa AMOH'IK,AKO:
a) ce npw6aauNHaCI
6) ce npu6aeuconHa KtacenrHa
e) pasreopbr ce pa3peqr
o6scHenilq.
,Qarare

7. Aro xur,r BoAeHpa3TBopHa BeurecrBoro A ce npn6aevt

HarpileBa ocHoBa, ce
o6pasyea cuunytaitKa or BeulecrBoro E, KoFTonph
HafpflBaHenoqepHnea.flpra
nponycKaHeHa BOAOpOA npe3 qepHara ytailxace o6paayBanpocroro BeulecrBo
B, Koero nMa LrepBeHLlBrr. frpra pa3TBapeHe
Ha B B KoHqeHTpilpaHa
oKcoKncefluuaf ce nonyqaBa h3xoAHOTO Be[4ecreo A. Kor uorar 4a 6u4ar
BeulecrBata A, E, B, n f ' OnucaHilTeB3anMoAeilcraus
n3pa3ere c xhMhr.rHl4
ypaBHeHilF.

8. [lpe4craeere eneKTponrrHara ALlcoLlvallne BbB BOAa Ha cneAHilTe

cbeAhHeHilF:
NazSOe N a H SOq Na2[Zn(OH)4]
N H +OH NazO HzS
Kor or nocoLreHrreconn xhAponil3npat? flpegnoxere
HaqilH 3a HaManFBaHe
Ha TgXHaTaxilAponil3a.

9. Xapaxrepnsupahte xnMne+ufl eneMeHTeurnepo4.

C Koh or ms6poeHure
BeqecTBaBbrnepoAbTMOXeAa B3ailMogerZcrea.. Hz, Oz, COz, pbO, CaO,
NaOH, HGI ra HzO. l,4spasere
c xuvnqHn ypaBHeHHa
u gailte o6scnenrs ua
B3ailMo4ehctewnta.
flocoqere npil Kol4or TFXBbrflepoAbTe oKilcnhTen
n npn Kor peAyKTOp.

10. Beulecreoro A c BoAeH pa3rBop Ha cpe6upeH

Hilrpar u 6apnee xnopilA
o6pasyea yrahxn E ra B. flpra sarpnBaHe Ha A ce
or,qenFr rpr4 BeqecrBa B
rasoo6paeHo cbcro'Hhe - l-, r,r E. BogHrnr pa3TBOp
fl Ha l- ilMa ocHoBeH
xapaKTep v c 4rcpe6upen oKct4A o6pasyaa
KoMnfleKcHo cbe,q,nHeHhe.
Beanvogeficrarero MexAy A w E BoAu o6paeyeaHe
,qo Ha KhcennHa.lzlspasere
c xnMnqHV ypaBHeHilg onilcaHhre npoqech n
onpeAenere Beu_lecrBara,
o3HaqeHhc 6vxeil.
 usnum no xuttun. 2018
C6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu

11. npeAcraaere c xilMt4qHl4ypaBHeHhFnocoqeHilTe B cxeMara npeBpbqaHnfl t4

o6ncnere xnMrqHrre B3anMo4eilcrerq:

NO,
l '
5l
Y
HN03

pa3TBOpna CuSO+ Ce noEnOXr

Kaxar npo,qyKTllUle ce nonyqaT, aKo BOAH]4FT
Ha efleKTponvea?

12. BeulecreoroA e oKct44Ha.s-efleMeHTh npil B3arMo4etlcrereroMy c BoAace

nonyeaBaBeu{ecrBoroE. Aro npee pa3rBopa Ha E ce nponycKaCOz, ce
nonyqaBa6nna ytaitxa B. Tagr yrarZrace pa3rBapn,aKo npoAbnxaBafla ce
nponycraCOz o6pasyeace BeulecrBorol-. KoraMorar Aa 6uAar Bel4ecrBara
A,6, Btlf?
Br'gNaoxHonn e BeqecrBoroB Aa ce pa3TBopt4n no,qpyruasuu?
ypaBHeHilF.
flar,rre O6cCHeHrtl il t43pa3eTenpgllegnTe C XuMl4LtH14

nil npoMeHil B q h Ko, aKOKbM BoAeHpa3TBopHa LlnaHOBoAOpoAHa

13. lle rarr/la
KucenhHa ce npn6aenr:
a ) K OH 6) HCI a) KCN r) Ka[Fe(GN)o]
lame o6RcueHnn.
l-lpegcraeeTen o6RcHere KaKBae Bpb3KaTaMexAy q il l(o npr cna6nre
eneKTponmTil.

14. flageH e cneAHilFpaBHoBeceH

npoqec:

CH3COOCZHS + HZO =--------> CH3COOH+ C2H5OH

nil npoMeHa B X[Ml4t{HoTOpaBHOBecVet B CTol4HocTTaHa

lle rarvra
paBHoBecHara (Kc),axo ce npr6aen:
KoHcraHra
a) narpreBa ocHoBa
6) ronqexrpnpaHaHzSO+
e) eoga
[ar,rreo6scHeHnc.

5
M. Cmauqeea,17.Maxedoucxu,p. Hepxesoea

15. lz4spaeere
c xvtM.A',Ht'
ypaBHeHrFcne4Hure npeBpbu{aHVA:

zr, ZnO-3---7nSOa-4----7n(OF)z
s --z6---------so2---------sos
-7----Hzsoa-----
arrroo-u----
cu,(oH)z
121 110
i, .- 6je
onpe4enere Koh or rflx ca tzoHoo6MeHHil
v RotloKncnilTenHo-pe4yKLl
vtoHHn.
Hanpaaere xapaKTepvcrlxaHa xhMl4LtHhqeneMeHTcspa.

16' flpegcraaere xnAiponn3ara Ha Alcls. flpr6aanuero

Ha Koil or cne'Hilre
cbe,qilHeHrrru{e oKaxaT BnneHtfieBbpxy xtL[iponn3aTa:
a ) Na OH 6) HzO e) HzSOa
,Qarireo6scHeHns.

17' flonyvere no Tpl4HaqrHa cuBrz. Kaxeo e KilceflilHHocrra

Ha BoAHr4F
pa3TBopHa
Ta3r cor'|.
OnrrHo AoKaxere KarhoHav aHno*a Ha conra
c:
a) iolroo6MeHHhnpoqecil
6) oxracnrarenHo_pegyKl114oH
H14npoqecil.
,Qarireo6scuenrfl u v3pa3ere c xnnnvHl4ypaBHeHvte.

18' flpraesau^,'ogetZcrere
c KilcenilHaHarBbpAoHepa3TBopr4Mo BbBBoAaBeu{ecrBo
A, ulrporo pa3npocrpaHeHo B nphpoAara,ce or4ene6esqeereHras E. Axo E ce
nponycHenpe3 BOAeHpa3TBOpHa aer4ecreo B, xorzro
npoMeHflUBera Ha
naKMyCaB ChHbo,ce o6pasyaa h3xoAHoroA. Axo
fa3 E ce nponycKa
npoAbnxhrenHo BpeMenpe3pa3TBOpa HaB, ce ua6no4aeapa3rBapc'eHaA il
o6pasyeaHeHa pa3rBopuMacon t-. l'lpraearprBaHeHa pa3rBopa,
cugupxaq l-,
orHoBoce o6pasyeaA.
onpe4enere Kor ca Ber4ecrBara,o3HaL{eHh c 6yxanreA, E, B raf-.
l/epaserec ypaBHeHilF npo'4'arrrre npoqechu paitreo6scHesrs.
 usnumno xumun.2018
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
C6opuuxsada,au

19. B uecr enpyBerKil 6eg erilrerv tAMaBo,qHr pa3TBopl4Ha KanheB xnopuA,

MarHe3ueecyn$ar, cspHa KucenhHa, MeAeHArHurpar, Harp[eBa ocHoBa
n 6apuee Anxnopu4. Eeg Aa n3non3BareApyrh peaKTLlBt4, ocBeH pa3TBopure
B enpyBerKilTen rexHilF t-lBflT,onpe4enere xotl pa3TBopB KoF enpyBerKa ce
HaMilpa.O6ccHere n h3pa3erec xuMr4qHil ypaBHeHilFnporl4qaulhrepeaKqnil.

20. EaAenvrca cne,qHhreconh: Ba(NOr)2,NH+GI,GuSOr, NazGOgn GaGOe.

a) raxea u{e 6uAe KilcennHHocrraHa nonyqeHnre pa3TBophnpu
npu6aanue Ha BoAa KbMBceKaeAHa or rflx
6) xar onilTHoule AoKaxere BctlKacon
lafie o6qcHeHllfl14t43pa3erec xrMhqHl4ypaBHeHnA.

paBHoBecheTo:
ce yCTaHoBFBa
21. flpn cnure3a Ha aMoHeKB cl4cTeMaTa
+
N2 +3H2 2NH3 + q

lle mva nh npoMflHaB:

1) paexoeecHara KoHqeHrpaqnr Ha BoAopo4a
2) paeroeecHara KoHcraHTa
aKo:
TeMneparypara
a) ce noBiluJt4
6) axo aMoHsKa ce il3Bexga or paBHoBecHaracilcreMa'
.[ar,rreo6ccHeHhc.

22. B verupr enpyBerKil 6es erhrer ilMa BoiqHupa3TBopl4Ha cneAHnre conh:

KzS, ZnSOa, AgNOr u BaCll Kax ule pa3no3HaereBcFKaeAHa or conhre, aKo
pa3nonarare c uHAl4KaTop14il3norl3Bare4arqeHilTepa3TBopn?
Earareo6scHeunet4.rcpa3erec xhMt4qHil ypaBHeHilfl.

23. flpr cvecBaHero Ha paBHil o6evn Ha BoAHt4pa3rBoph na AgNOa n KCI ce

o6pasyea KonoilAeHpa3rBop. flpegcraeere crpoexa Ha KonouAHaraL{acrilqa,
aKo KoHqeHTpaqhFTaHa AgNOs e ABa nbril no-Bl4coKa.
flpe4noxere ABa HaqhHa3a KoarynilpaHeHa nonyqeHilFKonoh,qeHpa3TBopn gailte
o6scHeHilq.

24. flpegcraeere xilAponh3ara Ha NH+Gl. [lpra6aennero Ha Koil or nocoL{eHnre

cbeAhHeHrq qe ynecHgTa4Kovlule 3arpyEHtr xn,qponv3ara'-
a) HCI 6) NaOH e) NazCOr r) HzO

flafire o6ccHeFthc.
 M. Cmauqeea, 17.Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea

25. ,[aAeHra ca pa3peAeHil pa3rBopr4

c eAHaKBa MonapHa KoHqeHrpaqhq
rrrK)KO3a,MpaBqeHa KncerrHa, rJa
NaBr raBa(Nor)2. fl04pegere pa3TtsOpl4Te
HapacrBaHeHa TeMneparyparaHa no
KrneHeh Ha ocMorl4r{HOTO HanqfaHe.
,Qoraxere nocoLreHrrecbeAilHeHilgC noAXOAnu-l
t4 xu'V'*'peaKqhh.
flaure obscHeHilc.

26. B ner qa[uKr4

ce HaMuparcneAH,,Te
rBbp'r4 BeqecrBa cu, zn,Fe, cuo w pzos.
onrrHo pasnosHaiTeB Kos qau,KaKoe
BeqecrBoce HaMnpa,aKo 3a qenra
[3nofl3BaTeBoAa, KhcenilHail ocHoBa.
Eailte o6qcHeFrrfl n t spa3ere B3arMo geitctennra
c xnMWiHLlypaBHeHrs.

27' flpn esarauopehctaue Ha HarpheBa

con A c xucen uua Ece oTAen, 6eeqaeren
ias B c ocrpa 3aAylufll4Ba MVptA3Ma.
BeulecrBoro B npraonpe4ene Hn ycnoBt,fl
ce oK,,cn'Ba il ce nonyLraBa Be[qecTBOrO
r-, or Koero MOXe Aa ce nony..rl4
K'cenvHara E' Koraca Beulecreata
A, 6, B u t-. tz'lepaserec x,,Mr4r{Hr4
ypaBH eHue
onnca{nTe npeBpbul aHnA.
'Qoxaxere c KaL{ecrBeHapeaKqul KncenvHara
E ra npegcraBere tpu ,eitt-tu
xvMuv.HttB3ail MoAeilct enn.

28' flpeepur-rlaHero sa A e c e
eK3orepM,qeH npoqec il ce npeAcraBe
cneAHoTO ypaBHeHhe: cbc

E"., E".
A-->B -C
E^,
flpegcraaere eHeprerhqHara
AnarpaMaHa TO3tlnpoLlec,aKo aKTilBnpauJnTe
eHepFill4Ce OTHaCFTnO cfle,qHVA
Hat/nH:

Eat> Eaz v Eas> Eal.

flaitre Heo6xogrM
hre o6scHenrc.
Or rareo 3aBucvaKTLtBhpaularaeHeprneHaAa,qeH
npoqec.

29- Kar ule ce npoMeHrcKopocrraHaoKrcfleHhero

Hasoz go sos aKo.
a) xoHqenrpalt'ATana soz ce noBilr.r,
n Tpu nbrv
6) renaneparyparace noHrxh
a) ce npr,r6aeil
NO
,Qarareo6gcHeHus.
 mcKuu3numno xuuus.201g

30. flpegcraeere eHeprerilqHara

AuarpaMaHa cne+HneBepilxeH npollec,
npoTl4qaHa ABa eTana xofiro

1)A-->t _ Qr
2) B-----------
6
Kaxuee ronnnHHrarr esexr Qz sa BTopr,reran, aro o6uln'T
TonflilHenesexr
Q Ha npeepbulaHeroHaA e C e nonox ureneu?
flocoqere Ha eHeprer[qHara
AnarpaMaTonflilHHl4re eSerrr: er, ez, e r
aKTilBrpaulilTeeHeprvluHaABaraerana - Ear, Eaz,
aro nbpBl4FT eran nporl4Lra
no-6aeHo or BTopt/e.
[arare o6qcHeHilq.

