This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been
fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TEC.2017.2690059, IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion
Capacity Configuration and Coordinated Operation of
A Hybrid Wind Farm With FSIG-Based and
PMSG-Based Wind Farms During Grid Faults
Jun Yao, Member, IEEE, Lisha Guo, Te Zhou, Depeng Xu, and Ruikuo Liu
Abstract-This paper mainly proposes a capacity configuration
strategy for a hybrid wind farm with fixed-speed induction
generator (FSIG)-based and permanent magnet synchronous
generator (PMSG)-based wind farms during grid faults. In this
paper, FSIG-based wind farm realizes low voltage ride through
(LVRT) with the associated control of nearby PMSG systems as
StatComs to provide the required reactive power. By establishing
the mathematical model of hybrid wind farm containing network
parameters, the operation characteristics of the FSIG-based wind
farm during grid faults are analyzed in detail. Based on the
characteristics and the critical clearing time (CCT) of FSIG-based
wind farm, a novel capacity configuration method for the hybrid
wind farm is proposed to calculate the required reactive power of
FSIG-based wind farm for a LVRT operation. Based on the
capacity configuration result, the minimum installed capacity of
PMSG-based wind farm could be determined. Taking into account
the impact of reactive power compensation capacity and grid
transmission line parameters, the coordinated LVRT capability of
the hybrid wind farm is then analyzed. Finally, simulation and
experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed
capacity configuration method and the coordinated operation
performance of the hybrid wind farm respectively.
Index Terms- Hybrid wind farm, grid faults, critical clearing
time (CCT), capacity configuration.
I. INTRODUCTION
W ind power has become the most important renewable
energy with large-scale development and marketization
prospect because of its wide distribution and abundant storage
since 1980s. Due to the excellent merits such as the independent
power regulation capability and variable speed constant
frequency operation, doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)
and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) systems
occupy a major part of the newly installed wind farms [1]-[2].
However, with the mature technology and simple structure,
fixed-speed induction generator (FSIG) -based wind turbines
still have a significant percentage in the existing large-scale
wind farms [3].
Nowadays, wind farms are usually installed in remote areas or
offshore where rural grids are mostly weak [4]. Unlike wind
turbines with grid-connected converter, the FSIG-based wind
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China under Grant 51477016.
Jun Yao, Lisha Guo, Depeng Xu, and Ruikuo Liu are with the State Key
Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New
Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University,
Chongqing, 400044, China (e-mail: topyj@163.com; guolisha1008@sina.com;
xudepeng1992@qq.com; liuruikuo1986@163.com).
Te Zhou is with the Southwest Electric Power Design Institute Co. Ltd of
China Power Engineering Consulting Group, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610021,
China. (email: zhoutezone@vip.qq.com).
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1
farms directly connecting to the network are very sensitive to
the non-ideal grid conditions, such as unbalanced grid voltage
or grid faults [5]-[6]. Under grid fault conditions, grid voltage
sag would cause an unbalance between the input mechanical
torque and output electromagnetic torque of the FSIG-based
wind turbine. Consequently, the rotor of FSIG may be
accelerated to lose stability and then the wind farm based on
FSIG could disconnect from the power grid. Meanwhile,
FSIG-based wind turbine needs to consume a large amount of
reactive power while its rotor operating at a high slip, which
may lead to a voltage collapse in the network [7]-[8]. Therefore,
how to enhance the operation performance of FSIG-based wind
farm under grid fault conditions becomes very necessary at
present.
Recently, different methods have been investigated to
improve the LVRT performance of FSIG-based wind farm. In
[9], the dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs) are designed to
optimize the operation performances of fixed-speed wind farm
under grid fault conditions. However, the DVRs cannot provide
reactive current during grid faults and have a large capacity
because of the internal resistance, which is used to absorb the
excessive power transferred from the wind farm to the power
grid. The application of a StatCom was proposed to compensate
the required reactive power of FSIG-based wind farm during
grid faults in [5] and [10]. Compared with the static var
compensator (SVC), StatCom has more flexible dynamic
control capabilities to help the wind power plants realize LVRT
and decrease the mechanical stress [11]. However, FSIG-based
wind farm would not achieve a success fault ride-through
operation with insufficient compensation of reactive power,
whereas the economy of compensation would be lost with
excessive reactive power support. Consequently, the rated
capacity of reactive power compensator for FSIG system
becomes a difficulty to determine and has not yet been studied
in detail by the previous work [12].
With the development of hybrid wind farms, FSIG-based
wind farm is always installed along side wind farms based on
DFIG or PMSG systems [13]. Some enhanced operation and
coordinated control schemes among DFIG-, PMSG- and
FSIG-based wind farms have been studied under non-ideal grid
conditions in [14]-[19]. In [13]-[14], the operations of a hybrid
wind farm containing DFIG- and FSIG-based wind turbines
under grid voltage sags and unbalance are investigated. In order
to improve the performance of FSIG systems, a voltage and
reactive power compensation control strategies for DFIG
systems are presented. However, the compensation ability of
DFIG systems will vary with the generators speed, output power
and the impact of the transmission network impedance.
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Transactions on Energy Conversion
2

