Cisco Wiki

Cisco - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Cisco
Cisco
Cisco Systems, Inc., commonly known as Cisco,
is an American-based multinational technology Cisco Systems, Inc.
conglomerate corporation headquartered in San
Jose, California. Integral to the growth of Silicon
Valley, Cisco develops, manufactures, and sells
networking hardware, software,
telecommunications equipment and other high-
technology services and products.[3] Cisco
specializes in specific tech markets, such as the
Internet of Things (IoT), domain security,
videoconferencing, and energy management with
leading products including Webex, OpenDNS,
Jabber, Duo Security, and Jasper. Cisco is one of the
largest technology companies in the world ranking
63 on the Fortune 100 with $49 billion in revenue
and nearly 80,000 employees.[4] Building 10 of the Cisco San Jose Main
Campus
Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Public
Type
Leonard Bosack and Sandy Lerner, two Stanford
University computer scientists who had been Traded as Nasdaq: CSCO (https://ww
instrumental in connecting computers at Stanford. w.nasdaq.com/symbol/cs
They pioneered the concept of a local area network co)
(LAN) being used to connect distant computers over NASDAQ-100 component
a multiprotocol router system. By the time the DJIA component
company went public in 1990, Cisco had a market S&P 100 component
capitalization of $224 million; by the end of the dot-
S&P 500 component
com bubble in the year 2000, this had increased to
$500 billion, surpassing Microsoft as the world's Industry Networking hardware
most valuable company.[5][6] As of December 2021, Networking software
Cisco had a market capitalization of around $267 Founded December 10, 1984 in San
billion.[7] Francisco, California,
United States
Cisco stock (CSCO) was added to the Dow Jones
Founders Leonard Bosack
Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also
included in the S&P 500 Index, the Russell 1000 Sandy Lerner
Index, NASDAQ-100 Index and the Russell 1000 Headquarters San Jose, California,
Growth Stock Index.[8][9] United States[1]
Area served Worldwide
In 2021, Fortune ranked Cisco number one for the
second year on their annual list of the 100 Best Key people Chuck Robbins
Companies to Work For based on employee (CEO & Chairman)
satisfaction surveying.[10][11] LinkedIn and Products List of Cisco products
Glassdoor also ranked Cisco as a top place to work
Revenue US$49.81 billion (2021)[2]
in 2021 and recent years.[12][13]
Operating US$12.83 billion (2021)[2]
income
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Cisco - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisco
Net income US$10.59 billion (2021)[2]
Contents Total assets US$97.49 billion (2021)[2]

Total equity US$41.27 billion (2021)[2]
History
1984–1995: Origins and initial growth Number of 79,500 (2021)[2]
employees
1996–2005: Internet and silicon intelligence
Website cisco.com (https://www.ci
2006–2012: The Human Network sco.com/)
Present day
Finance
Corporate structure
Acquisitions and subsidiaries
Ownership
Facilities
Products and services

VoIP services
Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS)
Network Emergency Response
Certifications
Corporate affairs
Awards and accolades
Controversies
Shareholder relations
Intellectual property disputes
Censorship in China
Tax fraud investigation
Antitrust lawsuit
Remotely monitoring users' connections
Firewall backdoor developed by NSA
Spherix patent suit
India Net censorship role
Caste discrimination lawsuit
Xinjiang region
See also
References
Further reading
External links
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History
1984–1995: Origins and initial growth
Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Sandy

Lerner along with her husband Leonard Bosack. Lerner was
the director of computer facilities for the Stanford
University Graduate School of Business. Bosack was in
charge of the Stanford University computer science
department's computers.[14]
Cisco's initial product has roots in Stanford University's

