MODULE A: REALITY AND KNOWLEDGE publicize to our community for

verification and acceptance

Philip Kindred Dick
o Publication -Verification – Acceptance
✓ Science fiction writer
o We present it actively
✓ Experiential definition
o If the whole community agrees with
✓ Movies:
you, it will become a community
o Blade Runner (Starring Harrison Ford)
knowledge or mainstream knowledge
o Total Recall (Starring Colin Farrell)
o Knowledge statements in the
o The Minority Report (Starring Tom
textbooks are personal knowledge of
Cruise)
authors and the community will
o Next (Starring Nicolas Cage)
accept it or rejects it
o Blade Runner (Starring Harrison Ford
o Depends on the set of beliefs of the
and Ryan Gosling)
discipline
✓ He said, “Reality is that which, if you stop
believing in it, does not go away”
Approaches to viewing reality
a. Scientific approach
REALITY
b. Interpretative approach
✓ Everything that appears to our five senses
« These two are differentiated on the
o Everything that we can see, smell,
grounds of:
touch…
o Ontology
✓ Everything that we experience
o Epistemology
✓ The “REAL WORLD” as I observe and
Ontology
experience
✓ Study of the nature of reality
✓ The real world is a world of our perceptions
✓ Study of a set of beliefs about what the
and experiences
world actually is
✓ The moment I perceived and experience
✓ Question for the discipline: is the real world
reality then I conjure ….
to you objective or constructive to those
who experience it
Knowledge
✓ Scientific approach: objective and
✓ When you reached the gap between the
independent of our perception or
theory and reality, then knowledge is
experience of it
generated
✓ Interpretive approach: constructed by us as
✓ “Reality is all of the experiences and things I
we experience it?
perceived that determine my knowledge of
the world.”
Epistemology
✓ Facts, feelings, or experiences that are parts
✓ Study of what we can know about reality
of a person’s reality
✓ Followed that of ontological questions
✓ State of knowing (from experience of
✓ The one can know about reality is
learning)
dependent on one’s belief
✓ Organized information in my head
✓ Scientific approach: can generate
unbiased, generalisable knowledge
Personal Knowledge Statement
✓ Interpretive approach: knowledge is specific
✓ “Reality is all of the experiences and things I
to a particular time and space?
perceived that determine my knowledge of
the world.”
We draw reality using both scientific and
✓ Personal statements
interpretive. Depending on the discipline, profession
✓ Community/ Discipline Knowledge
or academic profession
Statement: members of academic scholarly
Knowing these two approaches will be able to
community (e.g. biology, archaeology,
understand other people whose reality statement
sociology, medicine)
might be different from ours
o Once we have our own discipline
knowledge statement we now have to
Theory
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 ✓ The “THEORETICAL WORLD” where theories,
ideas, concepts, etc exists
✓ The mind is what I consider the theoretical
world
Is “common sense” also a knowledge?
✓ Yes, if it rests on a body of evidence
(induction) or a reliable theory (deduction).
✓ Usually knowledge that arises from less
structured process and more often from
day-to-day experiences of people
✓ However, people may acquire different skills
in logic or reasoning
✓ Or may have been trained in the rudiments
of research
SUMMARY:
✓ The world has seen the need for scientific
research
o It is agreed that the first true philosophers
were inhabitants of the island of Miletus in
16th century BC
o 600 BC
o “what is reality made of?”
« Historians attribute to the Milesian
the distinction of being the earliest
philosophers who pondered this
question
o Supernatural explanation is unreliable
« Unwilling to rely on supernatural or
religious explanation for natural
phenomenon
✓ Aristotle regards him as the first philosopher
in the Greek tradition
✓ Aristotle also attributed to Thales one of the
early hypothesis about the nature of matter
that the originating principle of nature was a
single material called water

Module B: STS Scientific Inquiry, Technology, and

Impact on Society

✓ the role of scientific approach in acquiring

knowledge in this world
✓ how do we test truth?
2. Phytagoras
o We need to know the set of
✓ 571-491 BC
paradigms or sets of beliefs adhered
✓ Also concern about the nature of reality
to by scientist in assessing scientific
✓ Equation of a right triangle
information and in generating
o 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐
conclusions and knowledge using
✓ “truth should not be accepted but be
the scientific approach
proved”
o Importance of recognizing the
✓ Legend says that he believed that eating
philosophy behind scientific inquiry
beans is sinful and he drowned a student for
o These approaches in testing reality or
revealing the existence of irrational numbers
truth, each of us already practice in
to the world
our everyday life
o Without understanding philo behind
scientific approach, there will be no
originality, because there will be no
creative and critical thinking

Theory
✓ The “THEORETICAL WORLD” where theories,
ideas, concepts, etc exists
Reality
✓ The “REAL WORLD” as we observe and
3. Aristotle
experience
✓ 384-322 BC
✓ believed to be the founder of both
MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
philosophy of science and science
1. Thales of Miletus (624- 546 BC)
1. Miletus/ Milesians
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 o founded the subject physics,
astronomy, psychology, biology, and
chemistry
o also, logic, mathematics, and
epistemology
✓ Induction and deduction
o First to articulate this
o Induction naturally lead to
generalizations (the key concept in
5. Francis Bacon
knowledge generation and gives
✓ 1561-1626
science the ability to predict rather
✓ Seminal figure at the time of scientific
than simply report)
revolution
✓ Promoted systematic observation and
✓ Scientific revolution: emergence of modern
thought in biology, physics, law, literature,
science during the early modern period
and ethics.
when developments in the physical,
mathematical, and natural sciences
4. Ptolemy
transformed views society and nature
✓ Claudius Ptolemaeus
✓ Novum Organum Scientiarum: new
✓ AD 127-145
instruments of science published in 1620 and
o In Alexandria
a development of Aristotle’s treaties on
✓ The Earth is the center of the universe
logic and syllogism written in the latter’s
o So called Ptolemaic System
book organum
o Geocentric model: all planets
o Bacon outlined a new system of logic
including the sun revolves around
to improve upon the old philosophical
the earth
process of syllogism
« Became influential to the roman
o Bacon’s method relied on experimental
catholic church
histories to eliminate alternative theories
« 1822 the college of cardinals finally
o He promoted a scientific method in
caved in to the hard facts of science
which scientists gathered many facts
saying that the publication of works
from observation and experiment and
treating the motions of the earth and
then make inductive inference about
the stability of the sun (heliocentric
patterns in nature
model), is in accordance with
o For bacon finding the essence of
opinion of the modern astronomers is
everything is a simple process of
now permitted
reduction and the use of inductive
✓ Ancient astronomer, geographer, and
reasoning
mathematician
✓ As an example of Baconian Method is this:
✓ Nothing is known about his personal life
o One would like to find a cause of a
✓ Ptolemy is an excellent map maker during
phenomenal nature such as heat
his time
o One must list all the situations where
o Connecting the coordinates of cross
heat is found and another list should
of around 8000 locations in the world
be drawn up listing situation that are
map and the height of the roman
similar to those of the first list except
empire
for the lack of heat
o The most detailed image of the
o The third table list situations where
inhabited world
heat can vary
o Became inspirations to geographers
o The form the cause of heat must be
that which is common to all
instances in the first table is lacking
from all instances of the second

