Motion

In physics, motion is the phenomenon in which an object changes its position over

time. Motion is mathematically described in terms
of displacement, distance, velocity, acceleration, speed, and time. The motion of a body
is observed by attaching a frame of reference to an observer and measuring the change
in position of the body relative to that frame with change in time. The branch of physics
describing the motion of objects without reference to its cause is kinematics; the branch
studying forces and their effect on motion is dynamics.
If an object is not changing relatively to a given frame of reference, the object is said to
be at rest, motionless, immobile, stationary, or to have a constant or time-
invariant position with reference to its surroundings. As there is no absolute frame of
reference, absolute motion cannot be determined.[1] Thus, everything in the universe
can be considered to be in motion.[2]:20–21
Motion applies to various physical systems: to objects, bodies, matter particles, matter
fields, radiation, radiation fields, radiation particles, curvature, and space-time. One can
also speak of motion of images, shapes, and boundaries. So, the term motion, in
general, signifies a continuous change in the positions or configuration of a physical
system in space. For example, one can talk about the motion of a wave or about the
motion of a quantum particle, where the configuration consists of probabilities of
occupying specific positions.
The main quantity that measures the motion of a body is momentum. An object's
momentum increases with the object's mass and with its velocity. The total momentum
of all objects in an isolated system (one not affected by external forces) does not
change with time, as described by the law of conservation of momentum. An object's
motion, and thus its momentum, cannot change unless a force acts on the body. Motion
in a straight line

Laws of motion[edit]
Main article: Mechanics
In physics, motion of massive bodies is described through two related sets of laws of
mechanics. Motions of all large-scale and familiar objects in the universe (such
as cars, projectiles, planets, cells, and humans) are described by classical mechanics,
whereas the motion of very small atomic and sub-atomic objects is described
by quantum mechanics. Historically, Newton and Euler formulated three laws of
classical mechanics:

In an inertial reference frame, an object either remains at rest or continues

First law:
to move at a constant velocity, unless acted upon by a net force.

Second In an inertial reference frame, the vector sum of the forces F on an object

law: is equal to the mass m of that object multiplied by the acceleration a of the
 object: F = ma.

If the resultant force F acting on a body or an object is not equals to zero,

the body will have an acceleration a which is in the same direction as the
resultant.

When one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body
Third
simultaneously exerts a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction
law:
on the first body.

Classical mechanics[edit]
Classical mechanics is used for describing the motion of macroscopic objects,
from projectiles to parts of machinery, as well as astronomical objects, such
as spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies. It produces very accurate results within
these domains, and is one of the oldest and largest in science, engineering,
and technology.
Classical mechanics is fundamentally based on Newton's laws of motion. These laws
describe the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the motion of that
body. They were first compiled by Sir Isaac Newton in his work Philosophiæ Naturalis
Principia Mathematica, first published on July 5, 1687. Newton's three laws are:

1. A body either is at rest or moves with constant velocity, until and unless an outer
force is applied to it.
2. An object will travel in one direction forever or until an outer force changes its
direction.
3. Whenever one body exerts a force F onto a second body, (in some cases, which
is standing still) the second body exerts the force −F on the first body. F and
−F are equal in magnitude and opposite in sense. So, the body which
exerts F will go backwards.[3] Newton's 3rd law of motion is summarised by the
statement: "For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction".
Newton's three laws of motion were the first to accurately provide a mathematical model
for understanding orbiting bodies in outer space. This explanation unified the motion of
celestial bodies and motion of objects on earth.
Uniform Motion:
When an object moves with a constant speed at a particular direction at regular
intervals of time it is known as the uniform motion. For example: a bike moving in a
straight line with a constant speed.
Equations of Uniform Motion:
If  =final and initial velocity, = time, and = displacement, then:
Relativistic mechanics
Modern kinematics developed with study of electromagnetism and refers all
velocities v to their ratio to speed of light c. Velocity is then interpreted as rapidity,
the hyperbolic angle φ for which the hyperbolic tangent function tanh φ
= v/c. Acceleration, the change of velocity, then changes rapidity according
to Lorentz transformations. This part of mechanics is special relativity. Efforts to
incorporate gravity into relativistic mechanics were made by W. K.
Clifford and Albert Einstein. The development used differential geometry to describe
a curved universe with gravity; the study is called general relativity.
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a set of principles describing physical reality at the atomic
level of matter (molecules and atoms) and the subatomic
particles (electrons, protons, neutrons, and even smaller elementary particles such
as quarks). These descriptions include the simultaneous wave-like and particle-like
behavior of both matter and radiation energy as described in the wave–particle
duality:/[4]
In classical mechanics, accurate measurements and predictions of the state of
objects can be calculated, such as location and velocity. In quantum mechanics, due
to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the complete state of a subatomic particle,
such as its location and velocity, cannot be simultaneously determined.[citation needed]
In addition to describing the motion of atomic level phenomena, quantum mechanics
is useful in understanding some large-scale phenomenon such
as superfluidity, superconductivity, and biological systems, including the function
of smell receptors and the structures of protein.[citation needed]