Obviously, compared to the DFIG systems with low rated generators in wind farm. That is, a 30 MW FSIG-based wind
converter capacity, PMSG systems have more efficient farm and a 30 MW PMSG-based wind farm are equivalent to a
advantages including strong reactive power and terminal FSIG system of 30 MW rated capacity and a PMSG system of
voltage support capability [15]-[16]. Therefore, the operation 30 MW rated capacity respectively [21]. Z1, Z2, and ZL are the
behavior and an improved control of hybrid wind farms impedance of the transmission lines respectively.
including PMSG and FSIG systems under unbalanced grid
B. Model of the FSIG-Based Wind Farm
voltage condition is investigated in [17]. The operation of
FSIG-based wind farm is enhanced by using PMSG-based wind The grid faults include symmetrical and asymmetrical grid
farm to decrease voltage unbalance factor (VUF) at point faults. Only the positive-sequence component exists in grid
common coupling (PCC). In [18]-[20], an enhanced strategy is voltage under symmetrical grid fault condition, whereas the
proposed to improve the LVRT performance of FSIG-based negative-sequence voltage component would also exist during
wind farm by using full-sized converter of PMSG system as a asymmetrical grid fault. To analyze the impact of network
StatCom. However, the minimum installed capacity of PMSG parameters on the operation of FSIG-based wind farm, the
system and the LVRT capability of FSIG-based wind farm have simplified positive- and negative-sequence equivalent circuits
not been extensively investigated. of FSIG-based wind farm containing grid line parameters are
The main work of this paper is to propose a capacity established in Fig. 2. R1, R′2 and RL1 are the resistance of stator,
configuration strategy for a hybrid wind farm with FSIG-based rotor and grid transmission line between FSIG-based wind farm
wind farm and PMSG-based wind farm to calculate the required and PCC respectively; X1σ and X′2σ are the leakage reactance of
reactive power of FSIG-based wind farm for a fault ride through. stator and rotor respectively; Xm, XT, XC and XL1 are the
As a result, the minimum installed capacity of PMSG-based magnetizing reactance, short-circuit reactance of transformer,
wind farm can be determined. Meanwhile, the coordinated capacitive reactance of paralleling reactor and grid line
LVRT operation performance of the hybrid wind farm is reactance between FSIG wind farm and PCC respectively; s is
analyzed in detail by considering the compensation capacity of the slip of FSIG. U PCC and U1 are the grid voltage of PCC and
reactive power and the grid line parameters. This paper is the stator voltage of FSIG system respectively. I1 and I2 are the
organized as follows. Section II introduces the topology and stator and rotor current of FSIG respectively. Superscript + and
model of a hybrid wind farm with PMSG-based wind farm and - express positive- and negative-sequence components
FSIG-based wind farm. The operation characteristics of respectively.
FSIG-based wind farm during grid faults are investigated with RL1 X L1 XT X 1 R1 c1 X 2
the consideration of network parameters in Section III. Section
I
I2
IV develops a capacity configuration method for the analyzed
U1
1
R2
U PCC

c1
hybrid wind farm based on the CCT of FSIG-based wind farm. XC Xm s
Section V assesses the coordinated LVRT capability of hybrid
wind farm with different network parameters and compensation (a)
RL1 X L1 XT X 1 R1 c1 X 2
capacities of reactive power. Experimental results are used to
validate the coordinated LVRT operation of the hybrid wind I1 I2
U PCC

U1 R2
power generation system in Section VI. Finally, Section VII c1
XC Xm 2s
draws the conclusion.
(b)
II. TOPOLOGY AND MODEL OF THE HYBRID WIND FARM Fig. 2 (a) Simplified positive-sequence equivalent circuit of FSIG-based wind
farm containing grid line parameters; (b) Simplified negative-sequence
A. Topology of the Hybrid Wind Farm equivalent circuit of FSIG-based wind farm containing grid line parameters.
Configuration of the hybrid wind farm with FSIG-based wind
Where c1=1+X1σ/Xm is a correction factor. Combining with Fig.
farm of 30 MW rated capacity and PMSG-based wind farm of
2 and the elementary dynamical model of FSIG system [22], the
30 MW rated capability is shown in Fig. 1.
35kV/690V
positive- and negative-sequence mathematical models of the
PCC FSIG FSIG-based wind farm can be presented as,
Z1 Δ/Yg C1 MW Level
U PCC =  RL1  j ( X L1 + X T ) I1  U1
FSIG-based     
35kV/690V
Wind Farm   (1-1)
U PCC =  RL1  j ( X L1 + X T ) I1  U1
FSIG
Δ/Yg C1     
Grid 110kV T
ZL
MW Level PMSG-based Wind Farm       R2 
Yg/Δ
35kV/690V GSC MSC U1 = jX c//m (I1 +I 2 )   (R1 +c1 s )  j ( X1σ + c1 X 2σ  )  I2
110kV/35kV Lg
PMSG    (1-2)

Z2 Δ/Yg
U  = jX    R2 
c//m (I1 +I 2 )    (R1 +c1  )  I 2
 )  j ( X1σ + c1 X 2σ
35kV/690V
Lg
GSC MSC


1
 2s 
PMSG
Δ/Yg
And the dynamic equation of the FSIG’s rotor can be shown as,
Fig. 1 Configuration of hybrid wind farm with FSIG-based wind farm and
PMSG-based wind farm. d 1
 (Tm  Te ) (2)
dt 2 H m
This paper follows an integrated model for convenience to
analyze without considering the effect among wind power