Cisco's first router, the Advanced
campus technology. In the early 1980s students and staff at
Gateway Server (AGS) router
Stanford, including Bosack, used technology on the campus
(1986)
to link all of the school's computer systems to talk to one
another, creating a box that functioned as a multiprotocol
router called the "Blue Box".[15] The Blue Box used circuitry made by Andy Bechtolsheim, and
software that was originally written at Stanford by research engineer William Yeager.[15] Due to
the underlying architecture, and its ability to scale well, Yeager's well-designed invention
became a key to Cisco's early success.[16]
In 1985, Bosack and Stanford employee Kirk Lougheed began a project to formally network
Stanford's campus.[15] They adapted Yeager's software into what became the foundation for
Cisco IOS, despite Yeager's claims that he had been denied permission to sell the Blue Box
commercially. On July 11, 1986, Bosack and Lougheed were forced to resign from Stanford and
the university contemplated filing criminal complaints against Cisco and its founders for the
theft of its software, hardware designs, and other intellectual properties.[15] In 1987, Stanford
licensed the router software and two computer boards to Cisco.[15] In addition to Bosack,
Lerner, Lougheed, Greg Satz (a programmer), and Richard Troiano (who handled sales),
completed the early Cisco team.[15] The company's first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the
position from 1987 to 1988.[17] In 1988, John Morgridge was appointed CEO.[18]
The name "Cisco" was derived from the city name San Francisco, which is why the company's
engineers insisted on using the lower case "cisco" in its early years. The logo is intended to
depict the two towers of the Golden Gate Bridge.[19]
On February 16, 1990, Cisco Systems went public with a market capitalization of $224 million,
and was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange. On August 28, 1990, Lerner was fired. Upon
hearing the news, her husband Bosack resigned in protest.[20]
Although Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell dedicated network nodes,[21] it
was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network
protocols.[22] Classical, CPU-based architecture of early Cisco devices coupled with flexibility of
operating system IOS allowed for keeping up with evolving technology needs by means of
frequent software upgrades. Some popular models of that time (such as Cisco 2500) managed to
stay in production for almost a decade virtually unchanged. The company was quick to capture
the emerging service provider environment, entering the SP market with product lines such as
Cisco 7000 and Cisco 8500.[23]
Between 1992 and 1994, Cisco acquired several companies in Ethernet switching, such as
Kalpana,[24] Grand Junction[25] and most notably, Mario Mazzola's Crescendo
Communications, [26] which together formed the Catalyst business unit. At the time, the
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company envisioned layer 3 routing and layer 2 (Ethernet, Token Ring) switching as
complementary functions of different intelligence and architecture—the former was slow and
complex, the latter was fast but simple. This philosophy dominated the company's product lines
throughout the 1990s.[23]
In 1995, John Morgridge was succeeded by John T. Chambers.[27]
1996–2005: Internet and silicon intelligence
The Internet Protocol (IP) became widely adopted in the

mid-to-late 1990s.[28] Cisco introduced products ranging
from modem access shelves (AS5200) to core GSR routers,
making them a major player in the market.[28] In late March
2000, at the height of the dot-com bubble, Cisco became the
most valuable company in the world, with a market
capitalization of more than $500 billion.[5][29] As of July
2014, with a market cap of about US$129 billion,[30] it was
John T. Chambers led Cisco as its
still one of the most valuable companies.[31]
CEO between 1995 and 2015.
(Pictured at 2010 World Economic
The perceived complexity of programming routing functions
Forum, in Davos, Switzerland).
in silicon led to the formation of several startups determined
to find new ways to process IP and MPLS packets entirely in
hardware and blur boundaries between routing and switching. One of them, Juniper Networks,
shipped their first product in 1999 and by 2000 chipped away about 30% from Cisco SP Market
share. In response, Cisco later developed homegrown ASICs and fast processing cards for GSR
routers and Catalyst 6500 switches. In 2004, Cisco also started the migration to new high-end
hardware CRS-1 and software architecture IOS XR.[32]
2006–2012: The Human Network
As part of a rebranding campaign in 2006, Cisco Systems

adopted the shortened name "Cisco" and created "The
Human Network" advertising campaign.[34] These efforts
were meant to make Cisco a "household" brand—a strategy
designed to support the low-end Linksys products and
future consumer products.[23]
On the more traditional business side, Cisco continued to