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 table and varies of degree in
instances of the third table
✓ Physical cause and laws of nature
✓ Essence of a thing is deduced through a
process of reduction, and the use of
inductive reasoning
6. Rene Descartes
✓ 1596-1650
✓ A mathematician, scientist, and philosopher
who promoted a scientific method that
emphasized deduction
o This idea as well as mathematics,
influenced newton and other figures
of the scientific revolution
✓ the discourse on the method of conducting
one’s reason and of seeking truth is both a
mathematical and autobiographical
published by Rene Descartes in 1637
✓ he believed that all science is based on
mathematics
o this manifested in his unification of
ancient geometry and new algebra
based on the Cartesian Coordinate
✓ He is respected for his attempts to create a
form of philosophical argument akin to
science or mathematics
✓ His emphasize on perspective of
consciousness in epistemology and his work
on methodology
✓ “cogito, ergo sum”
o I think, therefore I am
✓ Founder of “rationalism”
o Observed data is inferior to pure
reason
o He believed that pure reason is
superior to observation
✓ He sparked the key debates in modern
philosophy of science
✓ For him the only things that exist are
thoughts, because even doubting them is a
kind of thought
7. Karl Popper
✓ 1902-1994
✓ Karl Raimund Popper
✓ A very significant philosophical quiz in the
scientific method champion
✓ An Austrian-British professor in the London
School of Economics
✓ He rejected the classical inductivist views on
the scientific of method in favor of empirical
falsification
o A view that a theory in the empirical
sciences can never be proven but it
can be falsified
✓ Realism or logical empiricism: modified with
the views of Popper
o Probably the most received view of
western science in the modern
period
✓ “a true scientist should look to falsify theory
with observation that contradict them”
o (Foundation behind the scientific
method)
✓ He came up with a question “What makes
then a scientific statement”
FOR A STATEMENT TO BE SCIENTIFIC (a ruling of US
Judge William Overton)
1. It must be guided by natural law.
2. It has to be explanatory by reference to
natural law.
3. It is testable against the empirical world.
4. Its conclusions are tentative.
5. It is falsifiable.
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Observations and Questions
NOTES
The first two criteria as reference to natural law
such reference acknowledges that there are
underlying deformities and general relationship
between phenomena which explains the
behaviour of things
The third criteria require that claims can be
observed in some way if it cannot be tested, then
it is not scientific
The fourth implies that no matter how much
evidence we have found for our scientific theory,
we must be open to the idea that it may be
wrong, that new evidence might disprove it.
Disposition is a position of David Hume (an
empiricist) who argued that the scientific finding
based on observations are true only in so much
as they have not been proven false.
The fifth implies that theories should be stated in a
way that we could find evidence against them.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
✓ Scientific method is a process to construct
reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary
representation of the world.
✓ The methodology of science is concern not
only with the discovery of knowledge but
also with the justification of knowledge
claims.
✓ For knowledge to be termed scientific, a
method of inquiry must be based on
empirical and measurable evidence subject
to specific principles of reasoning.
✓ Oxford English Dictionary: a method of
procedure that has characterized natural
science in the 17th century consisting in
systematic observation, measurement, and
experiment and formulation, testing, and
modification of hypothesis
✓ The scientific method is the guide by which
we find evidence to either accept or reject
knowledge claims.
✓ Though the scientific method is presented as
a series of fixed steps, it is best to consider as
a general guideline not all the steps should
necessary be followed nor the steps are
always made to the same order.
✓ Remember: there are rules of scientific
inquiry in each step
✓ Observation of the natural world are a
trigger towards knowing and understanding
nature
o These observations lead toward the
formulation of question
o Inquisitiveness is innate to us.
✓ For example
o A young child who is trying to
understand what is happening around
him/her would draw us a never-ending
string of how, what, why, and where
questions.
o Formulating the question pertaining to
an observation of a natural
phenomenon is perhaps one of the
difficult parts of any scientific inquiry
o research question may aim to find an
explanation to a natural phenomenon
or may aim to find solutions to a
problem presented by a natural
phenomenon
o a hypothesis is a conjecture; a
probable answer to the research
question or explanations of the
phenomenon; based on the
knowledge obtained while formulating
the research question
o Statistical hypothesis: a special type of
hypothesis; is a conjecture of all the
population; terms commonly
associated are null and alternative
hypothesis
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 o hand-in-hand with formulating the o Scientific naturalism: a philosophical
hypothesis is thinking about the possible approach using tools that are akin to
logical outcome of the hypothesis those of the natural sciences.
o ideally, predictions should be able to ▪ Follow the general process of
distinguish the hypotheses from the the scientific method but not
alternative. Making test of hypothesis necessarily the specific tools
involves conducting experiments to and instrumentations
investigate if the real world behaves as developed for the various
predicted by the hypothesis disciplines in the natural
o if observations don’t agree then the sciences
alternative hypothesis may be
accepted or may then be the subject o Interpretivist viewpoint: use other
of a test methods like symbolic interpretation
o if observations agree then confidence
in the hypothesis increase THEORY OR LAW
o agreement does not mean absolute ✓ Similarities:
proof that the hypothesis is true. Only 1. Both are based on tested hypotheses;
that it is temporarily accepted in the 2. Both are supported by a large body of
absence of disagreement. empirical data;
o In the like of data gathered and 3. Both are widely accepted by the vast
analysis of data, a knowledge majority (if not all) scientists within a
statement or research conclusion is discipline.
then made. If it is consistently arrived at 4. Both are falsifiable.
various investigators and conditions LAW THEORY
then it may be elevated into theory. ✓ as well ✓ A well
substantiated substantiated
Social Science as Science? statement that statement that
✓ Yes!! describes a natural explains a natural
✓ Social science: is concern with the society phenomenon” phenomenon
✓ Will predict what ✓ How or why a
and the relationships among individuals
will happen as long natural
within a society.
as the conditions phenomenon
o Anthropology
are met happens in a
o Economics ✓ Usually the certain condition
o Political science conditions are
o Psychology mathematically
o Sociology defined
o It may also include some parts in the
Humanities, Archaeology, History,
Law, and Linguistics
✓ Although the scientific method is developed Example 1: in physics (gravity)
in the context of the Natural Sciences, it can If we hold an object above ground, release it at
also be reacted by the Social Science a certain height, and observe it fall down, then
✓ Psychology: humans are biological being we say that the objects fall down because of
where humans are involved especially when gravity.
human behaviour is point of focus then we Law: describes the object falling – its acceleration
say that we are dealing with the so called as it falls, the time, & speed at ground impact
-describes the phenomenon
“social world”
Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation: give us
✓ The “social world” is part of the “natural
mathematical formula to calculate how strong
world”
gravitational pull is between the earth and the
✓ Two major viewpoints: object you dropped.
Theory: explains why the object falls

6| Julie Palo
 Albert Einstein’s General Relativity Theory: can
explain that the object falls (gravity’s effect) is a
consequence of the curvature of four-
dimensional space-time

What we gained from technology use:

Is a “law” higher than a “theory” in the level of
✓ Ease of access to information/
“truthfulness”
communication
✓ A law is neither “better than” nor “worse than” a
✓ Ease of travelling; shelter; entertainment
theory
✓ Ease of access to natural resources
✓ They are different things and rules to play
✓ Improved health and lifestyle
✓ A theory is not a “law in waiting”
o A theory can be upgraded to a law
What we sacrificed from technology use:
neither a law can be downgraded
✓ Social isolation
to theory
✓ Job loss
✓ Increased dependency on technology/
SCIENCE
decreased competency
✓ Exists for its own sake
✓ Data security/ privacy
✓ For the quest of knowledge
✓ Increased potential of destructive conflicts
✓ Use of the application of scientific that
✓ Environmental degradation
usually becomes an issue
✓ “No man lives as an island” applies both on
the sociological and technological
MODULE C: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
SOCIETY MAJOR TIME PERIODS:
✓ The aggregate of people living together in a
more or less ordered community ✓ Ancient period
✓ “Technology is as much as for the benefit of ✓ Middle/ Medieval (5th Century – 15th
society as it is for the good of the individual” Century)
✓ Modern Age (16th Century- Present)
TECHNOLOGY ✓ Philippine Inventions
✓ Noun
✓ Coined in the early 17th century THE ANCIENT PERIOD
✓ Greek: tekhne = art, craft; -logia 1. Asia and Africa (Sumerians, Egypt,
✓ Tekhnologia: systematic treatment and China)
✓ Application for the practical use of science 2. Europe (Greeks and Romans)
and knowledge in formal academic 3. The Americas
courses. ASIA AND AFRICA
✓ “science or knowledge put into practical
✓ 15,000 BCE (before current era): warmer
use
climates, melting of glaciers in the north
✓ The branch of knowledge dealing with
✓ Raised sea levels, exposed land and inland
engineering or applied sciences
lakes
✓ Natufians: hunter-gatherers of Southeast
ABRIDGED HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY
Asia
✓ Stone age: tools from wood or shards of rock
o forced to congregate in small,
and the discovery of fire
semipermanent villages along rivers and
✓ Bronze age: work with metal
streams
✓ Iron age: work with other kinds of metals;
o switch from hunter gatherers to planting
primary component in the tool making
and domestication
✓ Modern technology: an advancement of
o 1st farming settlements appeared in the
old technology; machineries; rapid rise of
Levantine Corridor (present day Israel,
information and communication
Syria and the Euphrates River Valley)
technology.

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 Cuneform Uruk City

✓ Younger Dryas Event

o 11,000 BCE- Younger Dryas Event -->
bursting of glacial melt from Canada to THE GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Irrigation and Dikes
Gulf Stream
✓ resulted in the conditions of the Late Ice
Age
✓ Mesopotamia (Greek): “land between the
rivers” (present day SE Iraq)

BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
SUMERIAN BABYLONIA EGYPTIAN CHINA ✓ Tigris and Euphrates rivers
N ✓ Great builders
Arid Place Great Nile River- Yellow ✓ Hanging garden of Babylon
Tigris and Builders benevole River
Euphrates Hanging nt River Most
Agriculture Garden of Good isolated
in lower Babylon location- of all
Mesopotam Tigris and covered civilizatio
ia Euphrates with n
deserts
and
rapids

Switching to agriculture is an important precursor

of major civilizations.

SUMERIAN CIVILIATION: TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVERS

✓ Origin: Turkey
✓ 644 km parallel to each other
✓ join into the Persian Gulf
✓ 5000 BCE: beginning of agriculture and
irrigation in lower Mesopotamia
✓ Environment: Arid with unpredictable annual
floods
✓ Creation of large agricultural cities
✓ the valley of the Nile
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION ✓ 6400 km
✓ benevolent river
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✓ swells in late summer, deposit fertile silt ✓ Yangtze River
✓ Egypt is strategically located (and o 10,000 and 7000 BCE- wet rice
geographically isolated) farming and hunting
o East and west: deserts
o north: the sea and the Nile Delta
o Cataracts- rapids
o Stability
✓ Egypt and Agriculture
o Intimate relationship with the
environment
o Labor intensive with aid of some KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION
animals
✓ Reverence for ancestors
o Digging, weeding, planting,
✓ Big significance of family
harvesting
✓ Prestige of being educated
o Pharaohs: god king
✓ Importance of the written word
Comparing Egypt with Mesopotamia

EUROPE: GREECE AND ROME

GREEK CIVILIZATION
✓ Indo-European nomadic group
✓ 3 Epochs
1. Minoan-Mycenean Age: 2000 BCE-
1100 BCE
✓ Papyrus 2. Hellenic Period: Homer to mid 300
✓ Ink BCE
✓ Hieroglypics “Classical Period”
✓ Cosmetics 3. Hellenistic Period: 300 BCE to 1st
✓ Wig Century CE
✓ Water clock/ clepsydra ✓ small islands of the Aegean, western end of
CHINESE CIVILIZATION Asia Minor, mountainous sourthern tip of
✓ Most isolated of all civilization Europe
✓ Agriculture and metalworking ✓ Little land for large scale farming
(independent) ✓ dozens of protected harbors and bays
✓ hunter-gatherer of millets ✓ Expert sailors--> ships and shipping
✓ 7000-6000 BCE- settlements along the Yellow ✓ Mountains that are difficult to traverse
River ✓ Accessible by the sea
✓ Seaborne commercial trade established
small but wealthy states ruled by kings.

✓ Loess
✓ terracing, diking, irrigation
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 ✓ Best known for: ✓ Between 20,000 and 10,000 BCE
o Classical period: art, literature, ✓ Beringias
science, philosophy o On foot or by small boats
o Systems of government (Monarchy, o Resching the Americas:
Aristocracy, oligarchy and ✓ Inuit Eskimos of N. Canada and Alaska
democracy)
o Engagement in wars
✓ Alarm clock and Water mill 3 PERIODS
ROMAN CIVILIZATION 1. Paleoindian Period
✓ succesor to the Hellenistic Greece « Hunting for Survival: Colder Climate
✓ Found halfway down the western coast of « Clovis Point
the Italian peninsula « Folsom Point
✓ Tiber River flows through its fertile plains. 2. Archaic Period
✓ Indo-Europeans around 1500 BCE « continuous shifting of climate to warmer
✓ Not-so-advanced farming practices and drier conditions
✓ Newspaper and bound books or codex « Gathering of wildplants
« less specialized, more for gathering
plants
« Hunting of smaller animals
« Organization: small, temporary groups
✓ Roman Forum in Italy 3. Agricultural Revolution
« 5500 BCE- Mexico- chile and pumpkin
« 4000 adn 2500 BCE- maize
« 1500 BCE- Pit houses of farmers
« corn, beans, squash, chile
« Agricultural productivity -->
Mesoamerican civilizations
3 MAJOR GROUPS OF PEOPLE THAT SETTLED IN « (Olmecs, Mayans, Teotihuacan, Aztecs)
ROME INVENTIONS
✓ Etruscans: highly civilized, but little written ✓ Purpose of inventions
account o Problem = solution
✓ Greeks: migrated due to crowding in o Original
Corinth, Thebes and other cities o Evolution
▪ South Italy into a prosperous ✓ Medieval Period Inventions
region, constant fighting with o Massive invasions and migrations
Etruscans and Phoenecians o Wars
✓ Phoenecians: came through Carthage o Greater technology for
▪ builders of powerful ships development
o Population decline and rise
The Romans are known for applying o Trade and commerce =
scientific knowledge to everyday transportation technology
problems in society. o Most innovative minds