31' B rpra enpyBerKl46es erhxerv

ufta BoAHl4pa3rBopl4Ha NHncl,
AlGlo n cuclz:
a) xaro r3nofl3BaTecaMo eAnHpeaKTrB
paenosHafiTeB Kor enpyeerra
pa3TBOpce HaMilpa xoi
6) xon or nocoqeHilTecofll4 qe
ce xilAponil3hpa B uail-ronnaa creneH,
3Haere, qe KoHCTaHTilTe aKo
Ha Ay,coqnaq, lfl(Ko) na nonyLtaBat4hre
xl4.poKc,At' HaManflBarB pe'a: ce
cu(oH)2, Ar(oH)r, NHTOH.'

32' flpegcraeere c xhMl4qHo ypaBHeHhe

B3ahMoAerzcreilero
na Mg c cHlcooH ra
xapaKrepr eupailrenpoqeca.
lz'lspaoerecKopocrra Ha peaKqnera.
o6qcHere, qe uMa nu npoMeHa
cKopocrra,aKoce npu6aan:
a ) C H TC OON a
6) eoga
lawe o6ccHeHms.

33' l-lpr osaruo4etzcrareHaHarpr4eBa

con A c xouqeHTpilpaHaoKcoKrceflruaE ce
nonyl.'raBa
ras B c ocrpa 3aAylunnBaMUpnsMa.
r:,pnpa3rBapeHe
ua B BbBBOAa
ce nonyvaBaKucenvHa r-,a npn oKilCneHilena B ce oopaayeaBeulecrBoro or
ce nonyqaBaoKcoKl4cerilHara [,
E. onpepeflere BeulecrBaraA, E,
ll"t" B, f n
lzlspaserec xuMVisHtAypaBHeHr fl onncaHvtre caoficrea.
Kaxce Haphqarcofl[Te Ha Kncennurre
5 n f, gahtenprMepil.

34' Karo ilsnor3Bare MeraflilTe

xerfl3o, MeA, cpe 6po u noAxo'eu_l
nonyqere coflilTe xene3eH Cynsar, tA Kucena'Hn,
MeAeH Cynsar ra cpe6upeH Hhrpar.
l'4s6epereApyra con, KoflToc HsKos
or nocor{eHrre co''4, Moxe ga
KonohrqeH pa3TBop'lzlapaserenpoqecilTe o6paayea
c xhMr4L{H14
ypaBHeHnA nnpe'craBere
cTpoexa Ha KonorAHaTaqacT[ua.

I
M. Cmauqeea,ll. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea

35. l-lonyverecbeAhHeHrerazn(oHlz ra Hzso+ or Zns. C

KoLlor cne4Hnre
Beu4ecrBa:Cu, HGl, NaOH,BaClz,Fe(OH)s MorarAa pearilpar Zn(OH)z n
Hzso+. lzlspasere npor4l{ar4hre npoqecil c xt*Mt*qHnypaBHeHre
u Aahre
ueo6xogr Milre o6ccHeHilc.

36. l-lpegcraaereBb3MoxHnreB3ailMoAe hcteunna NaoH c: cu, zn, crz,Sor, NHs,

NH+CI,ZnClzraMgClz.
flpe4craaereocHoBHr/F MeroA3a nonyqaBaHe HaHarpileBaocHoBa.
lzlapasere
npoLlecilTe
c xilMrlrrHl4
ypaBHeH.Aflt4 gaine o6qcHeFrnc.

37. TlepaserecxvntleHvtypaBHeHnA npexo4l4:

AaAeH.ATe
Fe,s,<-J- Fect.-*[-rFe(oH), 9 , Fe,o,
lu
Fe,o,l-+ rL -3--- Fect,-i-+ -l-,
Fe(oH), Fe(oH).
I

lz
t
. FeS
c noAxogAuJtA
xunvttlHt4
B3ailMO4erzcrene
onpeAenerexapaKTepa
Ha Fe(oH)zra
Fe(OH)e.lame o6scHeHhq

38' l-lpeqcraeerexrApo nv3araHaKanheBaqerar. lle ce noBnhne

nuxvt4ponv3ara
Ha Ta3il COnTa,aKo:
a) pasraopbr pa3peAil
6) xurvrpa3rBopace npu6aeraHCI
a) xuu pa3rBopace npn6aeraKOH
r) paereopbrce 3arpee

39' flpegcraeere Bb3MoxHrreB3ailMoAeilctavta

Ha BeqecrBara Fe,Zn,Cu raNoz
c BoAa, pa3peAeHacqpHa KHCenrHa,KoHqeHTphpaHa crpHa Kncenytr|an
HarpreBaocHoBa.O6scuerenpil KaKBh ycnoBhsqe ce h3Bbpu1ar peaKqhhre.

10
 C6opuuxsadartusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnum no xuuun.201g

40. lzlspaeerec xnMl4LlHr4

ypaBHeHilflAaAeHilTenpexoAr4:

Pbo
I
l6
PbS<---1 Pb --i------- P b (NOs)z4 pb(gH)r-lq----- Nar[Pb(OH)+J
I
\
\
2\
/
/ t, lI s
/+ I'
Y
l / 3 v rr
bo- P b cl2 -
Pb( OH) N03 Pb(N03)2
XaparrepwsupailteBceKaeAHaor peaKqrilre.
OnnrHoAoKaxerearvr$orepnnexapaKrepHa pb(OH)2.

41. SesqaereHrag A, xorzroe 6es Milpr43Ma, roph B cbA, nbneH c KilcnopoA.

flonyvaaace BeqecrBoroE, Koeronph B3ailMogerZcrare
c oKcr/AHas-eneMeHT
o6pasyaaBellecrBoroB. Bogurnr pa3TBop Ha B nporueHnqBeraHanaKMycaB
cru. BeqecrBoro B ruoxe Aa 6uge AoKa3aHoc pa3rBopHa KzSO+.Kon ca
BeqecrBaraA,ErB.
l4spaeerec ypaBHeHile
cborBerHhrexilMt4r{Hr4
npoqechu Aahteo6ccFteHnc.

42. Kuu pasreop Ha Me[Ha con c pH < z ce npn6aafl pa3rBop Ha Harp[eBa con c
pH > 7. flonyvaBa ce cnHbo-3eneHayrafixa A u pa3rBop E. vrararara A ce
orAenF or pa3TBopa E. Kurv ytahxata A ce npv1aen coflHa KilcenhHa,
na6nrcgaea ce pa3TBapflHeHa yrarlxara il orAenflHe Ha 6eguaereH ras B.
Bo4unnr pa3TBopua B npoaBeBaKrcennHeHxapaKrep. Kuru ocraH ann1 cne,q
orAeneHe Ha yrarlxara pa3rBop E, ce npra6aenpa3rBopl4Macpe6upHa con.
flonyvaaa ce 6qna ytahxa f .
Kor ca il3xo,qHilTeconnv cbeAhHeHu+ra,o6osFraqeHrc 6yxeilTe A, E, B r l-.
flafire o6scueure n v3pa3ere c xilMr4qHr4
ypaBHe+wflonncaHilTeceorzcrea.

43. B vernpm enpyBerKn 6eg ernxeril ce HaMilpar noor,qenHoBoAHr4pa3TBophHa

cneAHilrecbeqilHeHrn:AgNOs, Mg(NOs)2,NaOH raZn(NOl)2.Karo h3non3Bare
nocoqeHhrepa3TBopt4r npocroro Beu.lecrBoGu, pasnosHalZrecbe,qilHeHvlera.

11
M. Cmau,aeea,
fl. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea

44. Kou or us6poeHrreBeqecrBan ilounOz, Nz, Fe2*.

Fe3*, H*, Hz tt S2', Morar Aa
ce npoFBFBaT:
a) caMo Karo peAyKTOpl4
6) carvroKaro oKt/cnvrenvl
e) xaro peAyKTopt4n oolcnvrenn
O6ocHoeere orroBopvre cv u gailte npilMepil.

45' Kor or eneMeHThreB nocorleHilTeCTeneHrHa

oKhcfleHile5*6, c*4, cr*2,so, p-3,
C-a vorar ga 6u4ar:
a) cavo pe4yKropl4
6) carvroonncnnrent/l
B) eAHOBpeMeHHO peAyKropt4t4 o|(ucnnTenu
O6ocHoeere orroBopnre cv u gahte npilMepil.

46. lle ce noBfll4'enn xntrponv3araHa HarpleB qhaH,n',

aKo:
a) pasreopbr Hara3il cor ce pa3pe4h
6) rurvrpa3TBopa Haconra ce go6aer corHa Khcen,,,Ha
e) xumpa3TBOpa Haconra ce go6aeu HarpheBxn.poKcr4A.
o6ocnoeere orroBopvrecv il t43pa3ere c ypaBHeHVextAMt*eHhrenpolrecil.

47. B luecr enpyBerKil6es erilxerr ce HaMilpaT no

oTAenHO BOAHI4pa3TBOph Ha:
AgNOs,NaNOs,Mg(NOr)2,NaOH, Zn(NOr)zraAlCtg
,Qoxaxere B KoF enpyBerKaxofi pa3TBOpCe HaMnpa,aKo pa3nofiaraTe
c
npocroroeeqecrao Cu.

48' XhrMh'{eH efleMeHT cbc cne,qHara eneKTpoHHa xonsraryp aut',.

1s22s22p63s23po3de 4s2, o6pa3yBaoKcr4Ar4
c pa3n vqeHxuMt {eH xapaKrep. Kora
e xvunv.Hngr eneveHr?
lz'fapaserec xrMhL{Hr4ypaBHeHiln cneEHVAnpexog,
e xor4ro yqacrBar xnMnqHn
cbeAilHeHnAHa TO3ileneMeHT:

o KClutl--->xno pilA ----->xt4Apo*"rA 9e-1 X4,. xLtApoKcl4A

, / \
Hg/ \ NaoH
/ \
KOMNNCKCHA KOMNNCKCHA

12
 u3numno xuuun. 2018
ea xandudamcmydeumcKu
C1opuuxsada,au

49. AaAexraca BoAHt4 pa3rBopt4Ha conure lQS, Gu(NOr)zraNHrCl.

a) eusnaoxHo nu e Aa ce pa3no3Hanrc l4HguKarop
fiaire o6scHenus.
6) pasnosHaire c noMotqraHa eAhHpeaKThBKar[oHHaraqacr, a c Apyr
peaKTnB - aHuoHHara qacTHa cbeAuHeHugTa-
,[aire o6scuenns.

50. Konou4Hupa3rBopt4ffi nonyqeHnnpu B3auMoAeficrene HaBaGlzu AgNOs, xaro

or BaGlz, a B Apyru+ - Ha AgNOa-
B egrHufl cnyvai ce [3nofl3Ba u3nt4uJbK
llpe4craeere crpoexa Ha Konou.qHure qacruqt4 u Aailre o6ccHeH[c.
fipe4noxere ABaHaqhHa3a KoarynupaHerohM-

ypaBHeHueh onpeAe.nereBuAaHa B3anMo.qeicrehero

51. flpe4craeere c xuMl4r{Ho
Ha Mg c pa3rBopsa FeSOr.
l4apasere cKopoCTTaHa peaKqueTaV o6sCsere lqe uMa nt npoMFHa B
cKopocrra,aKoce npr6aau:
a) NazS
6) IQSOI
e) paspe4eHaHNOI
fiaire o6scHeHhc.

52. flpe4craeerepaBHoBecHnre Hacne4Hurenpoqecu:

KoHGTaHTU
Fe.Oo(re) + 4CO (r)s 3Fe (ra) + 4COz(r) - a

2CO (r) + Oz(r) - 2CO2(r)+ Q

N2 (r) * oz (r)- 2 No (r) - a

flpu rareu ycnoBns - KoHqeHTpaqhs,HangraHe h reMneparypa, xLlMrlqHoro
paBHoBecueu{e ce r3Mecrh HaAecHo. fiaire o6scHeHuc-

53. ,QageHu ca BoAHt4 pa3rBopl4 cbc cneAHure MonapHr KoHqeHrpaquh:

f mol/l rflK)Ko3a, 1 mol/l KanneB xJtcpllg n 3 mol/l3axapo3a
a) noApeflere pa3rBopnre no Bb3xoAflr{ peA Ha ocMorl4qHoro 14M
HaneraHe n o6ocnoeere orroBopa
6) onpegeflere npoMtHara Ha reMneparypara Ha KnneHe (4T10 Ha
pa3TBopl,lTeCnpFMOTa3UHa qUCTnflpa3TBoptlTen
flpegcraeere rpaQraqHou Aafrre o6ccHeHus.

13
M. Cmauqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,P. gepxesoea

54. B rpr enpyBerKil6ee erurerv vua no orgenHo Bo,qHilpa3rBopt4ua NH+CI,AlCla,

CuClz.
a) c xtAuttqHt B3arMoAehctet/ln paenoauarZre pa3TBopilTe, Karo
n3non3BaTe
caMo eAhHpeaKTuB.

6) ron or nocoqeHrre coflm ule ce xilAponil3hpa B Harl-ronsua creneH,

aKo 3HaeTe, qe KoHcTaHTilTeHa AnCOWiaLltAA Ha nonyL{aBaulilTece
ocHoBLH r p e A a :C u ( O H ) 2 A
l , a M a n e B aB , l ( O H ) s ,N H + O H .

55. c xonor rs6poeHilre

BeulecrBa:
zn,K,clz,coz, co, Hzso+,soz, cuGrz,Ga,
MgO, AlzOr, Zn(OH)z raHNOsule B3ailMo4erZcrea
BoAeHpa3rBopHa HarpheBa
ocHoBa. lzlspaaerec xhMl4qHn
ypaBHeHilgBb3MOXHilTe peaKqilh.
flonyvere HarpheBa ocHoBaor il3xoAHoBeulecrBo HarpreB xnopr4A.