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TEC.2017.2690059, IEEE
Where Xc//m=XCXm/(XC+Xm) is the shunt reactance of XC and Xm.
Hm is the inertial constant. Te and Tm are the electromagnetic
torque and the mechanical torque of FSIG systems respectively.
Consequently, the electromagnetic torque-slip characteristics of
FSIG-based wind farm caused by positive-sequence and
negative-sequence voltage components respectively can be
expressed as
  m1 2
U PCC R2' s
Te 
 s ( RL1  c2 ( R1  c1 R2 s ))  ( X L1  X T  c2 ( X 1  c1 X 2'  )) 2
' 2
 2
  m1 U PCC R2' (2  s )
Te   ( R  c ( R  c R ' (2  s ))) 2  ( X  X  c ( X  c X ' )) 2
 s L1 2 1 1 2 L1 T 2 1
Where c2=1+(XL1+XT)/Xc//m is also a correction factor; m1 and
Ωs are phase numbers of FSIG stator winding and synchronous
angular-speed respectively.
From Eq. (3), the electromagnetic torques of FSIG-based
wind farm respectively caused by the positive-sequence and
negative-sequence voltages are both breaking torque. Under
asymmetrical grid fault, the average electromagnetic torque (Te)
of FSIG-based wind farm can be expressed as
Te  Te  Te (4)
Obviously, for the same degree of the grid voltage sags, the
acceleration of FSIG rotor will be more serious during
symmetrical grid fault than asymmetrical grid fault. The
minimum compensation capacity of reactive power for a fault
ride-through operation of FSIG-based wind farm should be
determined according to the worse condition, which means that
the symmetrical grid fault will be taken into account in this
paper.
C. Model of the PMSG-Based Wind Farm
Under grid fault conditions, machine-side converters (MSCs)
of PMSG-based wind farm can still be controlled to obtain the
stable dc-link voltage as normal. And, the grid-side converters
(GSCs) can be used to improve the operation performance of
FSIG-based wind farm in a hybrid wind farm because of its
flexible LVRT capability. The operation behavior and model of
PMSG-based wind turbine under non-ideal grid conditions have
been described fully in [23]-[25], so this paper only gives a brief
description about the control model of PMSG-based wind farm
during grid faults.
C.1 Model of MSC
During symmetrical grid voltage sags, the active power from
prime movers of PMSG-based wind turbines cannot be
transferred to the network completely and the excessive energy
will charge the dc-link capacitors. In the rotor flux oriented
frame, the dynamical model of MSC can be expressed as
 disd
usd  Rs isd  Ls  m Ls isq
 dt
 disq
usq  Rs isq  Ls  m Ls isd  m f
 dt
 dU dc
C  ig-DC  is-DC
 dt
Where us and is are the AC side voltage and current of the MSC
respectively. ig-DC and is-DC are the DC side currents of the GSC
and MSC respectively. Ls and Rs are the inductance and resistor
of the PMSG respectively. ωm is the rotor angular speed. ψf is
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3
the flux linkage of the PMSG. C and Udc are the dc-link
capacitor and voltage respectively. Subscript d and q express
the components in d- and q-axis respectively.
In order to eliminate the unbalanced active power between
MSCs and GSCs, a control of MSC is presented to obtain stable
dc-link voltage by reducing the active power transferred from
the MSCs to the power grid in [20]. When the output power of
PMSG-based wind farm is limited to zero under grid fault
conditions, the PMSG rotor speed can be expressed as,
(3)
t
2  1  1 (6)
H
1 2
Where ω1 and ω2 are the PMSG rotor speeds before and after
grid faults respectively; Δt is the duration of grid fault and H is
the generator inertia time constant. According to Eq. (6), the
increase of rotor speed is very small by limiting the output
active power of PMSG-based wind farm to zero.
C.2 Model of GSC
With the limit control strategy of active power, PMSG-based
wind farm can easily achieve LVRT operation. Meanwhile, the
entire capacity of GSCs can be used to enhance the LVRT
performance of FSIG-based wind farm by providing the
required reactive power. Consequently, the equivalent capacity
of GSCs is the minimum installed capacity of PMSG-based
wind farm to realize the coordinated LVRT operation of the
hybrid wind farm with PMSG-based and FSIG-based wind
farms. Under symmetrical grid fault condition, the dynamical
model of GSC in the synchronous rotating reference frame with
grid voltage orientation can be expressed as
 digd
ugd   Rg igd   Lg igq  Lg  U gd
 dt (7)

 digq
ugq   Rg igq   Lg igd  Lg
 dt
And the average active power output (Pg-av) and reactive
power output (Qg-av) of the PMSG-based wind farm can be
presented as
P  U i  U i  , Q  U i  U i 
3 3 (8)
g-av gd gd gq gq g-av gd gq gq gd
2 2
Where Ug is the voltage at terminal of the PMSG-based wind
farm. ug and ig are the AC side voltage and current of the GSC
respectively. Lg is the total inductance including leakage
inductance of the transformer and line inductance. Rg is the line
resistor. ω is the synchronous rotating angular speed.
C.3 Controller of the Back-to-Back Converter
According to the dynamical models of GSC and MSC, the
PMSG-based wind farm should be controlled to operate as a
StatCom with the traditional vector control method and the
controller of the back-to-back converter can be expressed as,
ugd  ( K p1  K p1 /  i1s )(igd
*
 igd )+ Lgigq  U gd

(5)
ugq  ( K p1  K p1 /  i1s )(igq  igq )   Lgigd
*
(9)

usd  ( K p2  K p2 /  i2 s)(isd  isd )  m Lsisq
*

usq  ( K p2  K p2 /  i2 s)(isq  isq )  m Lsisd  m f
*
The items i*gd, i*gq, i*sd, i*sq can further be given as,
igd
*
 ( K p3  K p3 /  i3 s)(0  Pg ), igq
*
 ( K p3  K p3 /  i3 s)(Qg*  Qg ) (10)

 isd*  0, isq*  ( K p4  K p4 /  i4 s)(U dc*  U dc )
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Where Kp1, Kp2, Kp3, Kp4 and τi1, τi2, τi3, τi4 are the proportional required reactive power for a LVRT operation of the
coefficients and integral time constants of the PI controllers FSIG-based wind farm after the grid faults.
respectively. It should be noted that Q*g is determined according Based on the dynamical models and controller of the
to the requirements of grid codes during the grid faults and the PMSG-based wind farm, the control block diagram of a hybrid
wind farm with PMSG and FSIG systems under grid fault
conditions can be shown in Fig. 3.
igq ugq usq isq
*
igq ugq usq isq* *
U dc
Qg* PI PI m PI PI
Qg U dc
*
SVPWM U SVPWM
igd ugd dc usd
Pg*  0 PI PI PI isd  0
igd ugd usd isd
 m , m
Pg
Udc isdq 3s/2r
Grid T3 T1 PPMSG、QPMSG
PCC Lg isabc
 PMSG
θg , ω
110kV/35kV 35kV/690V PLL
ugabc igabc GSC MSC
igd ,U gd
igαβ
igq 2s/2r ugαβ 3s/2s
usd  m Lsisq usq  m Lsisd  m f
ugd  U gd   Lgigq ugq   Lgigd
T2
FSIG Gearbox
35kV/690V C

Fig. 3 Control block diagram of the hybrid wind farm under grid fault conditions.