List of "imperceptible" human motions

Humans, like all known things in the universe, are in constant motion;[2]:8–9 however,
aside from obvious movements of the various external body parts and locomotion,
humans are in motion in a variety of ways which are more difficult to perceive. Many
of these "imperceptible motions" are only perceivable with the help of special tools
and careful observation. The larger scales of imperceptible motions are difficult for
humans to perceive for two reasons: Newton's laws of motion (particularly the third)
which prevents the feeling of motion on a mass to which the observer is connected,
and the lack of an obvious frame of reference which would allow individuals to easily
see that they are moving.[5] The smaller scales of these motions are too small to be
detected conventionally with human senses.
Universe
Spacetime (the fabric of the universe) is expanding meaning everything in
the universe is stretching like a rubber band. This motion is the most obscure as it is
not physical motion as such, but rather a change in the very nature of the universe.
The primary source of verification of this expansion was provided by Edwin
Hubble who demonstrated that all galaxies and distant astronomical objects were
moving away from Earth, known as Hubble's law, predicted by a universal
expansion.[6]
Galaxy
The Milky Way Galaxy is moving through space and many astronomers believe the
velocity of this motion to be approximately 600 kilometres per second
(1,340,000 mph) relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another
reference frame is provided by the Cosmic microwave background. This frame of
reference indicates that the Milky Way is moving at around 582 kilometres per
second (1,300,000 mph).[7][failed verification]
Sun and solar system
The Milky Way is rotating around its dense galactic center, thus the sun is moving in
a circle within the galaxy's gravity. Away from the central bulge, or outer rim, the
typical stellar velocity is between 210 and 240 kilometres per second (470,000 and
540,000 mph).[8] All planets and their moons move with the sun. Thus, the solar
system is moving.
Earth
The Earth is rotating or spinning around its axis. This is evidenced by day and night,
at the equator the earth has an eastward velocity of 0.4651 kilometres per second
(1,040 mph).[9] The Earth is also orbiting around the Sun in an orbital revolution. A
complete orbit around the sun takes one year, or about 365 days; it averages a
speed of about 30 kilometres per second (67,000 mph).[10]
Continents
The Theory of Plate tectonics tells us that the continents are drifting on convection
currents within the mantle causing them to move across the surface of the planet at
the slow speed of approximately 2.54 centimetres (1 in) per year.[11][12] However, the
velocities of plates range widely. The fastest-moving plates are the oceanic plates,
with the Cocos Plate advancing at a rate of 75 millimetres (3.0 in) per year[13] and
the Pacific Plate moving 52–69 millimetres (2.0–2.7 in) per year. At the other
extreme, the slowest-moving plate is the Eurasian Plate, progressing at a typical
rate of about 21 millimetres (0.83 in) per year.
Internal body
The human heart is constantly contracting to move blood throughout the body.
Through larger veins and arteries in the body, blood has been found to travel at
approximately 0.33 m/s. Though considerable variation exists, and peak flows in
the venae cavae have been found between 0.1 and 0.45 metres per second (0.33
and 1.48 ft/s).[14] additionally, the smooth muscles of hollow internal organs are
moving. The most familiar would be the occurrence of peristalsis which is where
digested food is forced throughout the digestive tract. Though different foods travel
through the body at different rates, an average speed through the human small
intestine is 3.48 kilometres per hour (2.16 mph).[15] The human lymphatic system is
also constantly causing movements of excess fluids, lipids, and immune system
related products around the body. The lymph fluid has been found to move through
a lymph capillary of the skin at approximately 0.0000097 m/s.[16]
Cells
The cells of the human body have many structures which move throughout
them. Cytoplasmic streaming is a way which cells move molecular substances
throughout the cytoplasm,[17] various motor proteins work as molecular motors within
a cell and move along the surface of various cellular substrates such
as microtubules, and motor proteins are typically powered by
the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and convert chemical energy into
mechanical work.[18] Vesicles propelled by motor proteins have been found to have a
velocity of approximately 0.00000152 m/s.[19]
Particles
According to the laws of thermodynamics, all particles of matter are in constant
random motion as long as the temperature is above absolute zero. Thus
the molecules and atoms which make up the human body are vibrating, colliding,
and moving. This motion can be detected as temperature; higher temperatures,
which represent greater kinetic energy in the particles, feel warm to humans who
sense the thermal energy transferring from the object being touched to their nerves.
Similarly, when lower temperature objects are touched, the senses perceive the
transfer of heat away from the body as feeling cold.[20]
Subatomic particles
Within each atom, electrons exist in a region around the nucleus. This region is
called the electron cloud. According to Bohr's model of the atom, electrons have a
high velocity, and the larger the nucleus they are orbiting the faster they would need
to move. If electrons 'move' about the electron cloud in strict paths the same way
planets orbit the sun, then electrons would be required to do so at speeds which far
exceed the speed of light. However, there is no reason that one must confine one's
self to this strict conceptualization, that electrons move in paths the same way
macroscopic objects do. Rather one can conceptualize electrons to be 'particles'
that capriciously exist within the bounds of the electron cloud.[21] Inside the atomic
nucleus, the protons and neutrons are also probably moving around due to the
electrical repulsion of the protons and the presence of angular momentum of both
particles.[22]