56. 3onr or BaSO+ ca nonyL{eHnnpv cMecBaHeHa Ba(NOa)zraNazSO+.B eAnHVA

cnyvarZce pa6orr c il3nhubr or Ba(NOs)2,a B Apyrilfi c il3nilubr or NazSO+.
O6scuere KaKbB3apFA ule ilMar fpaHynhre B ABara cr'tyqae.
Kaxeil npoMeHilqe HacrbnflTc Koflol44Ht4Te
pa3TBopr,aKo:
a) ce npn6aeraKCI
6) npr cMecBaHeHa ,qBaraKonoilAHt/pa3TBopa

57. ,flageHoe ypaBHeHilero

HacnegHrnpaBHoBeceH
npoqec:

2NO + O, .- 2NO, + q

Kaxqe ce npoMeHnr:
1. PaeFtoeecHara
KoHcraHTa
2. CxopocrraHao6pasyeaHe
HaNOz,
aKo:
a) ce noBrruilTeMneparypara
6) ce yBenilqnKoHqeHrpaqn+raHa NO (T=const)
a) ce noenurvHan*raHero(T=const)

58. l-lonyverecu, HzSoa,cuSo+ or cuS. onrruo EoKaxerenonyqeHilre

cu,
HzSOa, CUSO+ il il3pa3ere c xilMl4r{Hr4
ypaBHeHhe.
flpegcraeere rpll xt4Mt4r{Ht4
B3ahMoAehctaua na GuSO+.

14
 usnumno xurvrus.
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
C1opuuxsada,au 2018

59. [lpegcraeere ypaBHeHilfl nocoqeHilTe npexoAl4:

c xilMt1L{Ht1

3'H2Soa-3----NpHSo4
n25-1---So2-2-----So3
6 1 5
9
$ -Z- so2 -!---- Na2so3 ' rua2doa
lro ./
11 12' '/13
rujzs ,Nacl NaoH

npoqech.
O6ccHere BnAa Ha xhMt4t{Hl4Te
flpegnoxere KaqecrBeHilpeaKutl. sa AoKa3BaHeHa NazSO+ u NazS.

npoqec:
cneAHhfloKilcnurenHo-peAyKULtoHeH
60. lr4apaaHere

FeSOo + HNOs + HzSO+ r'> Fer(SOa)3+ NO + H2O

floco.{ere erannre Ha il3paBHFBaHerou Aairneo6ccHeHnR.

.[arare nphMepil Ha oKrcflilTenHo-pegyKqiloHHt/npoqecn, npil Kol4To ce
ocbulecrBeBar cneAHhre npexo,qil:

Feo----->pg2* Feo----->pg3* Fa'* -----r tao

61. Kax qe ce npoMeHilcKopocrra Ha peaKqhera

2So2+o2-2So3+q
aKo.
a) xouqeHrpaqilFTaua oz ce yBenhqt4AB,anbTh
6) ce npvdaen Karanu3aropNO
a) ce noen[uilTeMneparypara
[arare o6ccHeF{hc.

15
 ,vrtvvvvs

62. o6ncHere h npegcraBere c xilMr4riHr4

ypaBHeHrqcneAHure npexoAr4:

1 2 3 4
N2 - NO ---a-------- NOr ---:----- H\O, >
l ^ l
lb ls
!NH3
, , , --- 7r__-______+- e i
NH4OH ttHolo,
l-lpr raxar ycnoBhflce h3BbpruBachHre3aHa NHg.
fiarzre o6qcHeHilc.

63' or raupg Cuclz nonyqere 6eseogeHcuSon il corHa KrcenrHa.

l-lpegcraaere
Tpl4xt4MrqHilB3ailMogehcteunHa CuSOa.
c Koil or nocoqeHilTe BeurecrBa: MeA, MeAeH oKGl4A,
6potvr, cpe6po,
cpe6rpen Hrrpar x HarpheB AXXhApOren$ocsar, Moxe qa
B3amMOAeNCraa
corrHaTa Kl4cenhHa.
ffailte o6qcHeHilAv nspa3ere c xilMt4qHilypaBHeH.AA.

64.' l'4spaeerec xnMt,lLtHl4

ypaBHeHnA cne}Httre npexoAu w pattr,e o6ccHeHrs ga
BVAaHa npollecilTe:

CaCO. -1* CaO -?-- Ca(OH;, -.9---- CaCt/-- CaCO.

t l
"l in i" I
co. i" lu is
,1 1-t + ' JY JV I
v
Cirllr--
*- CaC, Car(pOo)r<- Ca(NO.)r--- Ca(HCO.),

flpegnoxere HaqilH 3a pa3TBapeHeHa conhre KanqileB xap6oHar

il KaflLlheB
$ocgar.

65. lr4epasere c xvwvlttltl ypaBHeHrqcneAHnrenpeBpbr{aHvtl:

C, o----* Cu2a----Cu2!---->Cu11--* Cuo
lzla6epere Me,qHacon u npeAcraBere uerzpara eneKTponh3a.
.floxaxere
KaThoHHaTa qacT Ha conTa.
t4 aHVOHHaTa
f'lpegcraaere c xnwue*/ ypaBHeHilF nocoLreHhreB cxeMara
npeBpbulaHils:
Hanpaaere xapaKTepncrnKa Ha xilMr4r{HL1F
efleMeHTx'rop.

66. c xou or nocoqeHhre

BerrecrBa:Hzso+,HNos, Nazcog,AgNor, KoH raFe r4e
B3ahMoAetZcreaCaclz t npn KaKBrycnoBilF. lahe o6ccuennA n uspa3erec
xt4Mt4qHnypaBHeHilg.

16
 C6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuutus.201g

flpeAcraaere Lterilpt HaevHn3a nonyLtaBaHeHa CaGlz.

67. lr4spaeerec xilMt4trHr/ypaBHeHilc cnegHrre npexoAvl ,tAAahte o6ccHeHils Ha

B3ahMogeilcteuata:
^ .^ 1 2
------- 3
Ca(OH)r- "rO CaCO.----------
Ca(NO.),
ol
V
Ca(oH),
si
V
CaC!
ol
v
Ca;l CdHr+ -? "".R:+
ca(oH), ca(HCo,)2
\ ltz
re\l
CaCl,

Hanpaeere xapaKTephcrilKa
Ha xilMt4r{HhF
eneMeHrxanqri.

68. lr4apaserec xhMl4eHt4

ypaBHeHuFcne4Hilre npexotrt4:

7
Fe -----------> FeCl3
[Fe(H2o)6]cr3
,t \ --------n=*
| /
-l^
e.s 5Feo -j>2 Fe(No3)2j----
.
Fe(oH)2$ Fe(oH)3
''l ';l \
* I K3[Fe(oH)6]
,
H 2 S O a- F e S O a

Kaxra e xapaKTepbr Ha xilApoKcr4trilTe

Ha efleMeHTaFe. fipegnoxere HaqilH3a
pa3no3HaBaHeTo nM.

69. lzlspaserec xnMtavHt4

ypaBHeHhFnocoL{eHhre
npeBpbu]aHhnh rh o6ccxere:

17
M. Cmauqeea,Il. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea

'n,' znct2-J_>Zn(oH)2-1=---xu,[zn(oH)a]
lr +
I lu
2 Y + l {
ZnCb<- ZnO ---------->Zn ___l_____>NarZnOr

l. ln
vl + rl '"
o
Zn ZnSOa * BaSOa

Kaxvoxe Aa ce AoKaxeavr$orepnuqxapaKrepHa Zn(OHlz.[.ai'.e o6ccFteHilc.

70. lz4spaserec xilMr4LrHr4

ypaBHeHilscneAHhre npeBpbulaHne:
5

I
P ----------->
PzOs

Xa pa rrep vsupailt e BVAaHa n pon4r{aqhre npollecil.

f]pe4craaere B3arMoAerzcrailero Ha socsopna KrcenhHa c HarpueBa
ocHoBa n onpeAenere BVAa Ha cofiilTe, KOI4TOCe nonyqaBar. Kaxea
e
KilCenTHHOCTTa Ha BO.qHilTepa3TBOpl4 Ha Te3il COnn?

7 1 . cpaeHere orHaceHero Ha Meranrre Mg, Al n cu c pa3peAeHilvt c

KoHqeHTpl4paHil
pa3TBopilHa corHa KhcenhHa,cf,pHa KhcenuHa h HaTpheBa
ocHoBa.
llpegnoxere HaqilH3a AoKa3BaHeno eAHa con Ha BceKhMeran.

72. flaqeu e BoAeHpa3TBopHa oqerHa KhcenhHa. lle rauanil npoMFHaB creneHTa

Ha eneKTponilTHara,'qilcoLlilaLlnA,
a(o KbM pa3TBopace npu6aen:
a) CHgGOONa
6) NaCl
e) HzO
o6ccHeHilq.
,QarZre

73. flpe4craeere c ypaBHeHneBb3MoxHVre BsauuogerZcrevAHa NaOH ra HNOs

c
noco.qeHhre cbeAil HeHt49.o6qcHere BcflKo B3ail MOAeilCreile.

1B
 usnumno xumun.2018
C6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu

AI

<- NaOH + Al203 + HNO3 ---=>

Pb(oH)2
Mgo
sos

flpegnoxere no eAnH Mero4 3a nonyL{aBaHeHa HarpneBa ocHoBa u a3orHa

KUGCNHHA.

ypaBHeHrecneAHilTenpeBpbrJ-laHVA'.
74. hspasere c xhML1,.{H14
5
Al2(so4)3<-Al2o3
A
ol , y'lAt(Hzo)olcl:
, 1 7
AlCl3-------> AI(OH,,
i.-,
\Na3[Rl(OH)o]

,Qoraxere KaKbBe xapaKrepbr Ha A|(OH)o.

75. Hannuere 14il3paBHere xilMl4qHoroypaBHeHileHa B3ahMo4eilcrarero Mexgy

MeA il KOHqeHTpUpaHaa3OTHa KhcenhHa, npv KoeTo ce nonyqaBa MeAeH
Ar4Hr4Tpar,a3oreH oKcr44 14BoAa. flocoqere eranure Ha il3paBHnBaHeror
Dailte o6scueHns.
fahte no eAnHnpnMep Ha xuMr4veH npoqec, e rofiro:
a) aeornnnr aroM e pe4yKrop
6) asorHmflTaroM e oKhcnhren
e) p+* e eAHoBpeMeHHo peAyKToptAootcnvrefl B eAilH 14cblt1 npoqec.

76. Karonsnofl3Bare Al(OH)r,KOH, P, S, Oz vtHzO,nonyqere:

cnegHhreBerqecrBa

a) KIPO+ 6) KzSOa e)Alz(SO+)a r) Ka[Al(OH)o]

lzlspasere c xnMilL{Hr4ypaBHeHrfl B3ailMoAeilcteunta tA pahte o6scuennR.

llpegcraeere Ailcoquaqv+Ta Ha nonyqeHilTeconh h rh AoKaxere.
77. B vermpmenpyBerKrhMa BoAHr4 pa3rBopr4 Ha Soc$opHa Khcenuua.KuvrnbpBr4F
pa3TBopce npra6aanHarpileBaocHoBa,KbM BTopl4r- KanqileBaocHoBa,KbM

19
M. Cmau,teea,fl. Maxedoucxu,p. Vepxesoea

Tperuq - Harp[eB xap6onar, a KbM LterBbpllq -

HarpileB Hurpar. l4spaeere c
xuMVqHUypaBHeHilFnpoil4qau4hrenpollech n
}ahte ooccHeHilC.
Axo Socsopnara 'o^cenuHa h HarpileBara ocHoBa B3arMo,,qeracrear
B
orHolueHile1:3, KaKBou]e 6uAe pH Ha paeraopa?

78. flpe4craeere eHeprerilqHara

AnarpaMa Ha cne4HnF Bepv>xeHnpoqec, KorzTo
npoTr4qaHa ABa eTana:

1 )A + B g c + e r kz
2 l c ---+ D+Qz

aKo cKopocrHara KoHcraHTa kr

Bpb3KaTa Ha cKopocTHaTa
KOHCTaHTat4 aKTrBnpaulaTaeHeprrn?
Onpe4enere o6ulrn ronnilHeH eSerr Ha npolleca.

79- Ea$euvtca pa3TBopilc eAHaKBaMonapHa

KoHqeHTpaqnnHa: KarheB xnophA,
cgpHa KhcenuHa, oLleTHaKhcer|l4Han 3axapo3a.
flogpepere pa3rBophre:
a) no HapacrBaHeHa Ap
6) no HapacrBaHeua ATx raAT3
flpe4craeere rpa$rant n gailte o6ccHenhs.

80. ,4aAenra
ca cneAHrreconr: Bacrz,Naspon,Baso+, cas(pol)zra
GaGos.KuNa
BCFKaOT COfll4Tece npn6aea BoAa. Kor or
TFX Ce pa3TBaper Ll KaKBa e
KhceflilHHOCTTa Ha nonyL{eHrrepasraopn?
Kutr'tconure, Kol4ToHe ce pa3TBapgrBbB BoAa,
ce npraoaagconHa KrcenhHa.
Kareil xtAMtleHtlB3an MoAeilct ans n porrvar?
,QarZreo6qcFtenilA t ttspa3ere c ypaBHeHVA.
.[oraxere connre BaGlzraNaspoa no KariloHHarauaHroHHara qacr.

20
 usnum no xuuus.2018
C6opuuxsadaquea xandudamcmydeumcKLt

81. ,flaAenuca cne4Hilre qeotaru efleKTponilTrl:

NHaCIraNaOH AlClg r NaOH

CuSOa vr NaOH KzSO+u NaOH

a) npraKohor rFX qe nporeqe xnMnqHapeaxqnn?

lzlspaserec xllMnLtHtlypaBHeHhch o6ccFlere 3aulo.
6) xax ule pa3no3HaerenpoAyKTr4Te Ha peaKquilTe,Kohro nporl4qar.
a) npe4noxere HaLtktH 3a nonyqaBaHeHa BcFKae,qHaor nocoqeHilTe
conh.