can be increased to the stable point d, which means that the

III. CHARACTERISTICS OF FSIG-BASED WIND FARM FSIG-based wind farm could achieve a successful LVRT.
In order to determine the minimum capacity of PMSG-based (3) While the fault clearing time is greater than TCCT as the
wind farm for a fault ride-through of the investigated hybrid grid fault is cut-off at point c", the working point of FSIG-based
wind farm, the operation characteristics of FSIG-based wind wind farm changes from c" to d". Due to Te<T0, the FSIG rotor
farm under symmetrical grid fault condition are analyzed in will accelerate continuously to cause the tripping of FSIG-based
detail here. wind farm.
Normal grid voltage
A. Transient Characteristics of the FSIG-Based Wind Farm Te Grid voltage recovery
Grid voltage sags
According to Eq. (3), Fig. 4 gives the torque-slip curves of d'
the FSIG-based wind farm. The red (Te1), blue (Te2) and green a d
T0 e Tm
(Te3) curves represent the characteristics of FSIG systems under
d'' Te1
normal grid voltage, grid voltage recovery and grid voltage sags
condition respectively. Te2
Under normal grid condition, FSIG-based wind farm operates c'
b c
stably at point a as shown in Fig. 4, and the rated slip of FSIG is c'' Te3
sN. The working point changes from a to b when the O sN scr s
symmetrical grid fault occurs. The unbalance between the Fig. 4 Torque-slip curves of FSIG-based wind farm.
mechanical torque and electromagnetic torque causes an
acceleration of FSIG rotor presented by the green curve (Te3) in The CCT of FSIG-based wind farm is impacted by the level
Fig. 4. When considering that there is no parallel reactive power of PCC voltage under grid fault conditions [26]. By using
compensator equipped with the FSIG-based wind farm, the PMSG-based wind farm as StatCom during grid faults to raise
CCT defined as TCCT becomes the key factor to determine the voltage amplitude at PCC, the CCT can be prolonged to
whether the FSIG-based wind turbines quit grid-connected fulfill the grid code for a fault ride-through of FSIG-based wind
operation. The characteristic can be described as follows. farm. However, the increment of PCC voltage is not only related
(1) While the fault clearing time is equal to TCCT as the grid to the reactive power supported by the PMSG-based wind farm
fault is cut-off at point c in Fig. 4, the working point of but also affected by the grid fault location. When the fault
FSIG-based wind farm changes from c to d. Due to the occurs at PCC as shown in Fig. 1, the PCC voltage during grid
electromagnetic torque being equal to the mechanical driving faults would not be significantly raised with the reactive power
torque, i.e. Te=T0, a critical point would exist for the compensation generated from the PMSG-based wind farm. Due
FSIG-based wind farm during the network fault. The FSIG’s to the small values of Z1 and Z2, it would need a large amount of
slip of point d represents the critical slip (scr). reactive current to improve the PCC voltage during grid faults,
(2) While the fault clearing time is less than TCCT as the grid which could lead to an uneconomical reactive power
fault is cut-off at point c', the working point of FSIG-based wind compensation for such an application. As shown in Fig. 4, the
farm changes from c' to d'. Due to Te>T0, the FSIG rotor speed electromagnetic torque could be raised to maintain the torque

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Transactions on Energy Conversion
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balance by improving the PCC voltage during the grid voltage As presented in Fig. 6, the active power of FSIG-based wind
recovery. Consequently, for a grid fault at PCC, the LVRT farm initially increases while then decreases, whereas the
capability of the FSIG-based wind farm could be significantly reactive power shows monotonous increase with the increase of
improved by injecting the required reactive current from the FSIG’s slip. When grid fault clears, the FSIG rotor will
PMSG-based wind farm when grid fault clears. Combining with accelerate to deviate from the synchronous speed due to the
the analysis in Section II.B, this paper would consider the most unbalanced torque caused by the grid voltage sags. Therefore,
serious condition to determine the capacity configuration of the FSIG-based wind farm would absorb a large amount of reactive
hybrid wind farm, namely, symmetrical grid fault at PCC. power after grid faults, which could further deteriorate the
voltage quality at PCC. As analyzed in Section III.A, with the
B. Power Characteristics of the FSIG-Based Wind Farm
control of PMSG-based wind farm as StatCom to provide the
From Fig. 2 (a), the equivalent impedance at PCC of required reactive power, the PCC voltage after grid faults can be
FSIG-based wind farm containing network parameters can be improved to the lowest level for a successful LVRT operation of
expressed as FSIG-based wind farm. Consequently, one of the main goals in
 ( s 2 R1  sR2' ) X C//m 2 this paper is to investigate a capacity configuration method to
 RPCC  RL1 
 ( sR1  R2 )  s 2 ( X 1  X 2'   X C//m ) 2
' 2
determine the reactive power needed by the FSIG-based wind
 (11) farm during grid faults and the minimum installed capacity of
 ( sR1  R2' ) 2 X C//m
 X PCC  X L1  X T  the nearby PMSG-based wind farm.
 ( sR1  R2' ) 2  s 2 ( X C//m  X 1  X 2'  ) 2

 s ( X1  X 2'  )( X C//m  X 1  X 2'  ) X C//m
2
 IV. CAPACITY CONFIGURATION OF THE HYBRID WIND FARM
 ( sR1  R2' ) 2  s 2 ( X C//m  X1  X 2'  ) 2
UNDER GRID FAULTS
According to Eq. (11), the resistance and reactance at PCC of
FSIG-based wind farm are only decided by the FSIG’s slip as As analyzed in Section III.A, the minimum installed capacity
shown in Fig. 5. With the increase of rotor speed and slip, the and numbers of PMSG-based wind turbines should be
resistive component initially increases while then decreases, calculated according to the required reactive power of
whereas the inductive component and equivalent impedance FSIG-based wind farm during symmetrical grid fault at PCC. In
both gradually decrease. order to determine the required reactive power compensation of
the FSIG-based wind farm and the installed numbers of the
adjacent PMSG-based wind farm, one of the main works in this
Impedance at PCC(pu)