Russian President Dmitry
develop its routing, switching and security portfolio. The
Medvedev and California Gov.
quickly growing importance of Ethernet also influenced the
Arnold Schwarzenegger at Cisco,
company's product lines. Limits of IOS and aging Crescendo
2010.[33]
architecture also forced Cisco to look at merchant silicon in
the carrier Ethernet segment. This resulted in a new ASR
9000 product family intended to consolidate the company's carrier ethernet and subscriber
management business around EZChip-based hardware and IOS-XR.[23]
Throughout the mid-2000s, Cisco also built a significant presence in India, establishing its
Globalization Centre East in Bangalore for $1 billion.[35] Cisco also expanded into new markets
by acquisition—one example being a 2009 purchase of mobile specialist Starent Networks.[36]
Cisco continued to be challenged by both domestic competitors Alcatel-Lucent, Juniper

Networks, and an overseas competitor Huawei. Due to lower-than-expected profit in 2011, Cisco
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reduced annual expenses by $1 billion. The company cut around 3,000 employees with an early-
retirement program who accepted a buyout and planned to eliminate as many as 10,000 jobs
(around 14 percent of the 73,400 total employees before curtailment).[37][38] During the 2011
analyst call, Cisco's CEO John Chambers called out several competitors by name,[39] including
Juniper and HP.
On July 24, 2012, Cisco received approval from the EU to acquire NDS (a TV software
developer) for US$5 billion.[40] In 2013, Cisco sold its Linksys home-router unit to Belkin
International Inc., signaling a shift to sales to businesses rather than consumers. [41]
Present day
On July 23, 2013, Cisco Systems announced a definitive

agreement to acquire Sourcefire for $2.7 billion.[42] On August
14, 2013, Cisco Systems announced it would cut 4,000 jobs
from its workforce, which was roughly 6%, starting in 2014.[43]
At the end of 2013, Cisco announced poor revenue due to
depressed sales in emerging markets, caused by economic
uncertainty and by fears of the National Security Agency
planting backdoors in its products.[44]
In April 2014, Cisco announced funding for early-stage firms to

focus on the Internet of Things. The investment fund was
allocated to investments in IoT accelerators and startups such
as The Alchemist Accelerator, Ayla Networks and
EVRYTHNG.[45] Later that year, the company announced it
Former Portuguese President
was laying off another 6,000 workers or 8% of its global Cavaco Silva, former Cisco CEO
workforce, as part of a second restructuring.[46] On November John Chambers and Cisco
4, 2014, Cisco announced an investment in Stratoscale.[47] Senior Director of Innovation
Helder Antunes, during the
On May 4, 2015, Cisco announced CEO and Chairman John 2011 presidential visit to the
Chambers would step down as CEO on July 26, 2015, but US.
remain chairman. Chuck Robbins, senior vice president of
worldwide sales & operations and 17-year Cisco veteran, was
announced as the next CEO.[48] On July 23, 2015, Cisco announced the divestiture of its
television set-top-box and cable modem business to Technicolor SA for $600 million,[49] a
division originally formed by Cisco's $6.9 billion purchase of Scientific Atlanta. The deal came
as part of Cisco's gradual exit from the consumer market, and as part of an effort by Cisco's new
leadership to focus on cloud-based products in enterprise segments. Cisco indicated that it
would still collaborate with Technicolor on video products.[50] On November 19, 2015, Cisco,
alongside ARM Holdings, Dell, Intel, Microsoft and Princeton University, founded the OpenFog
Consortium, to promote interests and development in fog computing.[51]
In January 2016, Cisco invested in VeloCloud, a software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) start-up