Printing Press Description: Used for

INNOVATION IN WARFARE: THE CORVUS automated printing of
publications such as in
✓ Rome waged war with Carthage for more literature, news, etc.
than 20 years to control Sicily. and for publishing
books to reach people
THE AMERICAS at a faster rate
✓ 3 waves of migration: Amerindians, Central
Asia, Northeastern Asia
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 Problem Addressed: Problem Addressed:
Reliability and Inaccuracy and poor
efficiency design

Solution Provided: A Solution Provided:

more reliable and Accuracy and better
efficient printing press design
Microscope Description: For
examination of Medieval Glasses Description:
infinitesimal figures, Supplementary aid for
objects, or organisms seeing things better –
that are invisible to the clearer and closer
naked eye
Problem Addressed:
Problem Addressed: Problematic eyesight –
Close magnification for near and
medical doctors farsightedness;
impracticalness of
Solution Provided: The magnifying glass
first compound
microscope Solution Provided:
Portability, practicality,
and efficiency
Telescope Description: For provided by the
observation of far and eyeglasses
wide sites

Problem Addressed: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES:

Distant magnification PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
for navigators

Solution Provided: REFERENCES ON LIFE BEFORE THE SPANISH

Close magnification at COLONIZATION
a distance provided by
powerful lenses ✓ Rizal's Annotated edition of Sucesos de las
Islas Filipinas by Antonio de Morga
✓ The Boxer Codex
War Weapons Description: Made for
✓ Archeological evidences
the purpose of the
prevalence of combat EARLIEST EVIDENCES OF AGRICULTURE
in the middle ages
✓ Andarayan, Solana, Cagayan Valley
Problem Addressed: ✓ 3400± y.a.
Better weaponry ✓ rice planting
technology o Banaue Rice Terraces
✓ - 2000 y.a.
Solution Provided:
Cross/long bows for THE BOXER CODEX
open-area battles and
iron-body armors for ✓ 307 pages, Spanish
close-combat ✓ Life in Luzon and Visayas
Mechanical Clock Description: A large, ✓ Charles R. Boxer
typically publicly
displayed device for
time-telling/keeping

11| Julie Palo

 MODERN INVENTIONS
✓ Pasteurization
✓ Petroleum Refinery
✓ Telephone
✓ Mechanical Calculator
✓ Salamander Amphibious tricycle
✓ Salt Lamp
Money Matters ✓ OL Trap
✓ Medical Incubator
✓ Piloncitos
✓ EJeepney
✓ Laguna Copper Plate Inscription
✓ Maria Orosa: Google honors food scientist,
o 900 AD
banana ketchup inventor and war hero
o Ancient Javanese
MODULE D: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS

✓ Since the ancient times, man had always been

Candaba Neolithic Adze
✓ H. Otley Beyer, 1930
✓ 3000 BC
✓ Metal Age and Protohistoric Period
✓ Donya Simang Site
✓ Known ruler: Dionisio Kapolong (son of Rajah
Lacandula)
✓ Regular travels up north through Pampanga
River
✓ Tradewares: heirloom pieces, dowry, status
symbol
What else can we learn from the Candaba Swamp
Archaeological Site?
✓ Evidences of metal craft technology
✓ Clue #1: Iron slags
✓ Clue #2: richness of vocabulary of natives
for metals implements
✓ important for hunter-gathering and warfare
✓ Evidences of trade with China, Thailand,
Vietnam and maybe even Japan
✓ Elaborate burial practices (grave goods)
Homo luzonensis
✓ Armand Mijares
✓ with Philip Piper
✓ human evolutionary research.
✓ Late Pleistocene period, or around 50,000 to
67,000 y.a
✓ using fossilized teeth, hand and foot bones
curious about the world around them. But due
to limitations in tools available to them,
explanations to natural phenomena were
limited to what their naked eyes could see.
✓ Often, what their senses could not explain they
tried to explain through religions and magic.
3 EXAMPLES INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS IN HUMAN
HISTORY:
1. Copernican Revolution
✓ Ancient Greeks: known for their curiosity
about natural phenomena.
o They looked up to the skies and sought
to come up with explanations with
what they see.
✓ Plato and Aristotle (4th Century BCE) said that
the Earth was a sphere and the stationary
center of the universe.
✓ Anaximander (6th Century BCE): stated the
same thing
✓ Plato and Aristotle: The stars and planets were
carried around the Earth on spheres or circles
arranged in order of distance from the center.
Eudoxus of Cnidus
✓ proposed that uniform circular motion for all
heavenly bodies around the Earth which was
at the center.
✓ He said that all heavenly bodies are in
concentric, crystalline or transparent spheres
around the Earth.
✓ Spheres: made of incorruptible substance
called “aether” and moved at different