5
4 ZPCC paper is to propose an accurate capacity configuration method
XPCC based on analysis about the dynamical characteristics of the
3
RPCC hybrid wind farm under grid fault conditions. Due to the short
2 time of grid faults and the small acceleration of FSIG rotor, the
1 mechanical torque during symmetrical grid fault would
maintain the same as normal. According to Eq. (2), the torque
0
-0.00 -0.02 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08 -0.10 s equation of FSIG-based wind turbine can be simplified as,
Fig. 5 Impedance-slip curves of FSIG-based wind farm. d
J  Tm  Te (13)
Without the consideration of electrical transient process, the dt
active power and reactive power produced by the FSIG-based Where J=2Hm and ω is angular speed; Tm and Te are mechanical
wind farm can be expressed as, torque and electromagnetic torque respectively. Therefore, TCCT
can be presented as,
 RPCC
 PFSIG  U PCC 2
2
cr 1
PCC  X PCC TCCT  J  d
2
 R (12) (14)
 N T  T
X m e
Q  U PCC 2 2 PCC 2
 FSIG Where ωN and ωcr are the rated angular speed and critical
 R PCC  X PCC
angular speed respectively. By using s = (ωs-ω)/ωs and dω =
From Eq. (12), the FSIG’s slip and voltage at PCC -ωsds, Eq. (14) can further be represented as,
co-determine the power characteristics of the FSIG-based wind scr 1
farm. Under normal grid condition, the power-slip curves of
FSIG-based wind farm are presented in Fig.6.
TCCT   J s 
sN T  T
m e
ds (15)

UPCC=1pu Where ωs is the synchronous angular speed; sN and scr are the
rated slip and critical slip respectively. In order to clearly
Reactive power (pu)
Active power (pu)

-4 4
QFSIG
explain the proposed capacity configuration method based on
-3 3 the CCT of FSIG, here takes the grid code in China as an
PFSIG
-2 2 example. The grid code requires that the wind farms connected
to the power grid should operate continuously at least 625 ms
-1 1
when the PCC voltage drops to 20% of rated voltage. Thus, Eq.
0 0 (15) can be described as.
-0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 s scr 1
Fig. 6 Power-slip curves of FSIG-based wind farm. TCCT   J s s N Tm  Te-0.2pu
ds  0.625(s) (16)

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Where Te-0.2pu represents the torque-slip curve of FSIG-based
wind farm when PCC voltage drops to 20% of the rated voltage.
From Eq. (16) and Fig. 4, the minimum critical slip (scr-625ms) of
FSIG can be got. As aforementioned in Section III, the PCC
voltage has little change during symmetrical grid fault at PCC
but can be improved to the lowest level (UPCC-min) with the
reactive power compensation after grid faults. In order to further
determine the minimum compensation capacity of reactive
power provided from the PMSG-based wind farm during grid
fault, UPCC-min should be firstly obtained. The equilibrium
equation of the FSIG’s torque can be expressed as,
2
m U PCC R2' s
T  1
e  T (17)
s ( RL1  c2 ( R1  c1 R2' s )) 2  ( X L1  X T  c2 ( X 1  c1 X 2'  )) 2
According to Eq. (17), UPCC-min can be calculated by using s =
scr-625ms. The power flow schematic plot of the grid-connected
hybrid wind farms at the required lowest voltage level is given
in Fig. 7. As can be seen from Fig. 7, the voltage value of infinite
power grid during grid faults can be expressed as,
P R  (QFSIG  QPMSG )( X L  X T )
U g  U PCC_min  FSIG L
U PCC_min
Where RL and XL are resistance and reactance of the grid
transmission line between the PCC and infinite power grid
respectively. XT is the short-circuit reactance of transformer.
PFSIG+j(QFSIG-QPMSG)
Grid
RL jXL jXT Z1
35kV/690V
QPMSG
Ug
UPCC
Fig. 7 Power flow schematic plot of grid-connected hybrid wind farms.
According to Eq. (18), the minimum reactive power provided
by the PMSG-based wind farm after grid faults can be presented
as,
U PCC _min (U g  U PCC _ min )  PFSIG RL
QPMSG  QFSIG  (19)
XL  XT
Combining with Eq. (12), the value of QPMSG can be
determined. Consequently, the minimum installed capacity of
PMSG-based wind farm can be given as,
QPMSG
S PMSG  (20)
U PCC _ min
Furthermore, the installed numbers of PMSG-based wind
turbines can be obtained by,
S PMSG
N ( N  1, 2,3...) (21)
S PMSG_single
For a 30 MW FSIG-based wind farm in this paper, the rated
slip of FSIG-based wind turbine is equivalent to -0.012. From
Eqs. (16) and (17), the calculated scr-625ms and UPCC-min are equal
to -0.1388 and 0.871p.u., respectively. As a result, with the
proposed capacity configuration method from Eq. (18) to (21),
the QPMSG, SPMSG and N are equal to 9.08 MVar, 10.42 MVA and
11, respectively. To summary, the detailed flow chart of the
proposed capacity configuration method is depicted in Fig. 8.
V. LVRT CAPABILITY OF THE HYBRID WIND FARM
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The aforementioned theoretical analysis reveals the operation
behavior of FSIG-based wind farm during grid faults. And the
proposed capacity configuration of hybrid wind farms gives the
minimum capacity of PMSG-based wind farm to assist the
LVRT operation of FSIG-based wind farm. However, the
coordinated LVRT operation of hybrid wind farm is not only
influenced by the operation characteristics but also impacted by
the compensation capacity of reactive power and the network
line parameters. Consequently, this section further analyzes the
influence of reactive power compensation capacity and grid line
parameters on the LVRT capability of the investigated hybrid
wind farm, which is another main work of this paper.
m
Operational parameters of the network
and FSIG-based wind farm
Simplified equivalent circuit of the
FSIG-based wind farm containing
network parameters
Critical slip of the Electromagnetic torque-slip Equivalent impedance
FSIG-based wind characteristic of the FSIG- at PCC of the FSIG-
(18) farm based wind farm based wind farm
The lowest level of PCC Active and reactive
voltage required by grid power of the FSIG-
codes for LVRT based wind farm
The minimum reactive power needed by the
FSIG-based wind farm during grid faults
T1
FSIG Capacity configuration of a hybrid
C wind farm with PMSG and FSIG
Fig. 8 Flow chart of the proposed capacity configuration method.
PMSG-based
Wind farm
A. Coordinated Operation of the Hybrid Wind Farm
In order to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis
and the proposed capacity configuration method, a hybrid wind
farm with FSIG-based wind farm and PMSG-based wind farm
during symmetrical grid fault at PCC has been simulated.
Assuming the rated power of FSIG-based wind farm is equal to
30 MW at the rated slip (sN=-0.012). Time of the symmetrical
grid fault at PCC is set at 2 s to 2.625 s and the grid voltage
drops to 20% of the rated voltage. Line length between the
power grid and PCC of the hybrid wind farm is set as 100 km.
Other detailed parameters of the simulation system are given in
Appendix A.
Under symmetrical grid fault condition, the simulation results
of hybrid wind farm with different reactive power compensation
are shown in Fig. 9. As can be seen from Fig. 9 (a), without the
reactive power compensation provided by the PMSG-based
wind farm during grid faults, the unbalance between mechanical
torque and electromagnetic torque of the FSIG-based wind
turbine causes a sustainable acceleration of the FSIG rotor.
Consequently, FSIG-based wind farm absorbs a large amount of
reactive power after grid faults, which would further cause a
deterioration of the voltage quality at PCC. As a result, the
FSIG-based wind farm has to disconnect from the grid.
By contrast, if the PMSG-based wind farm operates as
StatCom to provide the required critical reactive power (7.63
MVar) after grid faults, the PCC voltage can be increased to
0.794 p.u. after grid faults as shown in Fig. 9 (b). Considering
the grid codes for the grid-connected wind farm, the reactive
power supported by the PMSG-based wind farm is equal to 2.78
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MVar during grid faults. As a result, the PCC voltage during reactive compensation capacity. From Fig. 10, the FSIG rotor
grid fault is not improved with the reactive power support as begins to decelerate at 2.625 s owing to the unbalance between
shown in Fig. 9. However, the FSIG-based wind farm can keep electromagnetic torque and mechanical torque (Te>Tm) after
continuous operation connected to the power grid with the grid faults. In this case, the FSIG-based wind turbine can return
minimum critical slip being equivalent to -0.12 after 2.625 s. to the rated operating point again at about 4.2 s. The PCC
Based on Eq. (20) and (21), we can get the minimum installed voltage of hybrid wind farm also recovers to the normal grid
capacity and the installed numbers of PMSG-based wind farm voltage level.
are equal to 9.61 MVA and 10 respectively. Comparing Fig. 9 with Fig. 10, it can be concluded that the
40 coordinated LVRT operation of the hybrid wind farm would be

