Biology

 Microscope is an instrument used to enlarge the image of an object.

 Compound Microscope is made up of lenses. Bends light to increase the size of specimen.
 Parts of Microscope
 Eyepiece – it is where one looks through to see the image.
 Body Tube – long tube that holds the eyepiece and connects the objective.
 Nosepiece – rotating part of the microscope and holds the objective lens.
 Objective Lens- attached to nosepiece; magnifies the specimen
 Arm- use to carry the microscope with
 Coarse Adjustment Knob- large, round knob. Moves the upper part of microscope.
 Fine adjustment knob- small round knob used to fine tune the focus of specimen.
 Stage- large, flat area. It is where you place the slide for viewing.
 Stage clip- holds the slide in place.
 Diaphragm- controls the amount of light on the specimen.
 Mirror- source of light.
 Base- it supports the microscope.
 Biology studies life and unfolds mysteries. Starts from smallest unit of life up to the most
complex categories
 Cell smallest unit of life. They carry out functions such as metabolism, reproduction, and growth.
 Organelles compose of cells, they function as support, transporting materials, storing and
releasing of energy, and excreting waste materials.
 Cell membrane controls the flow of all substances which pass in and out of the cell. Supports
and protects the cell.
 Nucleus controls all the chemical reactions and activities that takes place and activities made by
the cell.
 Cytoplasm chemical factory of the cell. They build new substances from materials taken into the
cell.
 Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
 Vacuoles store food, water, and waste products.
 Lysosome takes charge in cleaning. They breaks down the food and passes through the
mitochondria to be converted into energy.
 Cell wall present only in plant cell. It makes the plant grow tall.
 Cell wall has cellulose which is a non-living substance.
 Cholesterol strengthens the cell membrane in animal cell.
 Tissues is a group of cells that work together to perform similar tasks.
 Organ is a group of cells that work together to perform similar tasks.
 Organ System is a group of organs that have similar functions.
 Circulatory System transports gasses and nutrients carried by the blood throughout the body.
 Nervous System monitors and manages the functions of every organ.
 Respiratory System takes in oxygen from the environment to provide gas for the body and
release oxygen.
 Muscular System enables the body to move.
 Skeletal System protects, supports, and gives the shape to the body.
 Endocrine System maintains growth of the body and maintains its internal environment in
response to the changes of the outside environment.
 Reproductive System helps the organism to produce offspring.
 Integumentary System protects the internal organs and keeps the body from dehydration.
 Digestive System breaks down the food to provide energy and nutrients for the body.
 Excretory System removes waste from the body.
 Lymphatic System removes waste from the body.
 Microorganisms are microscopic forms of life.
 Bacteria first living organism found on earth 3.5 billion years ago. They are shaped like spherical,
rod-shaped, bent rods, and spiral.
 Protists are single celled organism that has nucleus. Existed 1.5 million years ago.
 Amoeba, Euglena and Paramecium examples of protists.
 Cilia short hairlike organelles found in cells. Enables protists to move.
 Flagella tail like structure of protists that enables them to move.
 Fungi is a plant without chlorophyll and tissues but do have cell wall.
 Reproduction is the creation of new individual or individuals from existing individual.
 Asexual Reproduction requires only one parent to produce an offspring genetically identical to
itself.
 Bulb is a modified stem that store food for the plant shoot.
 Runners/Stolon stem grows horizontally above the ground.
 Tuber is a modified stem that grows underground.
 Rhizome/rootstock is a horizontal underground stem.
 Corm short and thick solid stem that grows vertically underground.
 Cutting is a technique where a piece of stem, leaf or root is cut and planted in soil.
 Grafting uses a part of one plant and is inserted to another plant that may join together.
 Budding is an offspring that grows out of the body of the parent.
 Fragmentation happens when body of 1 parent break into pieces and each will grow as an
offspring.
 Sexual Reproduction requires sperm cell and egg cell.
 Fertilization is the union of egg cell and sperm cell.
 Pollination process where pollen grains reaches the ovule.
 Ecosystem is a part of biosphere that is affected by 2 components: biotic and abiotic.
 Abiotic refers to non-living things in the ecosystem.
 Biotic refers to the living things in the ecosystem.
 Autotrophs/Producers produce their own food.
 Heterotrophs/Consumers feed on producers or other producers.
 Herbivores organism that eat plants.
 Carnivores organism that eat meat.
 Omnivores are organism that eat plants and animals.
 Scavenger feed on dead organisms.
 Decomposers recycle organic matter to inorganic matter.
 Food Chain is the illustration of how energy is passed among organism in the ecosystem.
 Food Web composed of several interconnected food chains.
  Symbiosis is the close relationship between 2 organisms.
 Mutualism is a relationship wherein 2 organisms benefit each other.