Light
Light moves at a speed of 299,792,458 m/s, or 299,792.458 kilometres per second
(186,282.397 mi/s), in a vacuum. The speed of light in vacuum (or c) is also the
speed of all massless particles and associated fields in a vacuum, and it is the upper
limit on the speed at which energy, matter, information or causation can travel. The
speed of light in vacuum is thus the upper limit for speed for all physical systems.
 In addition, the speed of light is an invariant quantity: it has the same value,
irrespective of the position or speed of the observer. This property makes the speed
of light c a natural measurement unit for speed and fundamental constant of nature.

Types of motion

 Simple harmonic motion – (e.g., that of a pendulum).

 Linear motion – motion which follows a straight linear path, and
whose displacement is exactly the same as its trajectory. [Also known
as rectilinear motion
 Reciprocal motion
 Brownian motion (i.e. the random movement of particles)
 Circular motion (e.g. the orbits of planets)
 Rotatory motion – a motion about a fixed point. (e.g. Ferris wheel).
 Curvilinear motion – It is defined as the motion along a curved path that may be
planar or in three dimensions.
 Rotational motion
 Rolling motion – (as of the wheel of a bicycle)
 Oscillatory – (swinging from side to side)
 Vibratory motion
 Combination (or simultaneous) motions – Combination of two or more above
listed motions
 Projectile motion – uniform horizontal motion + vertical accelerated motion

Simple harmonic motion

In mechanics and physics, simple harmonic motion is a special type
of periodic motion where the restoring force on the moving object is
directly proportional to the object's displacement magnitude and acts towards the
object's equilibrium position. It results in an oscillation which, if uninhibited by friction or
any other dissipation of energy, continues indefinitely.
Simple harmonic motion can serve as a mathematical model for a variety of motions,
but is typified by the oscillation of a mass on a spring when it is subject to the
linear elastic restoring force given by Hooke's law. The motion is sinusoidal in time and
demonstrates a single resonant frequency. Other phenomena can be modeled by
simple harmonic motion, including the motion of a simple pendulum, although for it to be
an accurate model, the net force on the object at the end of the pendulum must be
proportional to the displacement (and even so, it is only a good approximation when the
angle of the swing is small; see small-angle approximation). Simple harmonic motion
can also be used to model molecular vibration as well.
Simple harmonic motion provides a basis for the characterization of more complicated
periodic motion through the techniques of Fourier analysis.