QFSIG(MVar) PFSIG(MW)
20 40
UPCC(kV)

0 20 improved if the QPMSG provided by PMSG-based wind farm is

-20 0 more than 7.63 MVar. In addition, according to Fig. 4, the
-40 -20
1.20 40
recovery time (Tdecelerate) of FSIG rotor speed is determined by
ωr-FSIG(pu)

1.16
0 the unbalanced degree between Te and Tm. Consequently, with
1.12
1.08 -40 the recovery of PCC voltage by increasing QPMSG after grid
1.04
1.00 -80 faults, not only the CCT of FSIG wind farm is extended but also
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time(s) Time(s) the recovery time can be reduced.
(a)
40 40

QFSIG(MVar) PFSIG(MW)
UPCC(kV)
40
UPCC(kV)

QFSIG(MVar) PFSIG(MW)

20 40 20
0 20 0 20
0 -20 0
-20
-20 -40 -20
-40
1.20 40 1.20 40

ωr-FSIG(pu)
1.16
ωr-FSIG(pu)

1.16 ωr=1.12(pu)
1.12 0 1.12 0
1.08 -40 1.08 -40
1.04 1.04
1.00 -80 1.00 -80
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time(s) Time(s) Time(s) Time(s)

QPMSG(MVar)
18MVar
QPMSG(MVar)

8 7.63MVar 20
15
4 2.78MVar 10
5 2.78MVar
0 0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Time(s)
Time(s)
(b) Fig. 10 Simulation results of hybrid wind farm with reactive power
Fig. 9 (a) Simulation results of hybrid wind farm without reactive power overcompensation under grid fault condition.
compensation during symmetrical grid fault; (b) Simulation results of hybrid
wind farm with critical reactive power compensation during symmetrical grid The relationship curve of Tdecelerate and SPMSG is shown in Fig.
fault.
11 by simulation calculations. As can be seen from Fig. 11, by
The comparison between calculation results and simulation increasing the installed capacity of PMSG-based wind farm, the
results of the hybrid wind farm during symmetrical grid fault at deceleration time of FSIG rotor is shortened. However, the cost
PCC is presented in Table 1. As can be seen in Table 1, the performance of compensation is reduced with the increase of
simulation results basically agree well with the calculation SPMSG. According to Fig. 11, a high cost-efficient capacity
results with the proposed capacity configuration method. configuration of hybrid wind farm with FSIG-based wind farm
However, due to the simplified equivalent circuit and without and PMSG-based wind farm can be determined.
Critical Value of SPMSG
consideration of the transient process of FSIG-based wind 10
turbines, the simulation results are less than the calculation 8
results. If the capacity configuration of the hybrid wind farm
Tdecelerate(s)

6
with PMSG-based and FSIG-based wind farm is determined by
the proposed method, the designed capacity would benefit the 4
coordinated LVRT operation in an actual hybrid wind farm. 2
0
TABLE 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Comparisons of Calculated Results and Simulation Results SPMSG(MVA)
Fig. 11 Relationship curve of Tdecelerate and SPMSG.