12| Julie Palo

 speeds to create the rotation of the bodies
around our planet.
o Prime Mover: that initiates all motions in
the universe.
Geocentric Theory: theory of an Earth-centered
universe
Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 BC)
✓ was first to propose a theory to the contrary
✓ Proposed a heliocentric theory based on the
large size of the Sun.
✓ He had sound method but inadequate data
so his theory was not welcomed by those who
could not imagine the Earth not being at the
center.
Hipparchus of Nicea (165-127 BC)
✓ greatest astronomer of the classical
period.
✓ producing star maps and catalogues of
850 stars.
✓ introduced the idea of the Precession of
the equinoxes.
✓ noticed that the positions of the stars were
shifted in a systematic way.
✓ indicated that it was not the stars that
were moving but rather the observing
platform- the Earth.
✓ Precession of the Equinoxes: discussed the
eccentricity of the sun’s apparent orbit
and certain inequalities of the motions of
the moon.
✓ determined the lengths of the seasons
and accurately measured the year.
✓ known also for his systematic use of
trigonometry in astronomy.
Ptolemy (150 AD)
✓ was an astronomer
✓ geographer of the later classical age at
Alexandria.
✓ He furthered the work of Hipparchus.
✓ planets move in epicycles or small circular
paths.
✓ The centers of the epicycles are along the
deferent of big circles.
✓ his explanation for the behavior of some
planets like Mars where it occasionally
appeared to move backward with respect
to the stars before moving forward again.
15th and 16TH Century
✓ European scholars relied on Greek sources
for education
✓ astronomers were facing problems.
✓ The astronomical calendars of the past were
becoming inaccurate.
✓ Plotting religious holidays became
problematic.
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1514)
✓ proposed an explanation in favor of the
heliocentric view of the universe.
✓ it was the Earth’s movement that explains
the rising and setting of the Sun, the cycle of
the seasons and the movement of the stars.
✓ Earth rotates on its axis and it take a year for
it to complete its revolution around the Sun.
✓ correctly explain retrograde motion of the
planets.
✓ “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelesteum”
(On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres, 1532).
o discussed his model of the solar
system and how the planets moved
around the Sun.
o this model opposed the geocentric
model so favored by many,
including the Church
o it was not published until 1543.
o He died soon after this.
o True enough, the book was banned
by the Church in 1616.
Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler
✓ early years of the 17th century
✓ provided the much-needed scientific
support for his theory.
✓ resulted in Galileo’s trial and imprisonment
for heresy.
Isaac Newton
✓ latter part of the 17th century,
✓ Universal laws of gravitation: provided the
rest of the missing pieces of Copernicus’
model of a heliocentric universe.
13| Julie Palo
 ✓ This led to it eventually becoming accepted
in Europe and eventually to the rest of the
world.
2. Germ Theory of Disease
✓ Before the germ theory of disease, various
explanations were given to why people get
sick.
✓ Ancient Greeks: believed in the 4 humors:
black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood.
o Balance of 4 humors: a person stays
healthy.
o Imbalance results in disease
✓ Other explanations were rooted in
1. Astronomy
2. Religion
3. Magic
4. supernatural phenomena
MIASMA THEORY
✓ germ theory was finally accepted was the
miasma theory.
✓ purported that disease was because of
"bad air" or "noxious air" from the
decomposition of organic matter.
✓ It is believed that inhaling this air will cause
disease.
GIROLAMO FRACASTORO (1546)
✓ diseases that start an epidemic are caused
by minute entities called spores
✓ He also used the term “fomites”
✓ Fomites: objects like clothes and linen that
may harbor these spores and therefore,
help spread the disease.
✓ it did not gain much traction because
people found it hard to believe that invisible
particles can account for catastrophic
events such as pandemics.
✓ This was, after all, 200 years before the
invention of the compound microscope.
LOUIS PASTEUR (1864)
✓ introduced pasteurization to prevent
spoilage of milk caused by microorganisms
✓ He did this successfully after demonstrating
that microorganisms called yeasts
✓ Yeasts: are responsible for fermenting sugar
to alcohol in the absence of air.
✓ help fight the silkworm diseases that were
ravaging the silk industry in Europe.
✓ Agostino Bassi: proved that another
silkworm disease was caused by a fungus.
✓ Pasteur discovered that the causative
agent for the outbreak during his time of
investigation was caused by a different
microorganism, a protozoan.
Joseph Lister
✓ Ignaz Semmelweis (1840): observed that
physicians who do not routinely wash their
hands in between patients or procedures
are more likely to spread infections like
puerperal or childbirth fever.
✓ Lister then started to disinfect his surgical
instruments with carbolic acid.
✓ It resulted in significantly less infections and
death after surgery that soon, more and
more physicians adopted the practice.
Robert Koch (1876)
✓ Germ theory was finally proven
✓ he saw rod-shaped bacterium in the blood
of cattle that died of a disease called
anthrax.
✓ Bacillus anthracis
o He cultured the bacterium and then
injected them in healthy animals.
o The animals became sick and died.
o He collected blood samples from them
and saw the same rod-shaped bacterium
from before.
o The steps involved in this experiment is
now known as Koch’s postulate.
✓ establish that some diseases, such as those
that result in outbreaks and epidemics, are
caused by microorganisms.
✓ paved the way for other significant leaps in
health and medicine
✓ development of preventive procedures
such as vaccination.
3. Information Revolution
✓ Early man: used smoke in making signals
and beating of drums.
✓ record their observations of their
surroundings through drawings.
Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave, Ardeche, France
14| Julie Palo
 ✓ found oldest cave painting in the world
✓ estimated to have been done between
33,000 to 30,000 BCE and presented animals
like bisons.
Angono Rizal
✓ petroglyphs were discovered in the walls of
caves here
✓ National Artist Carlos “Botong” Francisco in
1965: discovered these petroglyphs
✓ now known as National Cultural Treasures.
✓ composed of characters etched on the
rocky walls of caves and are estimated to
be around 2,000 years old.
Cuneiform
✓ world’s oldest alphabet is the cuneiform
✓ developed by the Sumerians who lived
along the Mesopotamia sometime between
3100 and 3000 BCE.
✓ cunieform was considered to be the most
efficient.
✓ Each symbol stands for a syllable, several
syllables put together form the words.
✓ The Sumerians etched their writings on clay
tablets.
Baybayin
✓ already exists a system of writing c, long
before the Spaniards came.
✓ Kulitan: alphabet used by citizens of
Pampanga.
*Alphabets and the medium on which they are
written on made it easy to record information.
*This information may include chronicles of
important events, natural and cyclic events such as
the coming of the season and flooding of bodies of
water.
*Later on, these established records that became
useful for weather prediction that guided
agriculture.
Johannes Gutenberg
✓ 1454
✓ invented the printing press, causing print
media to take a huge leap forward.
✓ From books that were copied by hand,
limiting their supply and increasing the
chances of errors being inserted,
manuscripts can be edited before mass
printing.
Industrial Revolution
✓ produced the telegraph and the
typewriters.
✓ Telegraph made it possible to send
messages long distances.
Alan Turing (1936
✓ brilliant mathematician
✓ described a computing machine that could
carry out any possible computation on its
own.
✓ Turing machine: became one of the
foundations for the development of the
computer.
✓ His machine caused us to attribute thinking
and decision making to machines;
capabilities we only attribute to living
organisms like humans before.
✓ Today, computers have completely
revolutionized almost every aspect of
human life.
MODULE E: ISSUES AND CONSEQUENCES OF
TECHNOLOGY
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
✓ Born in September 26,1889
✓ Messrkirch, Germany
✓ He is most known for his works on
phenomenology and existentialism.
✓ Being and Time (1927): considered as one of
the most important works of the 20th
century.
✓ He argues that technology should be a
mode of revealing, something that brings
forth truth.
✓ Modern technology is a “challenging forth”
o Very aggressive in its activity
✓ The question of technology
1. Technology is a means to an end.
2. Technology is a human activity
15| Julie Palo
 TERMS ✓ Breeding grounds for birds
Aletheia unhiddenness or disclosure ✓ Bird-watching
Poiesis bringing forth
Aristotle Producing something for a purpose
Techne Skill,

TECHNOLOGY SHOULD BE A MODE OF REVEALING

✓ “a poiesis that reveals truth”

✓ We use technology to understand our
immediate environment and the universe Bangkung Malapad Estuary, Sasmuan,
Pampanga
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND OUR RELATIONSHIP
WITH NATURE ✓ Migratory birds
✓ When it’s winter at north
✓ It expedites or speeds up the un- ✓ Breeding of birds
concealment of nature.
✓ Modern technology gave us the ability to
extract minerals from the earth, turn forested
lands into agricultural and later commercial
lands, we developed plastics and found
different uses for it.
✓ Cutting of trees along Mac Arthur Highway
✓ Kreutzer: “Modern technology views Earth Consuelo, Macabebe
as a huge gas station representative of the
extraction, drilling and rape of Mother ✓ Coastal community
Nature.” ✓ Mangroves

BEFORE: OUR ANCESTORS LIVED IN HARMONY

WITH NATURE

Wetlands of Pampanga
✓ “pampang”
✓ People on the river banks
✓ Thriving communities living along the NOTES
banks of Pampanga river But now, the only time we think about these rivers
is when we blame them for floods
Pampanga and Guagua river
And ever since we developed a love affair with
✓ Source of livelihood, means of plastics
transportation, and connection
MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON OUR
✓ Played an important role
RELATIONS WITH EACH OTHER

✓ Modern technology has shackled us.