Introduction
The motion of a particle moving along a straight line with an acceleration whose
direction is always towards a fixed point on the line and whose magnitude is
proportional to the distance from the fixed point is called simple harmonic motion [SHM].
[1]

Simple harmonic motion shown both in real space and phase space.

The orbit is periodic. (Here the velocity and position axes have been reversed from the
standard convention to align the two diagrams)
In the diagram, a simple harmonic oscillator, consisting of a weight attached to one end
of a spring, is shown. The other end of the spring is connected to a rigid support such
as a wall. If the system is left at rest at the equilibrium position then there is no
net force acting on the mass. However, if the mass is displaced from the equilibrium
position, the spring exerts a restoring elastic force that obeys Hooke's law.
Mathematically, the restoring force F is given by
where F is the restoring elastic force exerted by the spring (in SI units: N), k is
the spring constant (N·m−1), and x is the displacement from the equilibrium position
(m).
 For any simple mechanical harmonic oscillator:

 When the system is displaced from its equilibrium position, a restoring force that
obeys Hooke's law tends to restore the system to equilibrium.
Once the mass is displaced from its equilibrium position, it experiences a net
restoring force. As a result, it accelerates and starts going back to the equilibrium
position. When the mass moves closer to the equilibrium position, the restoring force
decreases. At the equilibrium position, the net restoring force vanishes. However,
at x = 0, the mass has momentum because of the acceleration that the restoring
force has imparted. Therefore, the mass continues past the equilibrium position,
compressing the spring. A net restoring force then slows it down until
its velocity reaches zero, whereupon it is accelerated back to the equilibrium
position again.
As long as the system has no energy loss, the mass continues to oscillate. Thus
simple harmonic motion is a type of periodic motion. Note if the real space and
phase space diagram are not co-linear, the phase space motion becomes elliptical.
The area enclosed depends on the amplitude and the maximum momentum.

Linear motion
Linear motion' is also called rectilinear motion[1] is a one-dimensional motion along
a straight line, and can therefore be described mathematically using only one
spatial dimension. The linear motion can be of two types: uniform linear motion with
constant velocity or zero acceleration; non uniform linear motion with variable velocity or
non-zero acceleration. The motion of a particle (a point-like object) along a line can be
described by its position An example of linear motion is an athlete running 100m along a
straight track.
Linear motion is the most basic of all motion. According to Newton's first law of motion,
objects that do not experience any net force will continue to move in a straight line with
a constant velocity until they are subjected to a net force. Under everyday
circumstances, external forces such as gravity and friction can cause an object to
change the direction of its motion, so that its motion cannot be described as linear.[3]
One may compare linear motion to general motion. In general motion, a particle's
position and velocity are described by vectors, which have a magnitude and direction. In
linear motion, the directions of all the vectors describing the system are equal and
constant which means the objects move along the same axis and do not change
direction. The analysis of such systems may therefore be simplified by neglecting the
direction components of the vectors involved and dealing only with the magnitude.[2]
Displacement
The motion in which all the particles of a body move through the same distance in the
same time is called translatory motion. There are two types of translatory motions:
rectilinear motion; curvilinear motion. Since linear motion is a motion in a single
dimension, the distance traveled by an object in particular direction is the same
as displacement.[4] The SI unit of displacement is the metre.
The equivalent of displacement in rotational motion is the angular
displacement  measured in radian. The displacement of an object cannot be greater
than the distance because it is also a distance but the shortest one. Consider a person
travelling to work daily. Overall displacement when he returns home is zero, since the
person ends up back where he started, but the distance travelled is clearly not zero.