82. B KaKBa nocoKa ule ce n3MecrLr paBHoBecilero B cneAHara paBHoBecHa

chcTeMa:
NzO+(r)i 2NOz(r)- a
npn:
a) go6aanHeHaNzO+
Ha NOzor cl4creMara
6) r,rseexqaHero
e) noailuaBaHeHa HaflFraHero
Hao6eua Ha peaKql4oHHl4fl
r) yaenravaBaHe cbp
g) nonrxaBaHeHareMneparypara.
o6qcHenhc.
.QarZre

83. Kaxea e KilceflilHHocrraHa Bo,qHnrepa3TBopuHa KanneBrre coflil Ha $enon,

ce xil,qponr3ilpa B HatZ-roncMa
oqerHa u 6exsoeHa KhcenuHa. KorZpa3TBopr-t.1e
cTeneH V ear.Uo? Kax MoXe Aa ce HaMaflil HeroBaTa Xn4ponu3a. flatZre
o6ccHeHne.

84. ,[oxaxere pa3TBopt4TeHa cne4HilTe cbeAVHeHVfl'.

NaOH, HGl, Feclo, Baclz, GuSOa raAgNOr, Karo il3non3BareB3ailMoAehcraun
MexAy rnx. flpegcraBere c ypaBHeHnexHMI4L{HNTepeaKquv.Kon or nocoqeH!4Te
conl4 HFMaAa XnApont snpa tt zat4o?

85. Kou ca xhMr4LtHtlTeeneMeHTh, Ll4qro eneKTpoHHa roH$rrypat-\t4+ Ha BbHLuHl4F

cnorZe: 1) 4s1; 2) 2s22p3;3) 3s23p4;4) 4s24ps.
eneKrpoHen
flpe4craaere nonyqaBaHero Ha rexHnre BoAopoAHt4cbegt HeHuA. Kaxle e
Bil,qbT Ha xhMl4qHilTe Bpb3Kl4B TFX.
lr4apasere c xllMt4L{H14ypaBHeHilF Bb3MoxHt/Te B3ahMoAeilctewn Ha re3il
cbegilHeHnn cHzO n KOH.

21
M. Cmau,aeea,
fl. Maxedouct<u,
P.1epxesoea

86. llpegcraeere xhAponvsara Ha cne,qHilreconr HCOONa, CHsGOONa, NH+GI,

NaF m onpeAenere pH Ha pa3rBopilre.
flawe o6ccHeHueKoFor conilTe Ha opraHilqHilTeKAcenvHAule xilAponh3ilpa B
no-ronqMacTeneH.

87. Kax u1ece npoMeHra pH Ha AecrilnilpaHaBoAa,aKo KbMHee ce npu6aanr:

Na, Glz, KCl, (NH+)zGOs,
NHs, SOz raKzSOs.
[arZre o6ccHeHfic.
flpegnoxere HaL{ilH3a AoKa3BaHeHa BceKheAilH or nonyqeHhre pa3TBopr4.

88. ,flatreue cneAHiln paBHoBeceHnpoqec:

-
CHsCOOH+CHgOH - CHgCOOCHg+HzO
Kax r4e ce orpa3h Bbpxy paBHoBecHara KoHt-leHTpaqheHa ecrepa h Bbpxy
paBHoBecHaraKoHcraHTa,npn6aanHeroHa:

a) xonq. HzSO+ 6) NazCO3 B) NaOH

,[arareo6scHeHhq.

89. Karo ilsnon3Bare cne4Hilre cbe4ilHeHVev npocril Bel4ecrea: CuO, Ba(NOs)2,

HzSOa,Na, Oz, P, NHr uHzO, noflyqere:

a) HoPO+ 6) GuSO+ e) Gu(OH)z r) NaaPOa a) HNOr

flpegnoxere HaL{ilH3a EoKa3BaHeHa BcqKoeAHo or nonyqeHmTecbeEnHeqvn.

90. ,QageHae cneAHaraxhMltqHapeaKqrq:

2SO2 + Q2- 2SO3 + q

flpunoxere 3aKoHaea 4eticrene Ha Macnre il npeAcraBere il3pa3a3a cKopocrra

Ha peaKqileTa.
O6scHere:
a) ule uMa nv npoMFHaB cKopocrra Ha o6pasyaane Ha cepHnerpvtotctt1,
axo o6eua Ha peaKqnoHHt4ncbA ce HaManhEBa nbrn
6) npn KonreMneparypa -Tt wnwTz, cxopocrra Ha o6pasyeaneHa cepeH
TpLloKcLlA
e no-Bt4coKa,
aKo Tz>Tt
e) qe vMa nv npoMeHa B cKopocrra, aKo peaKqhnTa npon4qa B
nphcbcTBl4eHa a3oTeHoKcl4A
r) npegcraBere ycnoBVA3a il3MecrBaHeHa xilMl4LrHoro
paBHoBecheKbM
npoAyKraHa peaKqhFra.

22
 C6opnuxsada,ausa xau)udamcmydeumcKuusnum no xuuun. 2018

91. flpegcraaere c xllMllqHhypaBHeHilenocoLreHilTe

B cxeMara npeBpbulaHilF:

Onpegenere BilAa Ha BceKileAnHor npoqec[Te.

Hanpaeere xapaKTeptAcrnla
Ha xilMhqHhFeneMeHTBbrnepo4.

92. [lpeqcraeere c xnureHvt ypaBHeHhflnocoqeHhre B cxeMara npeBpbu{aHilfl:

z 3 -4
-C Or+
z N a,CO.j-
z r
NaCl - NaOH
- - -
1 / \ I

Feo H20
s\ ./
FeSOo;-* F"----> Fecla Fe(OH)r/1s
l-

Hanpaeere xapaKTephcruKa
Ha xhMt4L{HilF
eneMeHrxarpufr.

93. flpegcraeere ypaBHeHile nocoqeHilTe B cxeMara npeBpbqaHne:

c xa MtAvHtA
1 2
NO, - HNO2-* KNO,
5l
3 4 v
f- KOH- KNO3
6 7/
l' / '/ R
O
KCI --:-----Cl ^---Y---HCl
L

Hanpaeere xapaKTepvcrvta Ha xilMt4r{Hilq

eneMeHt xannil.

23
M. Cmauqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,P.Vepxesoea

94. flpe4craaere c xuut eHtAypaBHeHilenocoqeHilTeB cxeMara B3arMoEenctsun u

Aailte o6ccHexils.

_ CuSl-----Cuo?-----Cu(No.)2
t7
, +3
HrS Cu -j----* CyO i
8l ^,/
\

[o, P-* H,so/L !, (o.-l-*c u(o H;,-1?--'curo

peaKqrara
fioxaxere c KaqecrBeHil CuSOr r Cu(OH)2.

ypaBHeHrs nocoqeHilTeB cxeMara npeBpbqaHVfl t4rt

95. flpe4craeere c nAMV,vHtl'
o6ccHere:

1
BaCl, - K

10

Xapaxrep nltpahte xtAMuqHnAT

eneMeHTcfl pa.

96. flpocroro BeulecrBo A e veran cuc cpe6pncr LlBer,Hepa3TBopl4M BbB BoAa n

o6paayaaq 6nn cyn$r,rg E. Axo xul A ce npu6aaw anKanHa ocHoBa, ce
nonyqaBa pa3TBopr4Ma con B. PasreopilMa con l- o6pasyea Beu{ecrBoroA r npn
B3ailMoAetZcrehecbc cr4nHaoKcoKilceflrHa.Or conra l- uoxe Aa ce nonyL{r4
xt4gpoKct4A,[. Meranur A uoxe Aa ce nonyqh npil oKhcneHilena E n cneABau4a
peAyKqt4s.HanrLuere ypaBHeHnATaHa onilcaHilTexhMl4t{Hr4 B3ahMo,qeincteusu
onpeAenere Koh ca Beu.lecrBaraA, E, B, l- n [.
OnurHo AoKaxere KaKbBe xapaKrepa Ha xra4poxcraga [.

97. llpocroro rBbptro Beu]ecrBoA esanN4ogeficreac ra3 5, B pe3ynrar Ha Koero ce

nonyqaBa ras B c xapaKTepHaHenpv+rHa Mhpr43Ma.Aro A ce oKilcflt4,ce
nonyqaBagpyr 6esqBereHrag l- c xapaKrepHaocrpa, Apa3HerqaMilpt43Ma. Tosil
ras l- Moxe Aa ce nonyqil n npv oKilcneHile Ha B. Or ras l- npraKarannrrlr{Ho
oKilcneHrece o6pasyea[ - il3xoEHacypoBnHa3a nonyL{aBaHe Ha oKcoKncenrHa
ypaBHeHnA
E. fiararexmMilL{Hl4Te Ha onhcaHnre npollecil.
f'lpe4craaere B3arMogerlcreunra Ha Meranilre Zn, Pb u Fe c KoHqeHTpmpaHa m
pa3pepeHaoKcoKr4cennsa E.

24
 c6opuux sada'ausa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnum no xuuus. 201g

98' Ea$eun ca BoAHt4pa3TBopt4Ha: rrKlKo3a, 3axapo3a

h HarpleB xnopn4, Karo
BCeKn eA4H OT pa3TBopilTe cbAbpxa 10 g BeulecrBo
B eAnH nrrbp or
nocoqeHnTepa3TBOp14.
f'lo4pegere pa3rBopilre:
a) no HapacrBaHeHa ocMon4qHoroHaneraHe
6) no HapacrBaHeua 4T6 raAT3
l-lpegcraeere rpa$raqHon Aailre o6ccHeHilc.

99. [a4en e pa3rBop Ha NaOH c KoHqeHrpaLlill

1 .10-3 mol/1. Onpegenere
KoHqeHrpa\vAra Ha BoAopo4Hrre KarvoHtt u pH. ltle
I ce npoM eHil nu pH ua
pa3TBopa,aKo KbMHero ce npn6aen:
a) cuqnr o6erupa3rBopHa Hcr c KoHqeHrpaqvte
l.lo-3 mor/l
6) cur4ran
o6ev pa3rBopna cHscooH c KoHqeHrpa4uaL 10-3mol/l
e) cuuJano6ev pa3rBopHa Hzso+c KoHLleHrpalinA
1.10-3
mol/|.
O6ocHoeereorroBopvre cn.

100.f]pr B3anMoAeficreileroHa rBbptro Hepa3rBopr4Mo BbB BoEa seulecrsoA c

KVCenVHa ce orAene ra3 E, rorzro e 6eg qBFT14MtlpagMa.Axo E ce
nponycKa
npe3 BoEeHpa3TBopHa BeulecrBoroB, xoeto npoMeHeqBera
Ha naKMycaB
cr4Hbo,ce noflyqaBa con r. paereopur Ha l- c pa3rBop
Ha caGlz AaBa
BeulecrBoroA.
flocoqere Kouca BeulecrBataA, E, B n l-. lz4epasere
npon4LraulilTe
npoqechcbc
CbOTBETHilTC XhMhI]H I4
YPABHEHUA.
fipegcraeere ABa HaqhHa3a pa3TBapnHe
Ha A.

101. AageHtAca ypaBHeHnAra

Ha cneAHilTepaBHoBecHn
npoqech:

I 2NO,(r) 2NO (r) +Oz(r)+Q

L 20. (r) _e
I 30, (r)

2PbO(ra)+ 2SO2(r) : 2pbs (re)+ 30, (r) _e

a) npegcraBere paBHoBeCHara KoHcTaHTa 3a BCeKhe.qilHor
npoLlecilTe
6) ule ce npoMeHnnu paBHoBecHara KoHcraHTa, aKo
KOHqeHTpaU,nATa Ha il3XOAHrreBeulecrBa ce yBenilqil ABa nbrh
e) npraKaKBrycnoBnAXilMnqHoropaBHoBeCiler4e ce h3Mecril
Ha,qecHo

25
 p. Vepxesoea
M. Cmauqeea,J1.Marcedoucxu.

102.f1pe4craBereeneKTponilTHaratrvcoqtatrA+ Ha cneAHilTecbe,qilHeHilflBbB
BoAeHpa3TBOp N OnpeAeneTe
KhCenilHHoCTTa Ha pa3TBopr,lTe:
Na2CO3, NaHCOo, Naz[Zn(OH)+], KAI(SO+)2,
N H +OH , H sP On n C u( OH) z

,[oxaxere c KaqecrBeHil
peaKqhil:Nazcos,KAI(so+)2,Hspoa ra cu(oH)2.
llpegcraeere xilAponh3ara Ha NazCOs v HaenH 3a HaManeBaHeroHa
xilAponil3aTa.

26
 c6opuuxsada,au
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xutvtus.201g

OPTAHUTIHAXUMUfl

1. l-lpuoxrcneHneua czHr ce noflyqaBanpoAyKr,xorzro goKa3Ba

ce C cu(oH)z ra
MoxeAa B3ailMogeicraac ollerHa Kxce.nuHa.
lzlspaserecx.AMtleHtAypaBHeHilF
n o6RcHereonvcaHlTeB3anMo peilueua.
flonyvere or CzH+rnnqvHr npe4craBereTptaxt1MtqHn
ceoficraa Ha rnvuvtHa.

2. cueqrueHhe c MoneKynHa
soprraynaGsHao Moxe Aa B3arMogerzcrea
cuc
conHa K|,rceflhHa,a npn HarpeBaHeB nphcbcrBile
Ha KOHqeHTpr4paHa cflpHa
KhcenuHa B3ahMoAeilcraac oqerHa KlrcenhHa. lz,lsxogHoro
cbeAilHeHileMoxe
Aa ce owAcnv Ao qpyro c MoneKyneHcbcrae csHoo, Koero ce
AoKa3Bac
aMoHFqeHpa3rBop ua AgzO. Kou ca cbeAilHeHUna?
l-lpe4craaere il o6scHere
onilcaHhrecaofcraa c xrMilqHr ypaBHeHilff.