Calculation results Simulation results

C. Influence of the Grid Line Parameters
UPCC_min (pu) 0.871 0.794
From Eq. (16) to (18), the CCT is only related to torque-slip
Critical value of QPMSG (MVar) 9.08 7.63
characteristic of FSIG-based wind farm. For a certain CCT, the
SPMSG (MVA) 10.42 9.61
Installed numbers of PMSG systems 11 10
line resistance between the power grid and PCC will have an
impact on the installed capacity of PMSG-based wind farm.
B. Influence of the Reactive Power Compensation Capacity Fig. 12 shows the simulation results of hybrid wind farm
As shown in Fig. 10, a hybrid wind farm with reactive power under symmetrical grid fault condition with different line length
overcompensation (SPMSG=22 MVA) under symmetrical grid (LZL) between the power grid and PCC. From Fig. 12, while LZL
fault condition is simulated to investigate the impact of the changes from 110 km to 120 km, the QPMSG needed by

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Transactions on Energy Conversion
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FSIG-based wind farm increases from 11.77 MVar to 15.18
MVar. According to Eq. (20), the minimum installed capacity of
PMSG-based wind farm can be determined from 14.82 MVA to
19.12 MVA. Consequently, the minimum installed numbers of
PMSG systems become from 15 to 20 according to Eq. (21).
40
UPCC(kV)
closed loop control. Due to the limitation of the laboratory
condition, the stalling phenomenon of the FSIG system caused
by the grid voltage sags cannot be simulated. As a result, the
experiment mainly validates the coordinated operation of a
hybrid wind power generation system based on PMSG and
40 FSIG during symmetrical grid fault.

20 20
0 0
-20 -20 L3A A
-40 -40 L2A K1
1.20 1.20 L3B KA B
ωr-FSIG(pu)

1.16 1.16 L2B K2 FSIG DC Motor

1.12 1.12 L3C KB C
Ugabc-FSIG igabc-FSIG Cp
1.08 1.08 L
Grid faults 2C K3
1.04 1.04 generation KC
1.00 1.00 ugabc igabc
Grid GSC Vdc MSC
Lg Induction
QPMSG(MVar) QFSIG(MVar) PFSIG(MW)

40 40 C PMSG
20 20 PCC Motor
ugabc igabcVdc PWM
0 0
-20 -20 signal
AD sample and
Grid faults MCU RS232
40 40 generation
TMS320F28335
interface boards Host PC
0 0
Fig. 14 Schematic diagram of the experimental test rig of hybrid wind power
-40 -40
generation system.
-80 -80
12 16
11.77MVar 12 15.18MVar
8
8 The experimental results of a hybrid wind power generation
2.78MVar
4 4 2.78MVar system with FSIG running at s=-0.03 during symmetrical grid
0 0
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 fault are shown in Fig. 15. Under normal grid condition, FSIG
Time(s) Time(s)
(a) (b) runs at rated slip (sN=-0.03). The active and reactive powers of
Fig. 12 (a) Simulation results of the hybrid wind farm with LZL=110km; (b) FSIG are 2 kW and 0.75 kVar respectively, while the active and
Simulation results of the hybrid wind farms with LZL=120km.
reactive powers of PMSG are 0.8 kW and zero respectively.
Ugabc&Vdc(V)

QFSIG(kVar)
In the similar ways, the relationship curve of LZL and SPMSG 400 1
200 140V 171V
can be drawn in Fig. 13 by simulation calculations. From Fig. 13, 0
-200
0
the minimum installed capacity of PMSG-based wind farm is -400 -1

presented as a nonlinear positive relationship with the grid line 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Time(s) Time(s)
impedance between the power grid and PCC. Combining with 0.5

PPMSG(kW)
10
Igabc(A)

Eq. (19), the simulation results verify the validity of the 5 0

0
theoretical analysis about the relationship between SPMSG and -5 -0.5
-10
the network parameters. -1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
0 Time(s) Time(s)
40
QPMSG(kVar)
PFSIG(kW)

0
SPMSG(MVA)

30 -1 -0.4kW -0.6kW
-0.5
-2 -1
20
-3 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
10 Time(s) Time(s)
Fig. 15 Experimental results of hybrid wind power generation system with
0
140 160 100 120 180 200 FSIG running at s = -0.03 during symmetrical grid fault.
LZL(km)
Fig. 13 Relationship curve of LZL and SPMSG. During grid fault, PMSG system operates as a StatCom by
limiting the active power transferred from the MSC to the power
VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES grid. For comparative analysis, the active and reactive powers
In order to verify the coordinated operation performance, an of PMSG system is controlled to zero during 0.4 s -0.9 s but zero
experimental hybrid generators-based wind power generation and 1 kVar respectively during 0.9 s -1.47 s. From Fig. 15, the
system with a PMSG and a FSIG was established. The line voltage amplitude at PCC is increased from 140 V to 171 V
schematic diagram of the experimental system is shown in Fig. with the reactive power support provided by the PMSG during
14, and the FSIG and PMSG are driven by a DC motor and an 0.9 s to 1.47 s. According to Eq. (18), the calculated PCC
induction motor respectively. During the experiment, the time voltage could be increased to 174.4 V with the experimental
of symmetrical grid fault is set at 0.4 s-1.47 s, and the grid parameters of PMSG system presented in Appendix B. It can be
voltage drops to 45% of the rated voltage. Other detailed seen that the experimental result agrees well with the theoretical
parameters of the experimental system are given in Appendix B. analysis result. Furthermore, the output active power of FSIG
It should be noted that the rotor speed of FSIG system in the system changes from 0.4 kW to 0.6 kW simultaneously. As
actual system would be accelerated because of the unbalanced shown in Fig. 15, the operation of the FSIG system during grid
torque resulted from grid voltage sags. In the experimental faults is enhanced by the PMSG system. The reactive power
system, the FSIG is driven by a DC motor with constant speed