Velocity
Velocity refers to a displacement in one direction with respect to an interval of time. It is
defined as the rate of change of displacement over change in time.[7] Velocity is a
vectorial quantity, representing a direction and a magnitude of movement. The
magnitude of a velocity is called speed.
Average velocity
The average velocity of a moving body is its total vectorial displacement scaled by the
reciprocal of the length of the elapsed time interval 

Instantaneous velocity
In contrast to an average velocity, referring to the overall motion in a finite time interval,
the instantaneous velocity of an object describes the state of motion at a specific point
in time.

Acceleration
Acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.
Acceleration is the second derivative of displacement i.e. acceleration can be found by
differentiating position with respect to time twice or differentiating velocity with respect to
time once.

Vibration
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium
point. The word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The oscillations
may be periodic, such as the motion of a pendulum—or random, such as the movement
of a tire on a gravel road.
Vibration can be desirable: for example, the motion of a tuning fork, the reed in
a woodwind instrument or harmonica, a mobile phone, or the cone of a loudspeaker.
In many cases, however, vibration is undesirable, wasting energy and creating
unwanted sound. For example, the vibrational motions of engines, electric motors, or
any mechanical device in operation are typically unwanted. Such vibrations could be
caused by imbalances in the rotating parts, uneven friction, or the meshing
of gear teeth. Careful designs usually minimize unwanted vibrations.
The studies of sound and vibration are closely related. Sound, or pressure waves, are
generated by vibrating structures (e.g. vocal cords); these pressure waves can also
induce the vibration of structures (e.g. ear drum). Hence, attempts to reduce noise are
often related to issues of vibration.

Types of vibration
Free vibration occurs when a mechanical system is set in motion with an initial input
and allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back
on a swing and letting it go, or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical
system vibrates at one or more of its natural frequencies and damps down to
motionlessness.
Forced vibration is when a time-varying disturbance (load, displacement or velocity) is
applied to a mechanical system. The disturbance can be a periodic and steady-state
input, a transient input, or a random input. The periodic input can be a harmonic or a
non-harmonic disturbance. Examples of these types of vibration include a washing
machine shaking due to an imbalance, transportation vibration caused by an engine or
uneven road, or the vibration of a building during an earthquake. For linear systems, the
frequency of the steady-state vibration response resulting from the application of a
periodic, harmonic input is equal to the frequency of the applied force or motion, with
the response magnitude being dependent on the actual mechanical system.
Damped vibration: When the energy of a vibrating system is gradually dissipated by
friction and other resistances, the vibrations are said to be damped. The vibrations
gradually reduce or change in frequency or intensity or cease and the system rests in its
equilibrium position. An example of this type of vibration is the vehicular
suspension dampened by the shock absorber.

Brownian motion
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article is about Brownian motion as a natural phenomenon. For the stochastic
process, see Wiener process. For temperature, see Thermodynamic temperature. For
internal energy, see Equipartition theorem. For the mobility model, see Random walk.
For the molecular machine, see Brownian motor.
2 dimensional random walk of a silver adatom on an Ag(111) surface[1]

This is a simulation of the Brownian motion of 5 particles (yellow) that collide with a
large set of 800 particles. The yellow particles leave 5 blue trails of random motion and
one of them has a red velocity vector.