3. fipr oxrcneHile Ha arKoxon c MoneKynHa

$opMyna csHrzo ce nonyl{aBacMec
or xap60xcnnHnRVCenvHvt, eAHaOTKO]4TOe 6yranoea KhcenhHa, BbrflepoAeH
Ar4oKGn'qu BOAa.OnpeAenere rofi e h3xoAHl4FTarKoxon il npe4craBere rpr
xlAMtAqHUCeOl4CrgaHa anKoxona.

4. or anxoxon c MofleKynHaeopvryna GeHeo noflyqere

ABe cbeAv,6eHnfl,Kol4To
Morar Aa B3ailMoqerzcrearc uuaHoBOAOpOAil
Ce pa3no3HaBarc aMoHeqeH
pa3rBop ua AgzO unu eenuHroB pa3rBop.
Kotae anKoxoflbr, npeAcraBere rpil xuntlrrHnceorZcraa
Ha ro3l4 anKoxon.
Ha nonyLreHilTe or aJ'rKoxona cbeAilHeHilq,
ABe npeAcraBere no eAHa
3aMecThTenHa peaKqhe.

5. or ne$r nonyqere rprrnnqep vtra rpncreaphH u

Eunenrv+a rnn.rnnrnn.rnH.
Kar qe pa3nilqhre ABere nonyqeHh cbeAilHeHhn.
Kaxeo o6rLlo xr4Ml4qHo
caoficreo nprrexa Bat? vlspaeerenpoqechre c xvMt,,!|HU
ypaBHeHilfl .

6. ['lpegcraeere xilMt4LtHilTeB3ahvogerlcre ue Ha
cne4HilTe cbeAilHeHhF: nponeH,
nponHH, erhroB ecrep Ha nponaHoBara K.ncenrHa, nponuraMhH 14
3axapo3ac Bofla.
XapaxrepusupahteBceKileAilHor nport4r{aqilTe
npollecu.

27
M. Cmauqeea,J7.Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea

7. ,QaAeHra ca Bo,qHnpa3TBopr4Ha rnpKo3a, 3axapoaa, $pyKTo3a u HnuJecre.

nfloxaxere c KaqecrBeHilpeaKqrr nocoqeHure cbegVHeHnA.f1ai6e o6acueuns u
r3pa3eTec xrMhqHr ypaBHeHhF.
['l pegcra eere qeril p u xtAMrAeHtA
ceo rZcraa Ha rfl Io Ko3ara.

8. [aEeHo e opraHilL{Ho
cbeAhHeHue cbc cbcrae csHoos,KoeroB3ahMoAeficreac
erunoB anKoxor' oqerHa KrcerhHa h HarpneBaocHoBa,Ho He peAyqnpa
OenuxroB pa3TBop.Koe e ToBacbe4hHeHue.IAzpasere c xvnvielvtypaBHeHilq
onncaHnreB3arMoA enctenn.
f'lonyvereAageHorocbe4ilHeHfieor CsHa.

9. Kor or nocoL{eHnrecbeAilHeHVA:MerhraMnH, aHrflrH, eraHor 14qenyno3a

Morar Aa B3ahMofleficrear c opraHilLrHr4]4 HeopraHilLtHt4RVcenvHV.
flarire
o6scHeHrflil n3pa3erec xrMhLtHr4
ypaBHeHnA.
llpegnoxere KaqecrBeHhpeaKqw ga AoKa3BaHeHa aHunnH il eraHon.

10. Kos e cne4Hara aMltHoKt4cenilHa:

HO-CH2 _CH_COOH

NHz
flpegcraeere c xilMt4t{Hr4
ypaBHeHnFB3ailMoAerZcrereroracuc coflHa KilcenrHa,
HarpneBa ocHoBa, erhfloB aflKoxofl, oqerHa KilcennHa n rnuqnH.
fahe
o6ccHeHhs.

11. or nponaHon noflyL{ereanaHhHr/ Arnenrn4aanaHunanaHn4 Kar MorarAa

ce pa3no3HaFTBOAHilTepa3TBOpl/Ha rnhqepon, rflK)Ko3a v Annenrntra
araHhnaflaHhH, aKo ce il3non3BacaMo e,qilHpeaKThB.
fiarare o$ccHegilq"
C xrvnqpil ypaBHeHilenpeAcraBereoKilcneHreroH pe4yKqr4eraHa rn19Ko3a7
av$orepxrn xapaKTepHa anaHuHa.

12. PagnosHarzreBoAHrre pa3rBopl4 Ha rnrqepon, nponaHon, nponaHan u

rnK)Ko3a,aKo pa3nonararec pa3TBopnua CuSO+ N NaOH.,QarZreo6ccHeHilq.
flpeAcraaere ecrepn$nxatrynra Ha rnhr{epona c HeopraHhqHah opraHilqHa
KrceflilHa.

28
 c6opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuuus. 201g

13. Kon or nocoLreHilTecbeAlrHIHVA:6exsex, eraHon,

rnxqepon r sexon Morar
Aa B3ahMoAetzcraarc HeopraHnvHnKucennHn.
fiarare o6scHeune n vtspa3erec
xtAMtAqHV
ypaBHeH[r' f'lpeqnoxere HaL{hH3a
AoKa3BaHeHa eraHorr, rnhqepon
r $exon.

14' or eo4eH ra3 nonyLlete: 2'6pordo6eHsoeHa

il 3-6porvro6eH3oeHaKrcenhHa.
flpe4craaere nonyqaBaHero Ha verrpn npofi3BoA
Hn Ha 3-6portao6eH3oeHara
KrcenhHa.
flarare o6qcHeHilA tAvgpa3ere c xvMtlr{Hl4ypaBHeHuA.

15' 3a raoueprre A r E cuc cbcraB cgHrz e u3BecrHo,qe

h3oMepA npraoKilcr.reHile
ce npeBpbqa B 6eHsoeHa KrcefluHa, a il3oMep
E e r3xogHo BeulecrBo 3a
nonyLtaBaHeHa Sexon u aqeroH.
a) xora ca ABara' 430Mepa A n E, h3pa3ere c
xhMl4LrHl4
ypaBHeHrg
nocoqeHilTe B3ahMoA eilqevn.
6) npeAcraBere xnMn'Hl4TeB3ahMoAehcrens Ha
sexon c BoAa,
oqeTeH aHxrgpl4A r,rsopuranAexhA.

16. HarrueHyeahte xvNturlHorocbeAnHeHtae:

-c<o
CH2:CH
-OC2H5
Tlspasere c xrMilqHn ypaBHeHnAB3auMoAeficrenero
Ha roBa cbeAilHeHile c
BOAa,aMoHflKU XnOpoBoAOpOA.
f'lpegnoxere HaqilH3a AoKa3BaHeHa xvl4ponv3HllTe
npoAyKTLlHa nocoqeHoro
cbeAilHeHile.

17' or nonnsaxapv}aHxuecre nonytrereerhroB anKoxon.

Kax rire AoKaxerec
KaqecrBeHnpeaKqnnHhuecreTo r anKoxona? flpe4craeere qerhpv
xnMVgHV
B3ailMOAeilcteua
HaarKoxofla, nph Kor4TO
CeOTAengBoAa.
hspaserec xtAMVeHVt
ypaBHeHil
a n pahte o6gcHenrg.

29
 18. Kor ca Beu{ecrBaraA, E, B n l-, npegcraBeHhHa
cxeMara:

KOH
n" ----------------+
H"O tol
b -----i----+ B -----------* |
(anxox.)
p-p I I
lnonrMe- II Io1
f'43aqhs
fCH, c H,)n
+
cMec oT MaCTHl4
uouorap6oKcl4flH14
C .H , K4CenuHu

zepaeere c xu*t'qHt' ypaBHeHilflnpexoAhre. fipegcraeere

rpn X14Mt4L.|H1,1
caolzcreaHa Beu1ecreoro
A.

1 9 . Pagnonararec 1-nponaxon v HeopraHilqHn Beulectaa.rlepa3erexilMr4qHilTe

B3arMorqeilcrBl
s, npil Kot4To
ce nonyL{aBar:
a) Senr,rnaMuH; 6) nponaxon; e) nponanan;
f'lpeqcraaereBb3MoxHrreB3arMoAeilctann Ha Te3HcbeAilHeH
ua c 6pou n
conHa Krcer|rHa.
o6ocHoeereorroBopnrecn. pasnogHalzTenponaHoH14nponaHan.

20. Or 1-nponaHonil HeopraHilvHrBeu_lecrBa

nonyqere:
a) Sexon
6) 6exsoeHaKhcenxHa
llpe4craeere B3ailMogeitcteunra
Ha sexon h 6eHsoeHaKucenhnac 6ponar
a3oTHaKUCenhHa. KuAepeaKqrrre ce il3Bbpr.uBar
no-flecHo14sauo?

2 1 . ,4aAenra ca cneAHrre crreA,HeHilr: 2-xn4poxcr6eHsoeHa

KhceflhHa,
MeraHoBaKrcerhHa u fnuunnrnhqxH. 3a ecsxoeAHO
OTTgXnpeAcraBerec
xnMnvHVypaBHeHhF no ABe xvutAqvHtl
ceoficrea.
flpe4noxere HaLrilH
3a AoKa3BaHe Ha nocoqeHilTecbeArHe*vt*.

30
 c6opuux sadaqusa xau)udamcmydeumcKtiusnum no xunrus.201g

22. fipegcraaere c xvtMtlvHtlypaBHeHilFcneAHrlTenpeBpbr4aHVeHa rnpKo3a:

UJECTBANCHTEH
AfiKOXON
t
neHTaaqeTHnrnCIKo3a
I
+- rn1gKg3a-> rn1gKOHOga
KilCefinHa
II
+
eTaHon
Xapaxrepnsnpaitre npoqecilre.
Kaxce pa3no3HaBa rnpKo3a or Spyxro3a.

23. lz'lspaeere
c xrMt4t{Hl4
ypaBHeHile
npol{ecilTeor AaAeHarapeaKqnoHHa
cxeMa:

H2o'6 o2:io'9u- o(rvrno)-cvec or MpaBL{eHa,

A e " oqerHa
-H2o-tr
il nponaHoBa
KilcennHh

Kor ca cbeArHeHuATaA, E ra B. flpe4craeere rph xvintelvt B3ahMoAehcrena

Ha cbe4ilHeurero A.

24. or xercan nonyqere nponaHoBa KucenhHa n ueiluo npoh3BoAHo c MoneKynHa

Qoplyna coHrzoz. 3a nporaeoAHoro e xapaKrepHo:He npilrexaB a KAcenvHHtA
ceoicrga, ManKopa3TBopl4MO BbB BOAa, B3ailMo4eiCrea c aMoHFK V Ce
xvtrponu3upa.
lz4spaserec xvMtAqHtA
ypa BHeHilq nocoqeHhre B3ail Mogerzcrann.'

25. klspaaere cxnMn.!,HVypaBHeHilflcfleAHhre npeBpbu{aHVA:

o-A t"*-EHzo'H+
cH3cH2oH B

*tt *""*- HzO' H+

cH3cH2OH - " [ E

Onpepenere Kouca cbe4uHeHuATa, o3HaqeHrc 6yrar.

flpe4craaere rpil xt MtleHtlceorzcraa na B.

31
M. Cmanqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,P.4epxesoea

26. Or opraHhqHo cbeghHeHile A c MoneKynHa Sopuyna GzHoO nonyqere

apoMareH anKoxon E il apoMarHa KilcennHa B. Onpe4enere KoLt ca
cbeAhHeHnnta A,6 n B?
flpe4craeere rpil xrMr4qHh B3anMo4ehctevn Ha cbeAilHeHhero A tA ro
nOnYL{eTeOTMeTaH'

27. Hanrurere gea $yHxqnoHanHhu3oMepa A u E Ha cbegrHeHhe cbc cbcraB

GaHaOz, Kol4To Morar Aa B3anMoAefrcrear c aMoHeK. lzleorvrepA e
ManKopa3TBopr4M BbB BoAa n He nponBflBaKilcent HHVtceorZcrea.lzloouep E e
go6pe pa3TBopr4MBbB BoAa, nua acilMerpilqeH BbrnepopeH aroM t ce
oKilcnFBaor aMoHFqeHpa3TBopHa AgzO. Tlspaaere npoqecnre c xilMr4L{Ht4
ypaBHeHnfl.
B3ailuogefrcraile Ha A c eo4a.
flpegcraeere xhMLlLrHoro

28. B vernpn enpyBerKil6es ernxerv vua BoAHr4 pa3TBopl4

Ha $oprvrarAexhA,
aqeroH, rrtoKo3a r 3axapo3a. OnurHo pasnoeuatZre pa3TBOp14Te KaTO
il3non3BarecaMoeAilHpeaKTnB. fawe o6scHeuus.
Kon or nocoqeHilTeBeu4ecrBaMorar Aa yLtacrBar B o6paayeaHeroHa
B14coKoMoneKynHil cbeAnHeHvin. laht e npil Mepr.

29. lzlapaserec xnMhqHnypaBHeHilecneAHilre npexo.qil:

QeHLrnosscTep Ha
can x qa4noBaraKl4can
hHa

eTHH ---------* cannqnnom K4wnHHa --------------> HaTpxeBcannqfinal

\ aqerllncannqxnoea
KHCENHHA

flarZre o6ccHeFrNsHa xilMr4qHilre B3ailvogeficrarn. flpegnoxere HaqilH

pa3no3HaBaHe Ha GannqnnoBa il aqeTnncannqunoBa KucenuHa.

32
 C5opuuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnum no xuuun. 201g

30. flpegcraeere ABa il3oMepaA raE Ha anKoxon c MoneKynHa$oprvrynaG+HroO,

Kol4Tonph oKilcneHnece npeBpbqar cborBerHo B cbeAilHeHvsB n l-, Karo caMo
B ce AoKa3Bac OenuxroB pa3TBop. Kora Morar Aa 6u4ar cbe4hHeHnera,
nocoLleHh c 6yxaure A, E, B u f? flpe4craaere qerhpt4 xr4MLlLtHl4
B3ailMo4eilctennHa cbeAilHeHre l-.

