Fume Hood

Fume hoods are meant to provide continuous airflow away from the user to the work area,
protecting people from dangerous or volatile substances. The air is then filtered and/or treated
by the building's exhaust system before being ducted out of the facility, or by filters in the
fume hoods, which clean the polluted air and recirculate it back into the laboratory (ductless).

The fume hood's principal function is to contain gases, vapors, and fumes before exhausting
them out of the region. This is started by the fume hood drawing room air into and through
the fume. The sash allows air to enter the hood. The sash may move vertically, horizontally,
or a combination of the two, depending on its design. The sash also serves as a barrier
between the worker and the fume hood's interior, providing some protection.

The toxic gases, vapors, and fumes are pushed

The exhaust stream will be blocked if the
baffles are closed (or blocked). Baffles, on
the other hand, when utilized appropriately,
eliminate dead spots or reverse air flows,
which would otherwise result in a loss of
containment. When air exits a fume hood, it
is conveyed through ductwork to be
released into the atmosphere, or it is filtered
and recirculated back into the room in
ductless fume hoods.
toward the exhaust region as the air flow passes
through the middle of the fume hood. Before
reaching the linked ductwork (ducted fume hood)
or the fume hood filters, this area is handled by
slots and baffles that act as escape doors for the
fume hood (ductless fume hood). The slots and
baffles of many fume hoods are modified to
allow for uniform air flow.
Temperature Monitoring

When working with sensitive things in laboratories, such as radiolabelled compounds, it's
critical to ensure that they're stored, handled, and manufactured at the right temperatures.
Compounds and chemicals can be created and used correctly under proper GMP storage
conditions, such as in a cleanroom. In comparison to ambient outdoor air in urban areas,
which contains 35 million particles per cubic metre, cleanroom conditions contain just 12
particles per cubic metre. This permits lab staff to regulate the conditions in which chemicals
are employed. So, let's look at some of the reasons why temperature monitoring in
laboratories is critical.

To begin with, temperature monitoring is critical in

GMP quality control since physical qualities of
substances can alter as temperature changes. As a
result, if the temperature in a lab setting isn't
consistent, the substances employed in the lab may
alter physically. As a result, any findings from the
testing could be useless. Temperature in the lab
environment can affect physical attributes like
viscosity, density, and even the form a substance
takes, therefore temperature monitoring is critical.

Additionally, hot, and cold locations in the lab might influence the temperature of equipment
used to store and use samples. When temperature equipment that is used to stabilize a
substance detects that the temperature has decreased suddenly owing to a cold patch, it is
affected and changes accordingly. Heating and cooling systems in a lab can cause hot and
cold spots, which can be controlled with proper temperature monitoring.

Finally, temperature monitoring devices are critical in laboratories because they can alert lab
personnel if something goes wrong. A temperature monitoring system, for example, could
inform the right persons if a freezer or refrigerator carrying vital samples fails. It's typically
critical to keep samples at the right temperature so they can be used. Installing monitoring
systems can also assist lab personnel in ensuring that everything is functioning smoothly and
that the samples are safe. Temperature monitoring is critical for the authenticity of samples
and chemicals in GMP quality control environments and labs in general.

Pressure Gauges
Industry relies on pressure gauges to measure the pressure in a system as a quality control
measure and to verify that goods are consistent. Pressure gauges monitor fluids, gases, and
steam for leaks or a build-up of pressure in a system for safety purposes. The application or
industry in which a pressure gauge is employed determines the design, style, type, and
configuration of the gauge. From measuring the pressure in a swimming pool pump to
measuring the pressure in a hydraulic line for manufacturing equipment, pressure gauges
have a wide range of applications.

Different sizes, styles, and materials are designed to match

certain applications, therefore pressure gauges come in a
variety of sizes, designs, and materials. Pressure gauges are
classified and described in a variety of ways, including by
usage, media, and the method of pressure measurement. The
perpendicular force exerted per unit area of a surface is used
to calculate pressure, which can be done using a variety of
techniques and methodologies. The accuracy of pressure
measurement is determined by the reference to which the
pressure reading is compared. There are two types of
pressure gauges: hydrostatic and mechanical.

a. Hydrostatic Pressure - When a liquid is at rest, hydrostatic pressure is created by the

weight of the liquid above a measurement point. The hydrostatic pressure is affected
by the liquid's height. The hydrostatic characteristics of a liquid do not remain
 constant over time and are impacted by the density and gravity of the liquid (both of
which determine hydrostatic pressure).
b. Mechanical Pressure - A bellows, diaphragm, or Bourdon tube that converts fluid
pressure into force is used to detect mechanical pressure.

It's necessary to grasp some of the other dynamics of pressure, such as absolute, gauge,
differential, and atmospheric pressure. Everyone is familiar with atmospheric pressure, which
is the pressure of the air surrounding us and is covered in weather forecasts. Pressure can be
measured using absolute, differential, or gauge pressure.

a. Absolute Pressure - When pressure is measured in relation to a vacuum, it is called

absolute pressure.
b. Gauge Pressure - Pressure expressed as a percentage of atmospheric pressure is
known as gauge pressure. When this type of pressure is above atmospheric pressure, it
is positive; when it is below atmospheric pressure, it is negative.
c. Differential Pressure - The difference between two types of applied pressure is
measured via differential pressure measurement. This type of pressure measurement
does not use a reference and instead measures the difference between the two applied
pressures.

Conclusion

 A pressure gauge is a device that measures the intensity of fluid, gas, water, or steam
in a pressure-powered machine to ensure that there are no leaks or pressure variations
that could impact the system's performance.
 The variations in pressure gauges are dependent on where the gauge will be used,
with different sizes, styles, and types of materials designed to fit specific applications.
 Pressure gauges have been used for more than a hundred years and have been
constantly evolving to fit the needs of new applications.
 Pressure gauges are used to assess the functioning of pumps, conveying systems, and
various types of spray nozzles.
 Pressure gauges are a key and indispensable tool used by industry to measure pressure
in a system as a quality control measure and to assure product consistency.

d.