with a cloud offering for configuring and optimizing branch office networks. Cisco contributed
to VeloCloud's $27 million Series C round, led by March Capital Partners.[52]
In February 2017, Cisco launched a cloud-based secure internet gateway, called Cisco Umbrella,
to provide safe internet access to users who do not use their corporate networks or VPNs to
connect to remote data centers.[53] Immediately after reporting their fourth-quarter earnings
for 2017, Cisco's price-per-share value jumped by over 7%, while its Earnings per share ratio
increased from 60 to 61 cents per share, due in part to Cisco's outperformance of analyst
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expectations.[54] In September 2017, Chambers announced that he would step down from the
executive chairman role at the end of his term on the board in December 2017. [55] On December
11, 2017, Robbins was elected to succeed Chambers as executive chairman while retaining his
role as CEO, and Chambers was given the title of "Chairman Emeritus". [56][57]
Reuters reported that "Cisco Systems Inc’s (CSCO.O) product revenue in Russia grew 20
percent in 2017, ahead of Cisco’s technology product revenue growth in the other so-called
BRIC countries of Brazil, China and India."[58][59]
On May 1, 2018, Cisco Systems agreed to buy AI-driven business intelligence startup
Accompany for $270 million.[60][61] As of June 2018, Cisco Systems ranked 444th on Forbes
Global 2000 list, with $221.3 billion market cap.[62]
In 2019, Cisco acquired CloudCherry, a customer experience management company, and

Voicea, an artificial intelligence company.[63][64][65]
In March 2020, SVP and GM of Enterprise Networking David Goeckeler left to become CEO of
Western Digital Corp. and was replaced by Todd Nightingale, head of Cisco Meraki. [66]
Finance
For the fiscal year 2018, Cisco reported earnings of US$0.1 billion, with an annual revenue of
US$49.3 billion, an increase of 2.8% over the previous fiscal cycle. Cisco's shares traded at over
$43 per share, and its market capitalization was valued at US$213.2 billion in September 2018.
Low Net Income for fiscal year 2018 was attributed to a one-time tax charge, that allowed Cisco
to bring back capital from overseas. Cisco used this money it was able to bring back at a lower
tax rate to fund share buybacks and acquisitions.
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Revenue Net income Total Assets Price per Share

Year Employees
in mil. USD$ in mil. USD$ in mil. USD$ in USD$
2000[67]
2001[67] 22,293 −1,014 35,238 16.69
2002[67] 18,915 1,893 37,795 11.80
2003[68] 18,878 3,578 37,107 14.38
2004[68] 22,045 4,401 35,594 17.44
2005[68] 24,801 5,741 33,883 14.67
2006[69] 28,484 5,580 43,315 17.45 49,930
2007[70] 34,922 7,333 53,340 23.07 61,560
2008[71] 39,540 8,052 58,734 18.15 66,130
2009[72] 36,117 6,134 68,128 16.14 65,550
2010[73] 40,040 7,767 81,130 18.74 70,700
2011[74] 43,218 6,490 87,095 14.10 71,830
2012[75] 46,061 8,041 91,759 15.34 66,640
2013[76] 48,607 9,983 101,191 19.20 75,049
2014[77] 47,142 7,853 105,070 21.22 74,042
2015[78] 49,161 8,981 113,373 25.09 71,833
2016[79] 49,247 10,739 121,652 26.83 73,700
2017[80] 48,005 9,609 129,818 31.97 72,900
2018[81] 49,330 11,0 108,784 43.65 74,200
2019[82] 51,904 11,621 97,793 55.84 75,900
Corporate structure
Acquisitions and subsidiaries
Cisco acquired a variety of companies to spin products and