✓ Self-centered individuals
✓ We have forgotten how to enjoy and live in
✓ We have become too preoccupied with
snapping the perfect picture
✓ Technology is usually thought of as that
Candaba Swamps which solves problems.
✓ Catch basin ✓ Heidegger asserts it is something we must
question.
✓ Catches flood water of Pampanga
✓ If our dependence on technology is causing
river
us to overconsume and be aggressive in
16| Julie Palo
 extracting resources from the environment, Zhi: knowledge Yi: justice/
if it leads us to be wasteful, if it causes us to Xin: integrity righteousness
pollute our planet, then technology has ✓ These are all equal in their importance,
indeed consumed our humanity. but everything begins with filial love and
✓ Heidegger is not telling us to reject piety, meaning everything begins in the
technology all together. family.
✓ He is just telling us that it should be ✓ It is in the family that we learn how to be
something that we continuously question humble and kind
✓ Technology should build bridges between
us, open means for healthy discussion and TAOISM
exchange of ideas. ✓ Daode-jing (Tao Te Ching) of the 3rd – 4th
✓ It should not keep us from effectively century BCE
communicating with each other. ✓ Laozi (Lao Tzu)
✓ It should not cause us to be trapped in our ✓ “Dao”: path or way
own rooms, but it should be something that ✓ Chi: life-giving force from the dynamic balance
would help us realize our role in life and in between yin and yang
the world. ✓ Yin: dark, feminine, passive; Earth
✓ Yang: light, masculine, active; Heaven
PHUBBING ✓ Balance of these allows the chi to flow is
believed to be needed to achieve good health,
✓ You are ignoring your companions because fortune, and prosperity
you are preoccupied with your gadgets ✓ Embraces nature
✓ Questioning is the piety of thought ✓ Yinyang: encourages us to work with natural
forces, to always deal with life in a natural
QUESTIONING MODERN TECHNOLOGY
manner
✓ Preventing us from living in the moment
✓ Modern technology enframes us Zoroastrianism
o Enframing: boundary is place ✓ Zoroaster: established Zoroastrianism
around ✓ Monotheistic
✓ Enframing blocks poiesis ✓ Persia, 1500-1000 BCE
✓ Reflecting on how technology should help ✓ Ahura Mazda: one supreme being who
us see what is true created and sustains everything
✓ Let’s now allow modern technology to ✓ Goodness is expressed as Good thoughts,
devour us good words, good deeds
✓ Let us use it to appreciate the world around o Telling the truth
us o Practicing charity
o Showing love for others
THE WAY FORWARD THROUGH SELECT
o Moderation in all things
PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT
✓ Quiet and moderate funeral practice
CONFUCIANISM o Sagdid or dog glance: scare away evil
spirits
✓ 6TH century BCE o Towers of Silence: the body is carried
✓ Confucious (Kung-fu-Tze or Master Kong) out of the house and placed in this
✓ Good-knowing the difference between right structure
or wrong o Forbidden to lay the body on the
✓ To do what is right ground
✓ Does not believe in all-power deity o Left exposed to elements, to be picked
✓ Five Constants and Four Virtues clean by vultures
o Once the bones are left, these are
FIVE CONSTANTS FOUR VIRTUES
collected and buried
Ren: benevolence Xiao: filial love
Yi: righteousness Zhong: loyalty
CATHOLICISM AND LAUDATO SI’
Li: ritual Jie: contingency
17| Julie Palo
 ✓ Pope Francis ✓ Food chain: It refers to the sequence of
✓ Laudato Si’: Praise be to you, my Lord transfers of matter and energy in the form of
o Derived from the canticle of Saint food from organism to organism
Francis of Assisi
✓ Our common home
✓ United by common concern: state of our
planet
✓ Inclusive dialogue with all people
✓ Obstructionist attitudes
✓ Pressing environmental problems
✓ discourse on pressing environmental problems ✓ In recent times, human activities have
plaguing our planets resulted to a number of dramatic changes
✓ Environmental problems tend to expose the to different ecosystems.
injustices present in our society, how some a. Urbanization
vulnerable sectors and communities are b. Industrialization
deprived of their rights to access basic needs c. Kaingin-Agriculture
such as food, shelter, and health care. d. Recreational Facilities
✓ These are the very communities that are often Consequences of Anthropological Activities on
hardest and first to be hit by environmental Ecosystems
disasters.
✓ He appealed that everyone acknowledges ✓ loss of biodiversity
the great contribution of humanity to the
BIODIVERSITY
deterioration of our environment.
✓ refers to the variety of life on Earth- plants,
✓ Care for the environment as corporal acts of
animals, microorganisms.
mercy
✓ It also includes the variability of these
organisms, genetic differences among the
SUMMARY
organisms, and the communities in which
✓ We have become holders and beneficiaries
these organisms occur.
of scientific knowledge
✓ Data show that species are becoming
✓ Modern technology is aggressive in its
extinct 100 times faster than they would
activities and can block our experience of
without human impacts.
what is true
✓ Also, the human population has doubled
✓ Modern technology is something we should
since 1970, while populations of wild animals
continuously question
have more than halved.
MODULE F: ECOSYSTEMS, GLOBAL ROLES OF BIODIVERSITY
ENVIRONMENTALISM, BIODIVERSITY AND THE 1. Services provided by Ecosystems
CLIMATE CHANGE ✓ Food and medicine
✓ Protection of water resources
ECOSYSTEM
✓ Pollination
✓ is a unit of the biosphere (layer of the Earth’s
✓ nutrient cycling
surface that supports life) composed of a
✓ soil fertility and stability.
biological or living community and its
✓ These services could be less likely to be
associated abiotic or non-living environment.
delivered if the ecosystems are weakened
✓ Biotic: living community
due to the loss of biodiversity
✓ Abiotic: non-living environment
✓ Laguna de Bay:
✓ It could be of various sizes and could be
o the largest lake in the country
terrestrial, aquatic, or marine.
o have been contaminated with heavy
✓ Dynamic interactions that take place within
metals, industrial chemicals, antibiotics,
the ecosystem are numerous and complex
steroid hormones, protozoa, and fecal
which could result in alterations in its biotic
bacteria from both animals (hogs, and
and abiotic components.
ducks) and humans.
18| Julie Palo
 o The poor water quality led to periodic 3. Biodiversity as part of the solution to climate
algae infestation in the lake. change.
o third largest lake in Southeast Asia
✓ By 2030, research has discovered that
o cannot be a major source of safe water
nature can provide at least 30% of the
for Metro Manila
emission reductions to prevent climate
2. Biodiversity and Human Health
catastrophe.
✓ Seventy percent (70%) of emerging viral
✓ Deforestation is responsible for 11 % of
diseases have been acquired by humans
greenhouse gas emissions.
from animals.
✓ Conserving forests could stop the release of
o Ebola
these greenhouse gases into the
o Dengue
atmosphere.
o Bird flu
✓ Forests and wetland ecosystems: serve as
o COVID-19
crucial buffers to extreme typhoons and
✓ Deforestation: may result in the spread of
flooding related to climate change. These
disease by allowing disease carriers or
ecosystems are more resilient to the impacts
vectors like mosquitoes to extend their
of climate change.
geographic ranges and infect new
populations of humans. 4. Biodiversity and Economy
✓ Medicinal Plants Approved by DOH
1. Allium sativum (Garlic/Bawang) ✓ Ecotourism: significant source of income for
2. Blumea balsamifera (Nagal camphor/ many people as well.
sambong) o Lake Sebu, South Cotabato
3. Cassia alata (Ringworm bush/ o Bucas Grande, Surigao del Norte
akapulko) ✓ Souvenir products and jewelries
4. Clinopodium douglasii (Mint/yerba
Buena)
5. Ehretia microphylla (Scorpion bush/
Tsaang Gubat)
6. Momordica charantia (Bitter
Melon/Ampalaya)
7. Peperomia pellucida (Silver
bush/ulasimang Bato)
8. Psidium guajava (Guava/Bayabas)
9. Quisqualis indica (Rangoon 5.Social Benefits
creeper/niyug-niyogan)
✓ Species are usually important to cultural,
10. Vitex negundo (Five-leaved Chaste
religious, and national identities.
Tree/lagundi).
✓ More than one-third of those species are
threatened.
✓ Natural parks and other protected areas
provide recreation and also serve as
knowledge resources for visitors.
✓ Biodiversity is often a source of inspiration
for artists and designers.
✓ Biodiversity is also being utilized in education
and research.
o Durian-inspired architecture, The
✓ There are also on-going researches
Esplanade, Singapore
regarding organisms that are potential
sources of anti-cancer drugs. GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTALISM
✓ biodiversity has positive impacts on mental
health.