3 1 . Hannu:ere Eaa Qyuxqr4oHanHilil3oMepa A ra 6 Ha cbetrilHeHhecbc cbcraB

csHooz, Kohro Morar Aa B3ailMoAeracrearc aMoHrK. lzlsovrep A e
ManKopa3TBopl4M BbB BoAa u He npoFBFBaKncenvHHtA
csorZcrga,Ho Moxe Aa ce
xil.qponh3npa.lAtowiepE e go6pe pa3TBopr4MBbB BoAa, npoFBFBaKilcenilHHt4
cBor4cTBaH MOXeAa B3ailMOAenCrAa c anKoxonh.
Kon ca n3oMepmre?lAspaserec xuMtlqHr4 ypaBHeHVnnocoqeHilTe
B3ailMoAehctaunn rr o6Rcuere.

32. frageuu ca cneAHnre cbe,qilHeHrs: rnilqepon, sexon, aHnnnH n

aqeranAexng. Kax ule AoKaxere BcnKoeAHo or rqx. Cpaeuere r o6gcuere
KhcenilHHo-ocHoBHNTe CgOrCrAa Ha rnrqepofl, seton v aHunuH, tA
npeAcraBerexilMl4t{Hnre
vM B3ailMoAeilctann
crrc coflHah a3orHaKilcenilHa.

33. 3auecrere 6yxaure cbc cborBerHilTe cbeArHeHile 14ocbulecrBere nocoqeHilTe

B3ailMoAencteun:
n n
A ---------' 6 ------r, B

hl
B + C l 2 - - - - - - - - * r* hcl

f + f l * - - - - - - - + a n a H r , t+H H C I

Kon ca BeulecrBara A, 6, B, f n A k'lspaeere c ypaBHeHhe xr4Ml4r{Hhre

B3ailMoAeilctannu pailte o6scHeHilc.
flpegcraeere crpoexa n $nauqHhre caolzcraa Ha anaHhHa.

34. Or nuparvHilre anKoxonil CHsGHzOHraGHTCHzCHzOHnor.tyltereeAHo r,lcbu1o

cbe,qhHeHile,
Koero e SyHxqnoHanHonpor3BoAHoHa xap6oxcnnHaKilcenhHah
cbAbpxa BbrnepoAeHaroM e sp-xn6pilEHo cbcroflHhe. lr4epaserec ypaBHeHVA
xl4Mt4qHrreB3ailMogetZcramnn pailre o6scHeHnc. Kaxeil BoAopoAHNBpb3Kt4
Moxe 4a o6pasyBanponaHona. flpegcraeere ril.

33
 M. Cmaurteea,17.Mxedoucxu, p.7epxesoea

35. Hanru:ere Aaa syHxqvoHanHn u3oMepa A ra

6 Ha cbe,qrHeHile c MoneKyneH
cbcraB c+Haoz, 3a KoilTo e il3BecrHo cneAHoro:
r43oMepA e pa3TBopr4M BbB
BoAa' nphrexaBa KilcenrHHh ceolzcrBa il reoMerpilr{Hkl
t43oMepil.lzlsovrepE
B3arMoAeficraa c aMoHflK, MaflKOpa3TBOpyrM
e BbB BOAa, He nprrexaBa
rr.l.tce
ntAHHtA
ceo lZcrea.

36' Koee cbeAnHeHilero

c MoneKynHa
$oprvrynaGlHsoz,KoeroyqacrBaB cne'Hhre
npeBpbqaHre:
HTO.NaOH
C4H1Q2 >

*tu.B+D
c4Hgo2

H2o'H+-
c4Hgo2 c+ D

Kor ca BeulecrBara,o3HaqeHVc 6yrenre A, B, c ra

D. flpeAcraeere rp'l
B3ailMoAeilctenn
HaBeulecrBoroc c paenuqHhBeulecrBa,npn KoilTO
CeorAenfl
BOAa.

3 7 . cue4rHeunnta A n E ca eynrqraoHanHVil3oMepilc MoneKyneH

cbcraB ceHoo.
Te ruorarAa B3ailMoqeficrear
c qraHoBoflopoA,aMoHeK,BoFopoA ra6poru.3a
il3oMepbr A e xapaKTepHoCneqrQrvHo oKilcneHile
B ocHoBHacpeAa.
onpeAenere Kor ca h3oMeprare A u E n npeAcraBereB3arMogeilctannta c
xnMVv'Ht ypaBHeHhe.

38' B rpraenpyBerKil6eg erilxern nMaBoAHr4pa3TBopr4 Ha Annenrh4, mK)Ko3ah

Spyrrosa. fioxaxere onilTHocbeAilHeHvlra. [arare o6scueuun.l-lpe4craBere
Lferilpl4xvunv'Hvt
caoicrea Ha mpxo3ara.

39. l'4spasere
c xnMneHn
ypaBHeHuF
cnegHilrenpeBpbr{aHnA:
aCnuPwH
.Z
Qe uon _----> can il Llil n o Ba Kilcen HHo----------> e uran can vtLilA
$ nar

\ t r v H a rp t / l e Bc a f li l L l h n a r
Kaxuoxe Aa ce pa3no3Hae
sexunca nu'.nnara ot acnupmaa?
o6ccFteF{ils.
,Qarare

34
 C5opuuxsada,tusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
u3numno xutvtus.2018

40. Karo hsnofl3Bare caMo eAilH peaKTilBonhrHo pasnoaxariTeBoAHl4pa3TBopilHa

aqeTanAexu4, fnuuepofl, aqeToH h rrpKo3a.
fatarc o6ncHeHrAn rtgpa3erec xnMilvHt4ypaBHeHhF.
fl pe4cra eere qeru p t/1xttMueHtt B3ail MoAe hct eun Ha a Llerafl AexnAa .

41. Hanrutere rap6oHrnHaran npbcreHHrareSoprvrhHa rnpKo3ara. flpegcraeere

oKhcneHreToN peAyKqt4FTa Ha rrrK)Ko3aTa.
fiarare o6ncHeHrA n ypaBHeHvi+.
algpa3erec xnMilL{Ht4
Kar u1epa3no3HaerernpKo3a or rnrqepon.

42. OnpegenereKoee cbeAilHeHileroc MoneKynHa

QoprvrynaC+HaO2, a(o 3Haere,
qe e ManKopa3TBopl4Mo
BbBBoAat HenpoeBeBa ceoticrea.Moxe ga
KnceflilHHn
B3ailMoAeficrea: c aMoHflK, c BoAa B nphcbcrBhe Ha KilcenilHa, c BoAa B
nphcbcrBl4e Ha ocHoBa, KaTo il B TpilTe CnyLraeeAmHoT peaKqhoHHLlTenpoAyKTt4
e eThnoB anKoxon.
lz4apasereonhcaHnre npollecr c xhMr4LrH14
ypaBHeHiln u gahte o6RcneHns.

43. Anxoxon cbc cbcrae GoHr+O cbgbpxa xil,qpoKcilnHarpyna nph rperrL{eH

Bbrnepo4eH aroM. Or Hero B ccpHoKr4cenacpepa npr reMneparypa no-Br4coKa
or 140'C ce nonyqaBacbeAilHeHreA. l-lpr,r
oKilcneHheHa A ce nonyqaBacMec
or xap6oKcrnHh KhcenltHh. Korae h3xoAHr4FT anKoxon? Vlspazere c xLlMt4LtHt4
ypaBHeHile onvicaHnTenpeBpbl4aHhe.
floarquoueH h3oMepHa h3xoAHilFanKoxonnph oKhcneHileo6pasyaa xerot E.
Onpegenere cbeAnHeHilFTaA raE h npeAnoxere HaqilH3a rFXHoro AoKa3BaHe.

44. AaAeuu ca BbrneBo4opopt4re:2-uetun-2-nenret, 1-6yrux h crrpeH.

a) KaKBLTnpoh3BotrHr4ule ce nonyqar npil B3ailMoEeilcratae Ha
nocol{eHilTeBbrneBoAopoAl4c BoAa
6) npr Koil or rqx ca Bb3MoxHt43aMecrilTenHhpeaKllt4t/
e) npegcraBere oKncneHueroHa BbrneBogopogilTe
Tlepasere B3an MoAeilct evst a c xil Mt4r{Ht4ypaBHeHiln.

45. Or MeraH u HeopraHilLrHr4BeulecrBa nonyqere aMhHorr,rcennHara

SerunanaHuH LtAoKaxere HefrHrsav$orepeH xapaKTep.
l4spaaerenenril,qHorocBbp3BaHeHa $exrnanaHuHa c rnrqHH.
Konxo h3oMepHil Tpnnenrutra u-le ce nonyqar npil KoHtreH3aLlvATa
Ha eAHa
MoneKynaQerrnanaHnH r ABe MoneKynurnuqun?

35
 P.9epxesoea
fl. Maxedoucxu,
M. Cmauraeea,

46. l-lonyuere MreqHa KltcerrHa or nponaxon. flpe4craBere B3a[Mo4ehctsusra

HaMneqHaTa c anKanHaocHoBa,opraHrqHan HeopraHrqHaKucenuHa,
Kt4cenilHa
r eAHoBaneHTeH anKoxon.
flpegcraeere Bb3MoxHilTen3oMepuHa MneqHaraKtacenuHa.

47. AaAeHu ca cneAHure cbe4uHeHnff: rflrqepon, nponaHon, 6eHsoexa

Kt,tcerlrHa,Sexon lr oqerHa KrcernHa.
a) nogpegere nocot{eHurecbeAuHeHuf,no HapacrBaHeHa
KnceruHHr4Te uM ceofrcreau Aafireo6ccHeHus
rnrqepon or nponaHon ra$exon or 6ersoeHa K]tcenttHa
6) rar u{e pa3nhqtaTe
ypaBHeHuc.
flafire o6scuenul u u3pa3erec xuMt4t{H}r

48. B rpu enpyBerKnuMaronyeH u BoAHUpa3rBopr Ha eraHAt,tonu eraHar.

Onurno pasnosuaiTeB KoeenpyBerKaKoecbeAuHeHnece HaMupa.
ypaBHeHug.
fiarZreo6scHexur n r3pa3ere c x]tMt'tqHt4
fl pegcraaere 3aMecrhreflHltre peaKquuHaronyeHa.

49. OpraHrvno cbe4nHeHile A o6eelleernea BoAeH pa3TBop Ha KanlteB

nepMaHranar u 6pomna BoAa, a npu npucbeAuHeBaHeHa BoAa ce nonyqaBa
ct eguHeHueE. Cue4nneHueroE Moxe Aa ce AoKaxec aMoHsqeHpa3TBopHa
cpe6upex oKcrg unu c Oenrrroe pa3TBop. OnpeAenere Kon ca
cbe4hHeHuera A n E, u n3pa3ere c xuMr4qHl4ypaBHeHue onilcaHnre
B3arMoAehctenn-
Or cte4uuenne A u HeopraHuqHupeaKThBr4 nonyqere p-aunxo6eH3oeHa
KI/|GE,I1,|HA.

50. l4spaaere c xnMuqHh ypaBHeHuecnegHure npeBpblqaHun:

$euon

r rpu6pouaHilnuH
aHunuH ---------
SeH rnauoH ueB xnopnA

O6scnere KucenuHHo-ocHoBHt4Te ceoicrea na Qeuofl u aHtannH.

Kax naorar Aa ce AoKaKar Qenon u axnnnx?

36
 u3numno xurvrus.2018
c6opuux sadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu

51. lzlspaserec xilMLlqHnypaBHeHhflcneAHnre npeBpblJ]aHne:

6eHseFl

CTAH 6 e H s o e H aK h c e n i l H a

AHVNNH

llpe4craeeTe B3ailMoAerZcrennraHa nocoL{eHnTecbeArHeHht oT cxeMaTa c

6povr. [arZre o6scneHilq.

52. loxaxere BoEHnTe pa3TBopl4 Ha rnullepon, rnloKo3a n AhnenTnAa anaHhn-

araHhH c eAilH t4 cbul peaKThB. Onnuere xilMt4qHilTenpoqecu, Kol4Tonporl4L{ar
nph AoKa3BaHeTO.
ypaBHeHilfl nOnyqaBaHeTOHa ,qilnenTtAqaanaH[nanaHhH
lr4apaeere c xilMr4L{HLl
or nponeH.

53. Or 1-nponaHon n HeopraHilqHilBer4ecrBa nonyqere $enon v 6eHsoeHa

KUCeItUHa.
B3ailMopehctaunHa Seuona il 6eHsoeHaraKncerluHac:
lzlapaaereBb3MoxHt4Te
npoqecbr
Brz,HzO, GzHsOHraHNOs. O6ccHere npil Koe or ABere cbe'.qhHeHilfl
npoTl4qano-necHo.
Hr4TpnpaHe

54. flageHr,rca ABa $yHxqraoHanHnil3oMepaA vr6 cbc cbcrae GsHoOz,pa3TBopl4Mt4

A Aaea peaKqmnoa cpe6upHo orneAano il npil peAyKl-Il4fl
BbB BoAa. lzlaorrl1epur
ce npeBpbula B Anon, cbgbpxaUl acilMeTpilqeH C-arou. lzlsowepur E
npnrexaBa KrcenilHHr4ceoricrea v Moxe Aa ce ecrepra$raqnpa. Kor ca
Be[UecrBara A u 6? lzlepaaere c xnMilqHn ypaBHeHhF Bcl4qKl4onilcaHil
B3ailMoAeilctenn vt gaht e o6ncHeHns.

BeulecrBanonyqere crhpea u 2' $enunnponaH.