talent into the company. In 1995–1996 the company
completed 11 acquisitions.[83] Several acquisitions, such as CloudLock, a Cisco cloud
Stratacom,[84] were one of the biggest deals in the industry computing security subsidiary.
when they occurred.[85] During the Internet boom in 1999,
the company acquired Cerent Corporation, a start-up
company located in Petaluma, California, for about US$7 billion.[86] It was the most expensive
acquisition made by Cisco to that date, and only the acquisition of Scientific Atlanta has been
larger.[87] In 1999 Cisco also acquired stake for $1 billion in KPMG Consulting to enable
establishing Internet firm Metrius founded by Keyur Patel of Fuse.[88] Several acquired
companies have grown into $1Bn+ business units for Cisco, including LAN switching,
Enterprise Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) platform Webex and home networking. The
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latter came as result of Cisco acquiring Linksys in 2003 and in 2010 was supplemented with
new product line dubbed Cisco Valet.
Cisco announced on January 12, 2005, that it would acquire Airespace for US$450 million to
reinforce the wireless controller product lines.[89]
Cisco announced on January 4, 2007, that it would buy IronPort in a deal valued at US$830
million[90][91] and completed the acquisition on June 25, 2007.[92] IronPort was best known for
its IronPort AntiSpam, its SenderBase email reputation service and its email security
appliances. Accordingly, IronPort was integrated into the Cisco Security business unit.[93]
Ironport's Senderbase was renamed as Sensorbase to take account of the input into this
database that other Cisco devices provide. SensorBase allows these devices to build a risk profile
on IP addresses, therefore allowing risk profiles to be dynamically created on http sites and
SMTP email sources.[94]
Cisco announced on March 15, 2012, that it would acquire NDS Group for $5bn.[95][96] The
transaction was completed on July 30, 2012.[97]
In more recent merger deals, Cisco bought Starent Networks (a mobile packet core company)
and Moto Development Group, a product design consulting firm that helped develop Cisco's
Flip video camera.[98][99] Also in 2010, Cisco became a key stakeholder in e-Skills Week. In
March 2011, Cisco completed the acquisition of privately held network configuration and
change management software company Pari Networks.[100]
Although many buy-ins (such as Crescendo Networks in 1993, Tandberg in 2010) resulted in
acquisition of flagship technology to Cisco, many others have failed—partially or completely. [101]
For instance, in 2010 Cisco occupied a meaningful share of the packet-optical market, [102]
revenues were still not on par with US$7 billion price tag paid in 1999 for Cerent. Some of
acquired technologies (such as Flip from Pure Digital) saw their product lines terminated.
[103][104]
In January 2013, Cisco Systems acquired Israeli software maker Intucell for around $475
million in cash, a move to expand its mobile network management offerings. [105][106] In the
same month, Cisco Systems acquired Cognitive Security, a company focused on Cyber Threat
Protection. Cisco also acquired SolveDirect (cloud services) in March 2013[107] and Ubiquisys
(mobile software) in April 2013.
Cisco acquired cyber-security firm Sourcefire, in October 2013.[108] On June 16, 2014, Cisco
announced that it has completed the acquisition of ThreatGRID, a company that provided
dynamic malware analysis and threat intelligence technology.[109]
On June 17, 2014, Cisco announced its intent to acquire privately held Tail-f Systems, a leader in
multi-vendor network service orchestration solutions for traditional and virtualized
networks.[110]
On April 2, 2015, Cisco announced plans to buy Embrane, a software-defined networking

startup. The deal will give Cisco Embrane's software platform, which provides layer 3–7
network services for things such as firewalls, VPN termination, server load balancers and SSL
offload.[111]
On May 7, 2015, Cisco announced plans to buy Tropo, a cloud API platform that simplifies the
addition of real-time communications and collaboration capabilities within applications. [112]
On June 30, 2015, Cisco acquired privately held OpenDNS, the company best known for its DNS
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service that adds a level of security by monitoring domain

name requests.[113]
On August 6, 2015, Cisco announced that it has completed

the acquisition of privately held MaintenanceNet, the US-
based company best known for its cloud-based contract
management platform ServiceExchange.[114] On the same Bengaluru, India
month, Cisco acquired Pawaa, a privately held company in
Bangalore, India that provides secure on-premises and
cloud-based file-sharing software.[115]
On September 30, 2015, Cisco announced its intent to

acquire privately held Portcullis Computer Security, a UK-
based company that provides cybersecurity services to Munich, Germany
enterprise clients and the government sectors.[116]
On October 26, 2015, Cisco announced its intent to acquire