19| Julie Palo

 ✓ Environmentalism: refers to a social
movement or as an ideology that is focused
on improving the health of the environment.
✓ It aims to protect, preserve, conserve,
restore the natural ecosystem from human
activities.
✓ It also claims that organisms aside from
humans, and the natural environment as a
whole is worthy of consideration in
reasoning about the morality of political,
economic, and social policies.
✓ The biggest climate mobilization in history
over 7.6 million people take to the streets
and strike for climate action.
✓ Global Climate Strike: September 20-27
o Climate Emergency Hour at AUF
MODULE G: COVID-19 PANDEMIC
HISTORY OF 1918 FLU PANDEMIC
✓ 1918 Pandemic (H1N1 virus)
✓ H1N1 virus with genes of avian origin
✓ 500 million people or one-third of the world’s
population infected with this virus during 1918-
1919
✓ No vaccine and no antibiotics
✓ Control efforts worldwide were limited to non-
pharmaceutical interventions such as isolation,
quarantine, good personal hygiene, use of
disinfectants, and limitations of public
gatherings, which were applied unevenly
✓ CDC has worked to address the continuing
threat of flue, including preparing for flu
pandemics
ARE WE READY FOR ANOTHER PANDEMIC?
✓ We are not ready
✓ Ebola: we didn’t have a system at all
o No group of epidemiologists
o Delayed case reports
o No medical team
o Medicine Sans Frontieres: volunteers
o Treatment: no one to figure out what
tools to use
o Global Failure
✓ Preparedness
1. Strengthen health systems
2. Create a medical corps
3. Pair medical & military
4. Run germ games
5. Step up research & development
✓ known as “2019 novel coronavirus”
✓ Novel virus was named as Wuhan
coronavirus or 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-
nCov) by the Chinese researchers
✓ The International Committee on Taxonomy of
Viruses (ICTV) named the virus by WHO as
SARS-CoV-2 and the disease as COVID-19
✓ Corona virus belong to family Coronaviridae,
order Nidovirales,
✓ 65–125 nm in diameter and contain a single-
stranded RNA.
✓ size ranging from 26 to 32kb in length
STRUCTURE OF SARS-CoV-2
✓ SARS-CoV-2 possesses the typical coronavirus
structure with spike protein and
✓ also expressed other polyproteins,
nucleoproteins, and membrane proteins, such
as
o RNA polymerase
o 3-chymotrypsin-like protease
o papain-like protease
o helicase
o glycoprotein
o accessory proteins
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF COVID-19
✓ mild to moderate illness and recover without
hospitalization.
✓ Most common symptoms:
o fever
o dry cough
o tiredness
✓ Less common symptoms:
o aches and pains
o sore throat
o diarrhea
o conjunctivitis
o headache
o loss of taste or smell
o a rash on skin, or discoloration of
fingers or toes
✓ Serious symptoms:
o difficulty breathing or shortness of
breath
o chest pain or pressure
o loss of speech or movement
✓ 5–6 days from when someone is infected
with the virus for symptoms
to show, however it can take up to 14 days.

COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2 cause :

20| Julie Palo
✓ acute lung injury (ALI)
✓ acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
which leads to pulmonary failure and result
in fatality.
COVID-19 UPDATE (MAY,2020)
✓ 3,329,740 cases
✓ 237,647 deaths
✓ Fatality rate: 7% (0.7%)
✓ 25-50% may be asymptomatic
✓ No cases of intrauterine transmission
✓ Virus not detected in breastmilk
✓ Septic shock
✓ Young & healthy individuals: Pulmonary
Fibrosis
✓ Presymptomatic people can spread the
virus easily
✓ T-Zone: where the virus can enter in the face
✓ Can remain infectious in 4 hours (droplets)
✓ Latex & aluminum: 8 Hours
✓ Cardboard: 24 hours
✓ Countertops, plastic,& stainless steel: 3 days
✓ Wood & glass: 5 days
✓ Clean & sterilize frequently touched surface
✓ Incubation period: symptoms may appear
after 5 days
✓ RT-PCR Test: can detect small amounts of
viral RNA
o NOT VERY sensitive
o Chest CT: detect viral pneumonia
o Isothermal Amplification: viral RNA
o Rapid Seriological Testing: detect
antibodies
o Look for other causes
✓ 𝐑 𝐨 : how quickly it spreads
o REMDESIVIR: help shorten duration of
symptoms; no statistically benefits vs
placebo
o LOPINAVIR + RITONAVIR:
antiretroviral drugs
o CHLOROQUINE OR
HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE: use to treat
malaria
o HYDROXYCHLOROQUINE +
AZITHROMYCIN
FDA APPROVED EMERGENCY USE OF REMDESIVIR
PREVENTION ON THE SPREAD OF COVID-19
✓ protect yourself and others from infection
✓ alcohol-based hand rub
✓ avoid touching your face
✓ refrain from smoking
✓ cover your mouth and nose
✓ stay home if you feel unwell
✓ practice physical distancing
✓ wear mask, face shield, and PPE
WHAT HAPPEN WHEN YOU GET CORONA VIRUS?
✓ Crown-like Spikes: s protein
✓ Enters mouth, nose, lungs
✓ S-protein locks on the receptor of one of
your living cells
✓ Fuse with the cell’s surface or phagocytosis
then releases its genes
✓ One spikes of the virus inserts into a receptor
molecule on your health cell membrane
✓ It can directly access the ribosomes
✓ Ribosomes that makes copy of the virus
(viral proteins)
✓ 2-14 days before symptoms appear