 Parasitism is a relationship where a parasite benefits from its host.
 Commensalism is a relationship where 1 organism is benefited while the other is unaffected.
 Predation is a relationship where a predator eats its prey.
 Competition is a relationship where 2 organisms fight for a 1 source.
 Testosterone is the male sex hormone. Responsible for the development of secondary sex
characteristics in males.
 Penis is the passageway of sperm, semen, and urine.
 Scrotum is a pouch like that holds the testes. It also keeps the temperature of the testes lower
than our body temperature.
 Testes is the primary sex organs of men. There can be 1 or 2 testes. They produce sperm and
testosterone.
 Sperm is responsible for reproduction.
 Spermatogenesis process of producing sperm.
 Seminal Vesicles produce fluid that provides an energy source for the sperm.
 Urethra carries urine or sperm.
 Semen is the combination of fluid secreted by seminal vesicles and prostate gland.
 Puberty is the transition period from childhood to adulthood.
 Vulva is the general term for the female reproductive parts.
 Labia majora also called large lips.
 Labia minora also called small lips.
 Mons pubis is where the pubic hair grows.
 Ovaries are oval shape glands located on both sides of the fallopian tubes. They are also
responsible for the production of estrogen; the female sex hormone.
 Fallopian tubes are narrow tubes that serve as tunnels for the egg cell to travel from the ovaries
to the uterus.
 Uterus also known as mother’s womb is where fertilized eggs grow and develop.
 Menstruation occurs when eggs are not fertilized.
 4 menstrual cycle; menstrual phase, follicular phase, ovulation phase and luteal phase.
 Asexual reproduction do not need sex cells to reproduce.
 Sexual reproduction needs sex cells to reproduce.
 Fertilization is the union of the sperm cell and egg cell.
 Vertebrates are animals that have backbone.
 Invertebrates are animals that do not have backbone.
 Oocytes are sex cells in females.
 Spermatocytes are sex cells in males.
 Metamorphosis is a process showing the different stages or life of a butterfly.
 Pollination is the transfer of pollen from one flower to another flower.
 Stamen is the male reproductive organ of a flower.
 Pistil is the female reproductive organ of a female.
 Anther makes the pollen grain necessary for plant reproduction.
 Filament holds the anther up.
 Stigma is the sticky surface that holds and traps the pollen.
 Style is a tube like structure that holds up the stigma.
 Ovules are part of ovary that become seeds.
 Sepals are the green leaf like parts that protect the developing bud.
 Petal are usually colored and scented to attract insects.
 Pollinating agents: Wind and Insects.
 Autogamy occurs from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same flower.
 Geitonogamy occurs from the anther of a flower to the stigma of another flower on the same
plant.
 Cross-Pollination occurs from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower of
different plant of same type.
 Artificial Pollination occurs when pollen is taken and place by hand to the stigma of another
flower.
 Gametes are sperm cell and egg cell of plants that are needed for reproduction.
 Spore cases are brown spots found on the underside of leaves.
 Gymnosperms are non flowering plants that use seeds to reproduce.
 Germination is the process of the development of plants from seeds.
 Prothallus is a very small fern gametophyte that is difficult to be seen in bushes.
 Non-flowering plant are plants that cannot produce flowers.
 Gametophyte is a stage in the life cycle of fern where spores grow and become prothallus.
 Sporophyte is a stage in the life cycle of fern marked by the development of fertilized egg into a
young sporophyte fern.
 Secondary male characteristics:
 Growth of pubic hair
 Growth of facial and body hair
 Increase in muscle mass and strength
 Deepening of voice
 Production of oil causing acne
 Enlargement of adams apple.
 Secondary female characteristics:
 Enlargement of the breasts
 Regulation of menstrual cycle
 Growth of pubic hair
 Widening of hips
 Production of oil causing acne
 Muscular system makes our body to move.
 Muscles makes up the muscular system in different sizes and shapes.
 60 muscles are in face; 40 frowning and 20 smiling.
 Gluteus maximus largest muscle in the body
 Cardiac muscle; heart; involuntary muscles meaning you cannot stop it from contracting and
relaxing.
 Skeletal muscle are muscles attached to the bone. Voluntary muscle means you can control
them.
 Smooth muscle are not attached to the bone. They are involuntary. Make up some organs inside
the body. (intestines)
 Skeletal system makes our body’s shape.
 Bones makes up your skeletal system.
 300 bones baby; 206 for adult.
 Joints is where 2 bones meet.
 Fixed joints are immovable. Can be found in the cranium.
 Cranium protects the brain.
 Movable joints allow the movement of bones in different ways.
 Ligaments are tough bands of elastic tissue that surround the movable joints.
 Pivot joint Enables rotation around a lengthwise axis. Neck bone and head.
 Ball-and-socket joint Allows movement along three axes; shoulder, abduction and adduction.