ParStream, a privately held company based in Cologne,
Germany, that provides an analytics database that allows
companies to analyze large amounts of data and store it in
near real-time anywhere in the network.[117]
On October 27, 2015, Cisco announced that it would acquire Oslo, Norway
Lancope, a company that focuses on detecting threat activity, Cisco campuses all over the world
for $452.5 million in a cash-and-equity deal.[118]
On June 28, 2016, Cisco announced its intent to acquire CloudLock, a privately held cloud
security company founded in 2011 by three Israeli military veterans,[119] for $293 million.[120]
The deal was expected to close in the first quarter of 2017.
In August 2016, Cisco announced it is getting closer to making a deal to acquire Springpath, the
startup whose technology is used in Cisco's HyperFlex Systems. Cisco already owns an
undisclosed stake in the hyper-converged provider.[121]
In January 2017, Cisco announced they would acquire AppDynamics, a company that monitors
application performance, for $3.7 billion. The acquisition came just one day before
AppDynamics was set to IPO.[122]
On January 26, 2017, Cisco founded the Innovation Alliance in Germany with eleven other
companies bringing together 40 sites and 2,000 staff to provide small businesses in Germany
with expertise.[123]
On August 1, 2017, Cisco completed the acquisition of Viptela Inc. for $610 million in cash and
assumed equity awards.[124] Viptela was a privately held software-defined wide area network
(SD-WAN) company based in San Jose, Ca.
On October 23, 2017, Cisco Systems announced it would be acquiring Broadsoft for $1.9 Billion
to further entrench itself in the cloud communication and collaboration area. [125]
On August 7, 2020, Cisco completed its acquisition of network intelligence company

ThousandEyes.[126]
On October 1, 2020, Cisco announced that it would be acquiring Israeli startup Portshift for a
reported $100 million.[127]
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On December 7, 2020, Cisco announced that it would be acquiring Slido to improve Q&A, polls
and engagement in WebEx videoconferencing [128]
On December 7, 2020, Cisco announced the acquisition of U.K based IMImobile in a $730M
deal.[129]
On May 3, 2021, Cisco completed its acquisition of Q&A and polling platform Slido.[130]
Ownership
As of 2017 Cisco Systems shares are mainly held by institutional investors (The Vanguard
Group, BlackRock, State Street Corporation and others[131]).
Facilities
Cisco is headquartered in San Jose, California at 170 West Tasman Dr. with dozens of buildings
comprising its corporate campus.[132] Over 15,000 full-time employees are based at the San
Jose campus and the surrounding Bay Area.[133] Cisco's second largest campus in the United
States is located at Research Triangle Park in North Carolina with 7,000 employees spanning
across 12 buildings.[134]
In August 2020, Cisco announced the creation of a new 130,000 square feet Midwest
headquarters in Chicago at the Old Chicago Main Post Office accommodating 1,200 employees.
[135][136] Cisco maintains over 200 corporate offices in more than 80 countries.
In July 2021, Cisco announced all employees the option to work remotely on a permanent basis.
[137][138]
Products and services
Cisco SG300-28 Rackmount switch (top) and Cisco EPC-3010 modem (bottom).
Cisco's products and services focus on three market segments—enterprise, service provider,
midsize and small business.
Cisco provides IT products and services across five major technology areas: Networking
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(including Ethernet, optical, wireless and mobility), Security, Collaboration (including voice,
video, and data), Data Center, and the Internet of Things.[139]
Cisco has grown increasingly popular in the Asia-Pacific region over the last three decades and
is the dominant vendor in the Australian market with leadership across all market
segments.[140] It uses its Australian office as one of the main headquarters for the Asia-Pacific
region.[141]
VoIP services
Cisco became a major provider of Voice over IP to enterprises and is now moving into the home
user market through its acquisitions of Scientific Atlanta and Linksys. Scientific Atlanta
provides VoIP equipment to cable service providers such as Time Warner, Cablevision, Rogers
Communications, UPC and others; Linksys has partnered with companies such as Skype,
Microsoft and Yahoo! to integrate consumer VoIP services with wireless and cordless phones.
Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS)
Cisco partners can offer cloud-based services based on Cisco's virtualized Unified Computing
System (UCS). A part of the Cisco Unified Services Delivery Solution that includes hosted
versions of Cisco Unified Communications Manager (UCM), Cisco Unified Contact Center, Cisco
Unified Mobility, Cisco Unified Presence, Cisco Unity Connection (unified messaging) and Cisco
Webex Meeting Center.[142]
Network Emergency Response
As part of its Tactical Operations initiative, Cisco maintains