Watch the video here baby:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DGwOJXSxq
g

IMPACTS OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC

✓ Human Society
✓ Treatment: o PAL Lays of 300 personnel after
o Mild Symptoms: revenue losses due to COVID-19
▪ Isolate at home o Coronavirus: Philippines quarantines
▪ Rest & fluids island of 57 million people
o Severe Symptoms: ✓ Effects of COVID-19 outbreak on
▪ Supportive care environment and renewable energy sector
▪ Fluids o Medical masks collected by some
▪ Oxygen environmentalists from the sea in
▪ Ventilatory support China
21| Julie Palo
MODULE H: NEW NORMAL ✓ Provide proper ventilation in areas
around the home
✓ Across the globe, countries have
3. Reduce contact
implemented different control measures to
✓ Stay at home unless absolutely
respond to covid-19 by slowing down
necessary to go out
transmission and reducing mortality.
✓ Practice physical distancing among
✓ The virus has changed our lives drastically
family members
and will never know when will we go back
4. Reduce infection duration
to our normal lives again without the fear of
✓ Immediately manage mild symptoms at
getting infected.
home
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTIONS ✓ Call the Barangay Health Emergency
1. Educate how the virus works Response Team (BHERT) for severe
2. Implemented the personal protective symptoms
measures recommended by DOH and IATF, 5. Ensure governance and accountability
« e.g. wearing face mask, social ✓ Head of household must set up “New
distancing, body temperature Normal” house rules
check, respiratory etiquette. o Cleaning and disinfection
3. Isolation of symptomatic individuals schedule
4. Contact tracing (identifies who have been o Handwashing technique
exposed with an infected person)
5. Lockdowns of outbreak hotspots
NEW NORMAL IN WORKPLACE
WHAT IS THE NEW NORMAL?
New Normal: is a new way of thinking about, 1. Reduce vulnerability
deciding on, and doing our usual affairs within an ✓ Maintain a healthy diet
invigorated sense to remain healthy by: ✓ Always hydrate
✓ Keep an exercise routine
✓ Reducing vulnerability by keeping a healthy
✓ Communicate with family and friends
lifestyle
2. Reduce transmission
✓ Reducing virus transmission by observing
For employees:
infection control measures;
✓ Practice constant hand hygiene and
✓ Reducing contact with a potential disease
proper cough etiquette
carrier;
✓ Use face masks and, when necessary to
✓ Reducing the duration of the infection by
the nature of the job, PPEs
establishing effective disease management
✓ Don’t borrow office items
mechanisms; and
✓ Avoid sharing of meals
✓ Ensuring governance and accountability by
✓ Perform regular disinfection of room and
putting in place strong health regulation
frequently-held items
and policies
For employers:
NEW NORMAL IN OUR HOMES
✓ Perform regular disinfection of work
1. Reduce vulnerability
stations, rooms, and common spaces.
✓ Maintain a healthy diet
✓ Provide hygiene facilities
✓ Always hydrate
✓ Maintain proper ventilation in rooms and
✓ Keep an exercise routine
common spaces
✓ Communicate with family and friends
✓ Provide face masks, when necessary to
2. Reduce transmission
the nature of the job, individual PPEs
✓ Practice constant hand hygiene
3. Reduce contact
✓ Perform regular disinfection of room and
For employees:
frequently-held items
✓ Work from home when possible
✓ Observe extra caution for the elderly
✓ Practice physical distancing when
and family members with comorbidity
reporting in the office
22| Julie Palo
 For employers:
✓ Offer work from home arrangements
✓ Avoid big meetings and mass gathering
4. Reduce infection duration
For employees:
✓ Undergo regular physical examination
✓ Immediately manage mild symptoms at
home
✓ Call the Barangay Health Emergency
Response Team (BHERT) for severe
symptoms
For employers:
✓ Provide regular physical examination
for employees
✓ Encourage employees with symptoms
to stay at home
✓ Isolate employee with symptoms and
refer to the nearest hospital, clinic, or
health service provider
5. Ensure governance and accountability
Employers should formulate policies on:
✓ Work from home
✓ Healthy lifestyle in the office
✓ Provision and wearing of PPEs
✓ Scheduled disinfection of work stations
✓ Temporary housing facilities
✓ Ensuring effectiveness of in-house
medical teams
NEW NORMAL IN SCHOOLS
1. Reduce vulnerability
✓ Maintain a healthy diet
✓ Always hydrate
✓ Keep an exercise routine
✓ Communicate with family and friends
2. Reduce transmission
For teachers, students, and other school
staff:
✓ Avoid borrowing school and office items
✓ Practice constant hand hygiene
✓ Cover your mouth and nose when
sneezing or coughing
✓ Use a face mask for the duration of your
stay in school
✓ Stay at home if experiencing symptoms
✓ Avoid sharing of meals
For school administrators:
✓ Include infection prevention measures in
the curriculum
✓ Keep a handwashing schedule for all
teachers, students, and other school
staff
✓ Make hygiene facilities available
✓ Maintain proper ventilation in
classrooms, work stations, and common
areas
✓ Maintain a clean and decluttered
environment
✓ Provide PPEs and training for school
health personnel
3. Reduce contact
For teachers, students, and other school
staff:
✓ Practice physical distancing
✓ Adopt alternative learning methods that
lessens contact time in school
For school administrators:
✓ Discourage big group activities,
meetings, and mass gatherings
✓ Offer alternative curriculum delivery
modes such as modular learning or
online class
4. Reduce infection duration
For teachers, students, and other school
staff:
✓ Undergo regular physical examination
✓ Immediately manage mild symptoms at
home
✓ Call the Barangay Health Emergency
Response Team (BHERT) for severe
symptoms
For school administrators:
✓ Provide regular physical examination
for employees
✓ Encourage students and personnel with
symptoms to stay at home
✓ Isolate student or personnel with
symptoms and refer to the nearest
hospital, clinic, or health service
provider
5. Ensure governance and accountability
School administrators should formulate
policies on:
✓ Alternative learning
✓ Implementation of healthy lifestyle in
the school
✓ Provision of wearing of PPEs for school
staff and health personnel
✓ Emergency response training
23| Julie Palo
 ✓ Schedules disinfection of classrooms
and work stations
✓ Ensuring effectiveness of school health
teams
✓ Sick leave of symptomatic school staff
✓ Class attendance of symptomatic
students
COPING WITH THE NEW NORMAL
✓ Not worried at all: 1
✓ Not too worried: 5
✓ Somewhat worried: 25
✓ Very worried: 69
SUMMARY:
This situation is both uncertain and temporary! It’s
okay not to feel okay. It’s also okay (and
encouraged) to seek help and support!
✓ Consider this a time to reflect on who you
want to be during this time.
✓ Focus on what is within your control.
✓ It’s good to be informed, and it’s a really
good idea to take breaks from
conversations, news, and information
related to COVID-19.
✓ Adjustment is a process that looks differently
for most people. This process is not liner or
well-defined. Patience and flexibility are
really important.
24| Julie Palo