This is a simulation of the Brownian motion of a big particle (dust particle) that collides
with a large set of smaller particles (molecules of a gas) which move with different
velocities in different random directions.
Brownian motion, or pedesis (from Ancient Greek: πήδησις /pɛ̌ːdɛːsis/ "leaping"), is
the random motion of particles suspended in a medium (a liquid or a gas).[2]
This pattern of motion typically consists of random fluctuations in a particle's position
inside a fluid sub-domain, followed by a relocation to another sub-domain. Each
relocation is followed by more fluctuations within the new closed volume. This pattern
describes a fluid at thermal equilibrium, defined by a given temperature. Within such a
fluid, there exists no preferential direction of flow (as in transport phenomena). More
specifically, the fluid's overall linear and angular momenta remain null over time.
The kinetic energies of the molecular Brownian motions, together with those of
molecular rotations and vibrations, sum up to the caloric component of a fluid's internal
energy (the Equipartition theorem).
This motion is named after the botanist Robert Brown, who first described the
phenomenon in 1827, while looking through a microscope at pollen of the plant Clarkia
pulchella immersed in water. In 1905, almost eighty years later, theoretical
physicist Albert Einstein published a paper where he modeled the motion of the pollen
particles as being moved by individual water molecules, making one of his first major
scientific contributions.[3] This explanation of Brownian motion served as convincing
evidence that atoms and molecules exist and was further verified experimentally
by Jean Perrin in 1908. Perrin was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1926 "for his
work on the discontinuous structure of matter".[4] The direction of the force of atomic
bombardment is constantly changing, and at different times the particle is hit more on
one side than another, leading to the seemingly random nature of the motion.
The many-body interactions that yield the Brownian pattern cannot be solved by a
model accounting for every involved molecule. In consequence, only probabilistic
models applied to molecular populations can be employed to describe it. Two such
models of the statistical mechanics, due to Einstein and Smoluchowski are presented
below. Another, pure probabilistic class of models is the class of the stochastic
process models. There exist sequences of both simpler and more complicated
stochastic processes which converge (in the limit) to Brownian motion

Reciprocating motion
Reciprocating motion, also called reciprocation, is a repetitive up-and-down or back-
and-forth linear motion. It is found in a wide range of mechanisms,
including reciprocating engines and pumps. The two opposite motions that comprise a
single reciprocation cycle are called strokes.[citation needed]
A crank can be used to convert circular motion into reciprocating motion, or conversely
turn reciprocating motion into circular motion.
For example, inside an internal combustion engine (a type of reciprocating engine), the
expansion of burning fuel in the cylinders periodically pushes the piston down, which,
through the connecting rod, turns the crankshaft. The continuing rotation of the
crankshaft drives the piston back up, ready for the next cycle. The piston moves in a
reciprocating motion, which is converted into circular motion of the crankshaft, which
ultimately propels the vehicle or does other useful work.
The reciprocating motion of a pump piston is close to, but different
from, sinusoidal simple harmonic motion. Assuming the wheel is driven at a perfect
constant rotational velocity, the point on the crankshaft which connects to the
connecting rod rotates smoothly at a constant velocity in a circle. Thus, the
displacement of that point, is indeed exactly sinusoidal by definition. However, during
the cycle, the angle of the connecting rod changes continuously. So, the horizontal
displacement of the "far" end of the connecting rod (i.e., connected to the piston) differs
slightly from sinusoidal. Circumstances where the wheel is not spinning with perfect
constant rotational velocity, such as a steam locomotive starting up from a stop, are
very much not sinusoidal.