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support from the PMSG system also helps the FSIG system
provide more active power to the power grid under grid fault.
The experimental results of a hybrid wind power generation
system with FSIG running at s=-0.06 during symmetrical grid
fault are shown in Fig. 16. Under normal grid condition, the
active and reactive powers of the FSIG system are 2.9 kW and
1.75 kVar respectively, while the active and reactive powers of
PMSG system are still 0.8 kW and zero respectively.
In the same ways, the active and reactive powers of PMSG
system are still controlled to zero during 0.4 s - 0.9 s but zero
and 1 kVar respectively during 0.9 s - 1.47 s. As shown in Fig.16,
the grid line voltage value at PCC rises from 137 V to 168 V
with the reactive power support from PMSG system during 0.9 s
- 1.47 s, which also nicely demonstrating the calculated result
that PCC voltage could be increased to 171.5 V according to Eq.
(18). Furthermore, the active power of FSIG increases from 0.7
kW to 0.95 kW simultaneously. Combining with Figs. 15 and 16,
a hybrid wind power generation system including PMSG-based
and FSIG-based system would achieve a coordinated LVRT
operation with the reactive power support from the
PMSG-based wind power generation system. It can be
concluded that the correctness of theoretical analysis and the
effectiveness of coordinated operation of the hybrid wind farm
during grid faults both are validated by the simulation and
experimental results.
Ugabc&Vdc(V)
QFSIG(kVar)
400
137V 168V
200
0 1
-200
-400
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time(s)
15
PPMSG(kW)
10
Igabc(A)
5 0
0
-5
-10
-15
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Time(s)
QPMSG(kVar)
0 0.5
PFSIG(kW)
-1
-0.7kW -0.95kW
-2
-3
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2 0
Time(s)
Fig. 16 Experimental results of hybrid generators system with FSIG running at
s = -0.06 during grid fault.
VII. CONCLUSION
Under grid fault conditions, a hybrid wind farm with
FSIG-based wind farm and PMSG-based wind farm has been
researched in this paper. Taking into account the network line
parameters, the model and operation characteristics of the
hybrid wind farm during grid faults are analyzed in detail. Based
on the CCT of the FSIG-based wind farm, a novel capacity
configuration method of the hybrid wind farm has been
proposed. Furthermore, the coordinated LVRT operation
capability of the hybrid wind farm has also been investigated.
The theoretical analysis indicates that the CCT impacted by the
PCC voltage is the key factor to determine whether the
FSIG-based wind farm could achieve a successful LVRT
operation during grid faults. The proposed capacity
configuration method based on the CCT determines the optimal
compensation capacity of the reactive power for a LVRT
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Transactions on Energy Conversion
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operation of the FSIG-based wind farm. The simulation
researches of the hybrid wind farm show that the coordinated
LVRT capability of the hybrid wind farm is impacted by the
network parameters and the compensation capacity of reactive
power. A high cost-efficient capacity configuration of the
hybrid wind farm would be achieved according to the studied
results. In addition, simulation and experimental results both
prove that the coordinated operation of the hybrid wind farm
with PMSG-based and FSIG-based wind power generation
system during grid faults can be enhanced with a reasonable
capacity configuration.
APPENDIX A
SIMULATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS
PMSG-based wind farm parameters:
1) ratings: Sn=30 MW, fn=50 Hz, Un=690 V (line to line rms), Vdc=1200 V;
2) reactor resistance: Rg=0.0126 p.u.; 3) reactor inductance: Lg=0.396 p.u.
FSIG-based wind farm parameters:
1) ratings: Sn=30 MW, fn=50 Hz, Un=690 V (line to line rms);
2) stator resistance: 0.0108 p.u.; 3) stator reactance: 0.107 p.u.;
4) rotor resistance: 0.01214 p.u.; 5) rotor reactance: 0.1407 p.u.;
6) magnetizing inductance: 4.4 p.u.; 7) inertia time constant: H=2s.
Transformer T1 parameters:
1) ratings: Sn=50 MVA, ratio: 0.69/35 kV;
2) short-circuit reactance: 0.046 p.u.
Transformer T2 parameters:
1) ratings: Sn=500 MVA, ratio: 35/110 kV;
2) short-circuit reactance: 0.08 p.u.
3 Transmission lines parameters:
2 impedance: Z1=Z2=0.5765+j 0.00515 Ω
0
APPENDIX B
-1 EXPERIMENT SYSTEM PARAMETERS
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Time(s) PMSG system parameters:
0.5 1) Sn=2 kW, fn=50 Hz, Un=220 V (line to line rms), nn=15 r/s, Vdc=400 V;
2) stator resistance: 0.09 p.u.; 3) stator inductance: Ld=0.78 p.u., Lq=1.07 p.u.;
-0.5
4) reactor: Lg=10.5 mH, Rg=0.17 Ω; 5) DC link capacitor: 2200 μF;
6) switching frequency: 10 kHz.
-1 FSIG system parameters:
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Time(s) 1) Sn=3 kW, fn=50 Hz, Un=220 V (line to line rms), nn=24 r/s;
0 2) stator resistance: 0.056 p.u.; 3) stator reactance: 0.234 p.u.;
-0.5 4) rotor resistance: 0.0187 p.u.; 5) rotor reactance: 0.374 p.u.;
-1
6) magnetizing inductance: 1.61 p.u.
-1.5
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10
Jun Yao (M’12) received the B.Eng., M.Sc., and Ph.D.
degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing,
China, in 2001, 2004, and 2007, respectively, all in
electrical engineering. Since 2004, he has been with
the School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing
University, where he is currently a Professor. He was a
Visiting Researcher at the Department of Energy
Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark,
from January 2012 to January 2013. His research
interests include electric machines control, power
electronics conversion and control, and renewable
power generation; and his main current research interests are wind energy and
power electronics application to the power systems.
Lisha Guo received the B.Eng. degree in electrical
engineering and automation from Hubei University of
Technology, China in 2014. She is currently pursuing
the M.Sc. degree in the School of Electrical
Engineering at Chongqing University. Her research
interests include electric machines control, and control
of wind turbine generation system.
Te Zhou received the B.Eng. and M.Sc. degrees from
Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 2013 and
2016, respectively, both in electrical engineering. His
research interests include electric machines control,
and control of wind turbine generation system. He is
currently with Southwest Electric Power Design
Institute Co. Ltd of China Power Engineering
Consulting Group, China.
Depeng Xu received the B.Eng. degree in
instrumentation & electrical engineering from Jilin
University, China in 2015. He is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in the School of Electrical Engineering at
Chongqing University. His research interests include
electric machines control, control of wind turbine
generation system, and renewable power generation.
Ruikuo Liu received the B.Eng. and M.Sc. degrees
from Southwest Jiaotong University, China, in 2009
and 2012, respectively, both in electrical engineering.
He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the
School of Electrical Engineering at Chongqing
University. His research interests include electric
machines control, control of wind turbine generation
system, and renewable power generation.