55. Or nponaHon n HeopraHrL{Hil
a) npeEcraBeTeBb3MoxHl4TeB3ailMOpeilcteuaHa cTilpeHan Ha
2- SennnnponaHa c xnop il xnopoBoAopo4
6) npegcraBere oKhcneHileroHa re3il cbeAVHeHVA'
klepasere c xilMnr{HhypaBHeHVABcueKt onilcaHil B3ailMoAehctaun u pailte
o6RcueHus.

37
M. Cmauqeea,fl. Maxedoucxu,p. gepxesoea

56. Hannulere ABa lt3oMepa Ha cbeAilHeHhe cbc cbcraB CzHaO, Kor4Toce

pa3flnLlaBar no KrcenrHHo-ocHoBHLt caorZcrea. c xnwnqqHn
floxaxere
B3ailMoAeilctaun Kficenr HHo-ocHoBH
t4Teil N4ceofi crBa.
flpegnoxere HaqilH3a nonyLtaBaHeroHa il3oMepilTeor MeraH.

57. O6ccFlere KucennHHo-ocHoBHr4Te ceoricrea Ha cne4Hrre cbe4uHeHuA:Senon,

6eHsoeHa KhceruHa u aHunuH.
flpegcraaere no eAHa 3aMecrhrenHa peaKqnfl Ha re3h cbeAnHeHnA,orHacqua
ce Ao 6eHgeHoeoronApo. Kaxeo e BnhflHrero Ha pa3nrvHllre
$ynxqnoHanH.A
rpy ntABbpxy 3aMecThTenH
ilTe pean1uv?

58. B or4enuu enpyBerKh6es erhrern tAMa pa3TBopr,l

BoAHr4 HaeraHon, rfl[qepon,
Senon, rnpKo3a ra $pyxrosa. PaanogHarZre cre4uHeHVATac noqxotrerrl4
u peaKlltttt.[a rZreo6scHeHns.
KaL{ecrBeH
f'lpe4craaereB3ahMo4etZcrenero Harnhqepona c HeopraHuqHau opraHrqHa
KhcenhHa.

59. lzlspasere c xvuue+tl ypaBHeHhe cneAHhre npeBpbqaHhfl 14 rvl

oxapaKrepnanpailre:

o
tl
CH3-C-CH2Br

C H 3 -C H 2 -C H 2 B r z-COOH

(CH3-CH2-CH2)2o
flpe4craeere rpil xt MalqHtB3ahMoAehctevqHa n3xoAHorocbeArHeHile.

60. Karo hsnon3BarecaMo eAtaHpeaKTilBonhrHo pasnoauarZre BoAHr/pa3TBopilHa

eraHAhon' (popManAexhA n rnpKo3a. klspasere c xilMt4qHilypaBHeHVAtA
gailt e Heo6xognMilTe o6scHeHns.
Kon or nocoL{eHhre cbe,,qilHeHileMorar aa yqacrBar a o6pasyeane Ha
BI4COKOMOne KynHh cbeAil HeHnn. lAnrc,crpra
pa rZrec n pil Meph.

38
 c6opuuxsada'tusa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuuus. 201g

61. or 3'uernn'1'6yraxon nonyqere 3-ueru n-2-6ytanon.

flpegcraaere c n/lMtleHtl ypaBHeHrF B3ahMoAerZcreilero
Ha 3-uerun-2-
6yranona c 6porvroBoAopoAHa KhcenhHa, oqerHa
Khce nnHa r HeroBoro
oKhcneHhe.
lz'lspaaerenpoqecilTe c xvMn',HnypaBHeHu
A n Hanvwere HailMeHoBaHnerano
IUPAC Ha BcilLtKtl
cbeAilHeHhc

62- or KaflLrheB xap6oxar il HeopraHneHu Ber4ecrBa,

nonyqere nponeHoBa
KhcenhHa u 2,4,6'tpr'rxrarpo$eHon. l,4spaserec xvtnuqHt
a ,a gahte
ypaBHeHil
o6RcHeHilq.
l-fpe4craaere xrMhLtHl4TeB3ahMoAehcraun Ha nponeHoBara
K.,rcenhHa c
6pour, 6porvroeoAopoA, aMoHreB xhApoKcl4A lr eraHo
n u gaineo6ccHenilc.

63. B rpra qa[uil nMa BoEHt pa3TBopt/Ha rnK)Ko3a,3axapo3a

il HUUJeCTe
a) npepnoxere HaL{nH 3a AoKa3BaHe Ha BCeKheAnH oT pa3TBopilTe
6) raspaserec ypaBHeHVexhpponh3ara Ha 3axapo3aTa
il Ha
HhUJECTETO
a) xaxMoxe Aa ce,qoKaxe,qe 3axapo3aran HuuJecreroca
xilAponil3vpann

64' Aa$eunca Bbff'leBoAopoAl4re:

1-6yrrax,2-nenrex,2-nernnneHTaHil 6exsex.
a) xarau npoh3BoAHl4
lre ce nonyqar npil B3arMo4erZcreme
c BoAa Ha
BCeKheAnHOTTCX
6) roraor rFX yqacrBar B 3aMecrllTenHhpeaKqhn
e) npegcraBere Bb3MoxHl4Te il3oMepr Ha 2-netrex.
flpegcraeere xilMl4r{HilTe
B3anuogeficraua u paitte o6scHeHrs.

65. Cue4nnenreroX:
a) npncre AlAHnBa
BoAopoA
6) o6esqeersBa pa3rBopHaKarueBnepMaHraHarv 6pouxa BoAa
e) o6pasyBacon npil B3ailMo4eicrerec narpui
r) npraB3ailMogehcteuec BoAace nonyqaBaaqeroH.
o6gcHere Koee roBa cbeAVHeHne v n3paserec xhMLrLrHLr
ypaBHeH
vA onvtcaH.Te
B3ailMoEehctans.

39
M. Cmauqela, 17.Maxedoucxu,P. gepxesoea

66. klepaeerec xilMr4r{Hl4

ypaBHeHrF
npeBpbr{aHero
na 1-nponaHonB:
a) 2-hognponaH
6) xexcan
a) nponran
f1pegcraeereqerupn xvMteHtA
B3arMoAeiacteus
aa 2-io+nponaH.

67. .Qa.qeHra
ca BeulecrBara6yranon, 6yraxan, MeAeHAhxh4poKcr4gil KaflheB
nepMaHraHar. Mex(4y Ko14 or rflx Mofar Aa nporeKar xnwwlHn
B3anMoAefiCfaun? !arare o6scHeHhq. klspasere npollecilre c xilMt4qHil
ypaBHeHilF.
[lpegcraeere ABe npncbegilHrrenHil peaKlll4l4Ha 6yratox.

68. lzlepaaerec xhMr4qHhypaBHeHilFcfleAHilTenpeBpbu]aHn+l

c H4---------czHz--------+6eHsep,---------*
se Hon--------cannL{rn oBaKhcenr Ha
I

t
TOfl!€ H------->Tp 14 pOTOnye
H14T H

floco.tere ycnoBhera 3a npol4LtaHeHa npollecnre.

f'lonyvere rpil npoil3BotrHl4
Ha canxLlunoBara KhceruHa.

69. 7lspaserec xhMr4L{H14

ypaBHeHile
o3HaqeHhre
npeBpbulaHhe:

C2H5OH-- CH3CHO --------->

CH3COOH --------)f n il qil H

--_.------Cao CaC2-)ar'*,
\ 1
CaCo3

flpegcraaere nenrilAHorocBbp3BaHeHa rnhqhHa.

70. lzlspaserecxnMVvHtAypaBHeHilFcneAHrre npeBpbt4aHtA:

7 C6H5C2H5----------
crrpeH
-/
czHz-coHo -_------_----- aHVnnH
\ ronyeu ----------->
6eHeoeHaKilcefiilHa

flpegcraeere rph xuMn.qHV

ceoficraa Ha 6exsoeHara KncennHa.

40
 Cdopuurc sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
sada,au usnumno xuwun.2018

71. lr4epasere
npeBpbu]aHnera,o3HaqeHnHa cxeMara:

CZHq---+ff ---------+
CH3CHO € 6+ IHSCONHZ

i
eT[/naLleTaT
Kor ca BeulecrtsaraA n 6. iloco.{ereycnoBhera3a npon4qaHe
Ha
i'rpoLlecilTe.
ilpe4craaere ts3ailMogeficreuero Haerunaqerara c BoAa.

72. lzlepaaerec xmMr/qHilypaBHeHilecfieAHile fipexoA:

ilpOnaHan
tl

eraH ----------->
nponaH ,/
|
\ |
r iponaHoH
!-lpegnoxere KaqecrBeHn peaKqhil 3a pa3no3HaBaHe Ha nponaHan or
rrponaHoH.fialare o6ccFreHhc.

73. Anxoxon cbc cbcrae CsHrzOcbAbpxa xnApoKcrnHarpyna npr TpernveH

BbrnepogeHaroM. Or nero B cepHoKr4cena cpega npil TeMneparypano-Br4coKa
cr 140oCce nonyqaBacbe,qnHeHhe A. flpu oKrcneHneua A ce nonyqaBacaMo
oqerHaKhcentaHa, COz uHzO.
Hannurereno3hqiloHeH [43oMepHa [43xoAHilF anKoxofl,roriTo npil oKilcneHme
o6pasyeaxerox 5.
Kon ca i43xoAHLrR
anKoxofl14cbeAtaHeHtflTaA n 5? Kax u-leAoKaxereA vt6?

74. Cr nponaH u HeopraHilqHh BeulecrBa nonyvere aqeroH, 2,4,6

rpu6porvraH.nuH u 2-aunronponaHoBa KrcernHa. izlepaeerec xilMr4qHil
ypaBHeHilFpeaKqHilTe.
ilpegcraeere no EBe xilMr4lrHrceolZcrBaHa aqeroHa u aa 2-aul4HonponaHoBa
K14CenrHa.

41
M. Cmau,teea,17.Maxedoucxu,P.4epxesoea

75. [a,qeHa e cnegHara cxeMa:

CH3COCH3
COOH
I OOCCH3
CqHto+cHscboH <-
1I
czHz
ypaBHeHileHa npoqechre, Bogeulil Ao
a) uannuere xilMr4L{HilTe
nonyLlaBaHe Ha oqerHa KhceruHa
6) npe4craBere rpn B3ailMogerZcrernHa oqerHara KncenuHa, npn KoilTo
ce orAenF BoAa.

76. Cue4nHeuile c MoneKyneHcbcraB CsHro o6esqeernaa 6potvtHa BoAa, npll

xilAparaqnn o6pasyBarpernqeH anKoxon, a npil eHeprilqHoroMy oKilcneHile
ce nonyL{aBacaMo eAHa KhcenuHa, BbrnepoAeH AnoKcuF, n BoAa.
flpegcraeere crpyKrypHara $opruyna Ha cbe4nHeHhero h ro HailMeuyaarZre.
flonyvere roBa cbe4hHeHneot 2-6yreH il HeopraHrqHt/BeulecrBa.

77. ypaBHeHrRoKhcneHneroHa cneAHilTeBilAoBeopraHilL{Ht4

lr4spaaerec xilMr4qH]4
cbe4hHeHrff: aIKeH, aIKhH, nbpBl4qeH n BTopl4rteHanKoxor, anAexuq l4
KETOH.
Kon or nocoqeHilTecbeAhHeHLlFMorar Aa B3ailMo4erZcrearc eoAa?
ypaBHeHne.
,Qailre o6scHeHneh n3pa3ere c xilMr4r{H14

78. flpr esanuo,qerZcremeHa rBbpgoro Beulecreo A c BeqecrBoro E ce o6paeyear

ABe HoBr/BeulecrBa,eAHoro or Korro e 6esqaerno rasoo6pa3HoopraHilL{Ho
cbegilHeHhe B. Beulecraoro B o6esqaereBa BoAHh pa3TBopr4Ha 6potvt t/1
KanheB nepMaHraHar. flpra esar,ruogerlcraveHa B c E, B npilcbcrBile Ha
Karanh3arop, ce o6pasyea BeulecrBoro f. Ber4ecraoro f e 6esqeerHa,
flecHolrernttBareLrHocr,KoFTonecHo ce oKrcnflBa h peAyqnpa. flpu peAyKqr4gTa
ce nonyqaBa BeulecrBo A, Koero vMa SreronorrvHo Aerlcrane. Kolt ca
cbe,qilHeHlt+ra, o3HaqeHn c 6yxen?
ypaBHeHilfl.
klspaeereonhcaHhre npoqecil c xr4Ml4r{Hl4

42
 u3numno xuuun. 2018
C5opnuxsadaqusa xaududamcmydeumcKu

79. B Aae enpyBerKhnMa cborBerHoHarpreBa con Ha $enon il HarpheBa con Ha

MpaBqeHara KucenhHa. Kuvr BcflKa or enpyBerKilTece npr6aan oqerHa
- nonyL{aBace
KnceruHa. Cavo B e,qHaraenpyBerKanporhqa B3ailMo4erZcreile
opraHhqHocbeAnHeHreA c xapaKTepHa Milpr43Ma.
1) Koe e cbegrHeHrero A h 3aqo npon4L{aB3ailMoAericreilecaMo B
eAHaraenpyBeTKa.
2) llpegnoxere HaqhH3a AoKa3BaHeHa A n npegcraBere ,qBeHeroBLl
xl4Ml4qHu
ceorzcrea

80. .[ageHraca cnegHilre cbe4hHeHnn:1-6yrun, 2-uerun-2-6yren, 6yraaan u

6yraxon. llpe4noxere HaL{ilH3a AoKa3BaHeronM. flpe4craeere no trBe
nphcbeAnHilTenHil peaKqilH 3a BcgKo eAHo oT nocoqeHilTe cbeAnHeHtAA.