Wave

In physics, mathematics, and related fields, a wave is a propagating dynamic

disturbance (change from equilibrium) of one or more quantities, sometimes as
described by a wave equation. In physical waves, at least two field quantities in the
wave medium are involved. Waves can be periodic, in which case those quantities
oscillate repeatedly about an equilibrium (resting) value at some frequency. When the
entire waveform moves in one direction it is said to be a traveling wave; by contrast, a
pair of superimposed periodic waves traveling in opposite directions makes a standing
wave. In a standing wave, the amplitude of vibration has nulls at some positions where
the wave amplitude appears smaller or even zero.
The types of waves most commonly studied in classical physics
are mechanical and electromagnetic. In a mechanical wave, stress and strain fields
oscillate about a mechanical equilibrium. A mechanical wave is a local deformation
(strain) in some physical medium that propagates from particle to particle by creating
local stresses that cause strain in neighboring particles too. For example, sound waves
are variations of the local pressure and particle motion that propagate through the
medium. Other examples of mechanical waves are seismic waves, gravity
waves, surface waves, string vibrations (standing waves), and vortices[dubious  –  discuss]. In
an electromagnetic wave (such as light), coupling between the electric and magnetic
fields which sustains propagation of a wave involving these fields according
to Maxwell's equations. Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum and
through some dielectric media (at wavelengths where they are considered transparent).
Electromagnetic waves, according to their frequencies (or wavelengths) have more
specific designations including radio waves, infrared radiation, terahertz waves, visible
light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays and gamma rays.
Other types of waves include gravitational waves, which are disturbances
in spacetime that propagate according to general relativity; heat diffusion
waves[dubious  –  discuss]; plasma waves that combine mechanical deformations and
electromagnetic fields; reaction-diffusion waves, such as in the Belousov–Zhabotinsky
reaction; and many more.
Mechanical and electromagnetic waves transfer energy,[2] momentum, and information,
but they do not transfer particles in the medium. In mathematics and electronics waves
are studied as signals.[3] On the other hand, some waves have envelopes which do not
move at all such as standing waves (which are fundamental to music) and hydraulic
jumps. Some, like the probability waves of quantum mechanics, may be completely
static[dubious  –  discuss].
A physical wave is almost always confined to some finite region of space, called
its domain. For example, the seismic waves generated by earthquakes are significant
only in the interior and surface of the planet, so they can be ignored outside it. However,
waves with infinite domain, that extend over the whole space, are commonly studied in
mathematics, and are very valuable tools for understanding physical waves in finite
domains.
A plane wave is an important mathematical idealization where the disturbance is
identical along any (infinite) plane normal to a specific direction of travel.
Mathematically, the simplest wave is a sinusoidal plane wave in which at any point the
field experiences simple harmonic motion at one frequency. In linear media,
complicated waves can generally be decomposed as the sum of many sinusoidal plane
waves having different directions of propagation and/or different frequencies. A plane
wave is classified as a transverse wave if the field disturbance at each point is
described by a vector perpendicular to the direction of propagation (also the direction of
energy transfer); or longitudinal if those vectors are exactly in the propagation direction.
Mechanical waves include both transverse and longitudinal waves; on the other hand
electromagnetic plane waves are strictly transverse while sound waves in fluids (such
as air) can only be longitudinal. That physical direction of an oscillating field relative to
the propagation direction is also referred to as the wave's polarization which can be an
important attribute for waves having more than one single possible polarization.

CONCLUSION
 Motion in Physics
Motion, in physics, change with time of the position or orientation of a body. Motion
along a line or a curve is called translation. Motion that changes the orientation of a
body is called rotation. In both cases all points in the body have the
same velocity (directed speed) and the same acceleration (time rate of change of
velocity). The most general kind of motion combines both translation and rotation.
All motions are relative to some frame of reference. Saying that a body is at rest, which
means that it is not in motion, merely means that it is being described with respect to a
frame of reference that is moving together with the body. For example, a body on the
surface of the Earth may appear to be at rest, but that is only because the observer is
also on the surface of the Earth. The Earth itself, together with both the body and the
observer, is moving in its orbit around the Sun and rotating on its own axis at all times.
As a rule, the motions of bodies obey Newton’s laws of motion. However, motion at
speeds close to the speed of light must be treated by using the theory of relativity, and
the motion of very small bodies (such as electrons) must be treated by using quantum
mechanics.

Types of Motion in Physics

Motion of an object depends on the type of force acting on the body. Examples of
different kinds of motion are given below.

 Translational – It is the type, where an object moves along a path in any of the
three dimensions.
 Rotational – It is the type, where an object moves along a circular path about a
fixed axis.
 Linear – It is a type of translational motion where the body moves in a single
direction along a single dimension.
 Periodic – It is the type of motion that repeats itself after certain intervals of time
 Simple Harmonic – It is the type of motion like that of a simple pendulum where
a restoring force acts in the direction opposite to the direction of motion of the
object. This restoring force is proportional to the displacement of the object from
mean position.
 Projectile – It is the type of motion which has a horizontal displacement as well
as vertical displacement.
 Oscillatory – It is the type of motion which is repetitive in nature within a time
frame. If it is mechanical in nature it is called vibration.