 Hinge joint Enables flexion and extension along a single axis.
 Gliding joint. Surfaces of these joints are relatively flat and not very mobile; they allow only a
narrow gliding range.
 Intergumentary system keeps you away from dehydration.
 Intergument means body covering.
 Skin is the largest organ in the body and the main organ in intergumentary.
 Epidermis the outermost layer of the skin and made up mostly of dead skin cells.
 Dermis is beneath the epidermis and is flexible because it has tiny strands or fibers that allow it
to stretch easily.
 Hypodermis is the connective tissue deep under the dermis.
 Hair is filamentous cornified structure that grows and cover most of the body surface.
 Hair follicle is where hair grows.
 Hair shaft grows up the follicle to the surface.
 Keratin makes up the outer layer of the skin.
 Nail plate is a curved slab of keratin that sits in the nail bed.
 Cuticle is the sensitive skin of the nail lateral border.
 Nail grows 3mm each month.
 Lunula comes from luna “moon” is the outer margin of the germinal matrix.
 Digestive system breaks down food for nutrients needed by the body.
 Mouth is where the digestion process starts.
 Saliva helps moisten the food.
 4 kinds of teeth; incisor, canine, pre-molar and molar.
 Esophagus is a muscular tube that can be open and close at the upper end connected to
pharynx and stomach.
 Stomach is a hollow muscular organ that shapes like a bag. It mixes and crashes food.
 Rugae is the stomachs wall.
 Small intestine is where the food becomes thick and mushy soup.
 Duodenum part of small intestine connected to the stomach.
 Ileum part of small intestine connected to large intestine.
 Jejunum middle section of small intestine.
 Large intestine takes few more nutrients from the digested food and remove as much water the
body needs.
 Rectum is the large section of large intestine.
 Anus is where the waste matter comes out.
 Liver is the largest organ inside the body.
 Respiratory system takes in oxygen inside the body.
 Lungs is the main organ in respiratory system.
 Larynx sometimes called voice box, produces the voice when air pass through it.
 Bronchi are tubes that carry air into the lungs.
 Nose are the uppermost tract in respiratory system.
 Larynx is can be seen through the adams apple.
 Breathing is the taking air in and out to the lungs.
 Diaphragm is the sheet that separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity of the body.
 Inhale taking in air. Diaphragm contracts chest expands.
 Exhale taking out air. Diaphragm relaxes chests contracts.
 Heart is the main organ in circulatory system
 Arteries carries blood away from the heart.
 Capillaries is the location for exchange gases and nutrients between blood and tissue cells.
 Veins carries blood back to the heart.
 Heart has 2 chambers: upper and lower. Upper are the atrium lower is the ventricle.
 Circulation is the process where blood flows throughout the body.
 Heartbeat is sequence of actions that makes blood flow through the chambers and valves.
 Stethoscope is the instrument that doctors used in detecting heartbeat.
 Nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory and communicating system in the body.
 Central nervous system makes up your brain and spinal cord.
 Peripheral nervous system makes up your nerves.
 Brain is the main organ in nervous system.
 Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain
 Cerebellum is also called little brain
 Vertebrates are those who have backbone.
 Invertebrates are those who do not have backbone.
 Fishes are aquatic animals with three fins; pectoral, dorsal, and tail.
 Octotherms are animals that absorb heat outside.
 Gills breathing organ of fishes.
 Amphibians are animals that live both land and in water.
 Reptiles have thick skin and covered with scales.
 Reptiles are animals that can regulate their inner body based on temperature outside.
 Birds are usually have feathers adapted for flying.
 Mammals are simply the animals that have mammary glands.
 Marsupials are animals that have marsupium.
 Monotremes are mammals that lay eggs.
 Sponges have no arms, head and internal organs. They belong to phylum porifera.
 Cnidarians are also called coelenterates is structured like an umbrella or a vase.
 Echinoderms have several arms connected to a central body called pentamerous.
 Mollusks have shells.
 Worms are invertebrate that have soft slender bodies.
 Insects are the largest group of invertebrates and are divided to 3 body divisions: thorax, head
and body.
 Arthropods have exo-skeleton, segmented bodies and jointed legs.
 Spores are the reproductive structures of non-flowering plants.
 Algae is a plant that has no roots, stems or leaves.
 Gametophyte is a stage in the life cycle of fern where spores grow and become prothallus.
 Sporophyte is a stage in the life cycle of fern marked by the development of fertilized egg into a
young sporophyte fern.
 Emergent layer is where you can find umbrella shaped trees.
 Upper canopy consist of branches and leaves of tallest trees in the forest.
 Lower canopy receives 2-15% of sunlight. Contains young trees and herbaceous plants.
 Forest floor is made up of carpet moss and decayed matter from plants and animals.