81. CueArHeHile cbc cbcraa CoHr+ e c npaBa BbrnepoEHaBepilra, Koero npil

BhcoKa reMneparypa v Karanh3arop ce npeBpbqa e A il ce or4ene ras E.
Cuegrueurero A e cbc cblr-ll4n6pofr Bbrnepo,qHilaroMr4Karo r3xoAHoro 14
npoeBcBa apoMarHil csoficrea. flpu onpegeneHn ycnoBtAeA eeailruogerZcrea
cbc cflpHa Krcent,rHa, B pe3ynTaT Ha KoeTo ce nonyqaBa cbeAuueHne B,
nponBqBar4oKNcenhHeHxapaKTep.Or B Moxe ,qa ce nonyqr4cbe,qilHeHilel-,
Koero ce AoKa3Ba c xene3eH Tpuxnopu4. Kora ca nocoqeHnre c 6yxen
cbegilHeHna? lAspa3ere c xhMl4LrHLrypaBHeHnAonncaHrTe B3a[Mogeilcreun.
B3arMoAeilcteun Ha cbegilHeHne l-.
f'lpe4craeere rpil xl4Mr4qHr

82. Or cueAnHeHile cbc cbcrae CzHro nonyL{ere A, roero nphrexaBa apoMareH

xapaKTep t/t ce oKhcnnBa Ao cbephHeHile 6. CuegnHeHre 6 Moxe tra
B3ailMo4erZcreac a3orHa KncenhHa, B npilcbcrBhe Ha KoHqeHTpLrpaHa cgpHa
KucenuHa, a raKa cbu-tou c ernroB anKoxon. [1pn BilcoKareMneparypa E ce
pa3nara, B pe3ynrar Ha Koero ce nonyqaBa cbeAhHeHmeB il rag. lr4spaserec
ypaBHeHhF OnhCaHhre npeBpbulaHhfl il onpe,qenere KoN ca
x14Mr1L{H14
nocoqeHilTec 6yxen cbegilHeHnn.l-lpeqcraBere rpil xr4Ml,lqHn
B3anMopefrcreua
ua B.

83. Or rueraHnonyqererpn r43oMepa A, 6, B Ha BbrneBogopotr

cbc cbcras CgHrz,
KoLrronph oKilcneHileo6paayear pa3nilqHilnpo,qyKTr4:
a) or il3oMepA ce nonyqaBaMoHoxap6oxcnnHa KncelrilHa
-
6) or n3oMep5 $eHon
a) or rsovrepB - rprarap6oxcilnHaapoMarHaKuceflhHa,cbc cilMerphvHo
pa3nonoxeHuxap6oKcunHn rpynh.
lzlapaserenpoqecilTe c xnMnqHh ypaBHeHrF.

43
M. Cmauqeea,17.Marcedoucxu,
P. 4epxesoea

84. Kor or nocoL{eHhre cbe4mHeHhn: aHunuH, $enon, MneqHa KhcenxHa v

qeflyno3a Morar Aa B3arMogericraar c HeopraHuqHr h opraHhr{Hu Kncenvlvt.
flailre o6qcHeHils 3a BtAtraHa xilMl4qHnre B3arMogehctawn h h3pa3ere c
xl4Mr4L{ ypaBHeHhF.
H14

85. flpm yuepeHo oKrcneHileHa cbe4ilHeHhecbc cbcrae CsHro ce nonyqaea 2,3-

Av,on, a npn eHeprhqHooKilcneHile- ABe pa3nilL{Hl4
xap6oxcrnHh Kt4cenuHu.
Koe e h3xogHoro cbeAilHeHne, Anona n Rucenuanlre? L'lspasere c xilMl4qHil
ypaBHeHilFnocoL{eHhreB3ahMogerZcrenn. Cpaenere cnnara HaABere KacenuHvl
h npe4craBere rpil ceorZcraaHa no-cna6ara xrcentAla, nph Kol4Toce or4enfl
BOga.

86. CuegnHeuraeA cbc cbcraa C+Hsce oKilcnsBa eHeprilqHoil yMepeHo. l-lpn

eHeprnqHoro oKt/cneHile ce nonyqaBa eAHa il cbqa KilcenfiHa E, a nprl
B3auMoAetZcrahe c 6polroeogopo4 - He ce nonyvaBarh3oMepHilcbe,qmHeHhn.
flpr yMepeHoro oKilcneHhe ua A ce nonyqaBa cbe4ilHeHrero B. Kora ca
cbeArHeHttata A, E n B. f'lpe4craaere c xkrMLlqHLl
ypaBHeHileBcLtqKnonhcaHil
B3ailMogeilctans. C xaxeh KaqecrBeHnpeaK1nn Morar Aa ce AoKaxar An B?
ilocoqere rpr xilMt4L{Hil
ceolicrBa Ha cbe4ilHeHnero E.

87. lzlaouepur A cuc cbcraB CoHrz B3auMoAeficreac BoAa B npilcbcrBl4ero Ha

BoAopoAHVKarnoHV,nph Koero ce noflyqaBa caMo eAhH anKoxon E, xofiro e c
pa3KnoHeHa Bephra. flpu eHeprhqHooKilcneHileHa A ce nonyL{aBacaMo eAhH
KeroH B, or xorZronpil cnegBalqo oK]4cneHhe
ce nonyqaBa Ktacerhna l-.
or gpyr il3oMep A Ha coHrz npn B3ailMo4eNcrerec BoAopoA ce nonyqaBa
npoAyKT, roilro e il3xoAHa cypoBilHa 3a nonyqaBaHe Ha 6eHseH. Kora ca
cbeAilHeHtAsra, nocoqeHil c 6yxera. flpe4craaere c xilMl4qHil ypaBHeHiln
onilcaHrTeB3ailMoAetacrailq.

88. Cue4rueHnero A ce nonyqaBa or errH il necHo nonhMepil3ilpa. flpra

B3ailMo.qefcreileroua A c BoAa B npHcbcrBhe Ha conHa KncenrHa, ce
nonyqaBa K,tcenrHara E h aMoHneBa con. Kncennnara E Moxe tra
B3ailMoAenctaac BoAopog, c 6pona il c anKoxon Csl-ieO,rorZronph oKl4cneHne
,qaBaKeroH. Kon ca onilcaHilTe caepuueuttn?
['fpegcraeere c xnMilqHl4ypaBHeHnFil onpegenere BVtraHa npoqecilTe.

44
 C6opuuxsada,au
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
usnumno xuuus.2018

89. ypaBHeHnAcneAHnAnpexotr:
lzlspaaerec xilMl4L{Hr4

EreH + 6eHgeFr-----+ TonyeH ----------|6eHeoeHaKt4ceflilHa

Y
I
Y
eThnoeH3eH eThnoBecTep Ha
6eHsoenaraKilcenhHa

2-uurpo6eH3oeHa 3-Hnrpo6eH3oeHa eraHon

KhcennHa KilCeflilHa

[lpegcraaere rplr xr4Mt4qHt4

ceoficrea Ha eraHona.

90. B vernpn qalun 6es erilxerv vMa BoAHl4pa3TBopr4Ha rnpKoea, Spyrro3a,

rnuqepon il Annenrun.C KaqecrBeHtA pasnoeuafiTeB Kos qaua rorl e
peaK1tAtA
pa3TBopa.larare o6RcHeHneh h3pa3erec ypaBHeHVA.
f'lpegcraaere rph xl4MklrlHt4
ceolzcraa Ha $pyrro3ara.

91. lz'ls6epereABa il3oMepa A ra E cbc cbcTas CsHro, Kol4Tonpm oKilcneHile c

KoHqeHTpl4paH pa3TBopHa KanxeB nepMaHranar o6pasyBar:
-
a) il3oMepA uerrnnponaHoBa KncenuHa,BbrrepogeH At,toKcx414BoAa,
b) n3oMep5 - Aae KncenvHvt,Karo or eAHara Moxe .qa ce nonyqr4rnnquH, a or
Apyrara - anaHnH.
Kor ca h3oMepilTeA raE. flpegcraBere c xnMilqHhreypaBHeHVAHa onhcaHilTe
B3ailMo,qeilcteun.

92. llpu oxrcneHile Ha cbeg[HeHile A c uonexynHa SopMyna CoHr+Oce noflyqaBa

KeroH E, a npil HarpeBaHe Ha A B cflpHoKrcena cpega ce o6pasyaa
cbeguHeHile B, Koero o6eeqeernea 6pouna BoAa. f'lpn onrcneHile ua B c
KoHqeHTpr4paH pa3TBopHa KarneB nepMaHraHarce nonyqaBacbe,qilHeHne l- c
MOneKynHasopruyna csHooz, Koero Moxe Aa B3anMoAerzcraac anKoxofll4.
lzlspaeereonncaHilTe B3ahMogeitc;reuac xL'rMl4qHil
ypaBHeH.4ev onpeqe.nere
cbeAilHeHVATa, nocoqeHil c 6yxar,r.

93. O6scuere KilcenilHHo-ocHoBHr4Te

csorZcrsaHa eraHon, mnqepon il Senon. C
Kor4or cnegHilTe cbe4nHeHrc u.le pearilpar re: BoAa, xarpri, HarpreBa
ocHoBa H corHa KhceJrxHa.klepasere peaKqnrre c xnMrqHh ypaBHeHVAtA
AarZreo6ncHeHnn.
flonyvere rnhqepon or nponaH il npegcraBere ecrepra$raKaqilera My c
opfaHilqHau HeopraHnqHaKncent4{a.

45
 94. cue4une'ue A cbc cbcrae ceHzN He
npoMeHF qBera Ha J.raKMy
B3arMoAeilcreue c 6porvrna ca, a npu
BoAa o6pasyea 6ana ytailwa
B3ailMoAeilctanesa A c 6esxrcnopoAHa E. Frpra I

KhcenuHa ce nonyqaBa cofl

B3ailMo,qeilctauec oKcoKhceflrHa _ B, a npu
cbegrHeHrero l-.
Onpe4enere Kotaca cbeAhHeHhlra
' o3HaqeHr c6yxan n ngpagere c ypaBHeHilg
onucaHnre B3a,,MoAeitctaua.
flonyvere cbeAilHeHrero
A oT erhH.

95. PagnosHarzrec eAnH h cbr. peaKTnB

BOAHI4
pa3TBOpr4 Ha aqerar AexnA,aqeroH
t't spyrrosa. .Qarzreo6scseHr
A n nspa3ere c xuMr4LrHl4
ypaBH eHt'fl.
flonyvere aqerangexnA
v aqeroH or errH.
l-lpeAcraeere B3arMoAeficreilero
Ha aqeranAexxfl u
qhaHoBorlopoA t4cpaBHere aqeroH c
peaKLrr4oHHara rru cnoco.Hocr.

96' or eurneeoAopo' cbc

cbcrae coHronpil oKhcneHile
xap60xcznHaKUCennHa. ce nonyqaBacaMo eAHa
Kori e Bbff.reBo40poga?
fl0nyvere fo or nponeH il
npeAnoxeTe HaLtilH3a HefoBoTO
AOKa3BaHe.
c xor or cneAHhrecbeAilH"r^r,6;;;;r.opoA,
narpuh h BoAa
Moxe Aa
BbrneBoAopos?
rzlspasere
c xt,MueHu
::#ilff:i:::Xr.,":*^ ypaBHeHr4c

97' Kor oT CneAH,nTecbe'nHeH,fl

nonilMepil3hpar: nponeH,
1-nponaxor, aqero n n 2-6ytex. aKphnoHx rpnn,
rzrspaserec ypaBHeHu.noJ.r,,Mepr
or eran nony'ere BCtKoeAHO 3aqnflTa.
CbeAilHeHile,KOeTO nonhMepil 3t4pa.
,Qoxaxere cbe4ilHeHvATa,Kol4ToHe
noflilMe pngnpar.

98' lzlspaaerec xuM,eHn ypaBHeHr

A CnetrHVTexvM.leHunpeBpbulaH,e:

o
, fH3
cHs-cHz*i-oJu
cH3-cH2-cH2OH I
CH:
coHs
(.rr)
cH3-f;-cH3
o
flpe4craeere Tph xuMtleHuceoicrea
Ha KeroHa.

46
 usnum no xuuus. 2018
sa xaududamcmydeumcKu
C1opnux sada,au

99. ilpr xu4ponn3a Ha rpr4rnilUepuAarpnnanMurl,rH ce nonyqaBar cbeAuHeHiltlra

A m E. Cue.qnHeHrero A Moxe Aa ce ,qoKaxe c MeAeH Ahxl4Apoxcug, a E
o6pasyaaconi4,HapeqeHilcanyHLi.
Onpegenere Koh ca cbe4hHeHilflTa A n 6. l-lpegcraeere no ABe xilMl4tlHl4
B3ahMoAeilctaunHa cbegilHeHiltlra A u 6.
Cr strneeogopo4 cbc cbcrae CroHsaLrnpaBa tsepilra nonyL{erecbe,qilHeHnera
AttE.

100. Kor,ror cneAHilre cbeAVHeHVfl'. 3axapo3a, nponaH, nponhH, rnuqepon tA

erilnoB ecrep Ha oqerHara KucenhHa LueB3arMo,qefcraal c eoga? lzlspasere
ypaBileHilfl il cnpeAenere BVna Ha npoqecilTe. loxaxere
c xlrtulutLti-tLt
npoAyKTl4'[e, ce flonyLlaBafnpn B3ailMoAefcraueroC BoAa.
Kol4To

ypaBHeHilFnonyqaBaHeroHa eraHon or:

101. lzlspaserec xltMt4tlHt4
a) erux
6) ernn6eH3oar
B) Hr4uecre
flpegcraeere L{erhpt4pa3nhqHVxttuuvltA ceofcrea Ha eraHona, npn KoLlroce
oTAenFBOAa.

102. C xon oT nocoqeHilTeBeqecTBa: xarpnil, xnop, HaTpheBa ocHoBa, ctpHa

Kncer|hHa, colHa KnceI[Ha, BoAa il KaIreB nepMaHraHaT MoraT Aa
B3ahMoAerZcrear BbrneBo4opoAilTexeKcaH, 1-xeKceH, 1-xexcun r,r6eHsex?
ypaBHeHhnv gahte Heo6xognMnreo6scHeumR.
Llspaserec xilMl4qHn

47