several Network Emergency Response Vehicles (NERV)s.[143]
The vehicles are maintained and deployed by Cisco employees
during natural disasters and other public crises. The vehicles
are self-contained and provide wired and wireless services
including voice and radio interoperability, voice over IP,
network-based video surveillance and secured high-definition
video-conferencing for leaders and first responders in crisis A Cisco 8851 IP Phone
areas with up to 3 Mbit/s of bandwidth (up and down) via a
1.8-meter satellite antenna.[144]
NERVs are based at Cisco headquarters sites in San Jose, California, and at Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, allowing strategic deployment in North America. They can become fully
operational within 15 minutes of arrival. High-capacity diesel fuel-tanks allow the largest
vehicles to run for up to 72 hours continuously.[145] The NERV has been deployed to incidents
such as the October 2007 California wildfires; hurricanes Gustav, Ike and Katrina; the 2010 San
Bruno gas pipeline explosion, tornado outbreaks in North Carolina and Alabama in 2011; and
Hurricane Sandy in 2012.[146][147]
The Tactical Operations team maintains and deploys smaller, more portable communication
kits to emergencies outside of North America. In 2010, the team deployed to assist in
earthquake recovery in Haiti and Christchurch (New Zealand). In 2011, they deployed to
flooding in Brazil, as well as in response to the 2011 earthquake and tsunami in Japan. [143][148]
In 2011, Cisco received the Innovation Preparedness award from the American Red Cross
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Silicon Valley Chapter for its development and use of these vehicles in disasters.[149]
Certifications
Cisco Systems also sponsors a line of IT professional

certifications for Cisco products.[150] There are four or five
(path to network designers) levels of certification: Entry
(CCENT), Associate (CCNA/CCDA), Professional
(CCNP/CCDP), Expert (CCIE/CCDE) and recently Architect
(CCAr: CCDE previous),[151] as well as nine different paths,
Routing & Switching, Design, Industrial Network, Network
Security, Service Provider, Service Provider Operations,
Storage Networking, Voice, Datacenter and Wireless. Cisco headquarters in the
North San Jose Innovation
A number of specialist technicians, sales, and datacenter District
certifications are also available.
Cisco also provides training for these certifications via a portal called the Cisco Networking
Academy. Qualifying schools can become members of the Cisco Networking Academy and then
provide CCNA level or other level courses. Cisco Academy Instructors must be CCNA certified to
be a CCAI certified instructor.
Cisco is involved with technical education in 180 countries with its Cisco Academy program. [152]
In March 2013, Cisco announced its interest in Myanmar by investing in two Cisco Networking
Academies in Yangon and Mandalay and a channel partner network.[153]
Corporate affairs
Awards and accolades
Cisco products, including IP phones and Telepresence, have

been seen in movies and TV series.[154] The company was
featured in the documentary film Something Ventured
which premiered in 2011.[155]
Cisco was a 2002–03 recipient of the Ron Brown Award,

[156][157] a U.S. presidential honor to recognize companies
"for the exemplary quality of their relationships with
In 2010, Secretary of State Hillary
employees and communities".[156] Cisco ranked number one
Clinton awarded Cisco the
in Great Place to Work's World's Best Workplaces 2019.[158] Secretary of State's Award for
In 2020, Fortune magazine ranked Cisco Systems at number Corporate Excellence, which was
four on their Fortune List of the Top 100 Companies to presented in Jerusalem by
Work For in 2020 based on an employee survey of Ambassador James B.
satisfaction.[159] Cunningham to Cisco Senior
Manager Zika Abzuk.
According to a report by technology consulting firm
LexInnova, Cisco was one of the leading recipients of
network security-related patents with the largest portfolio within other companies (6,442
security-related patents) in 2015.[160]
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Controversies
Shareholder relations
A class action lawsuit filed on April 20, 2001, accused Cisco

of making misleading statements that "were relied on by
purchasers of Cisco stock" and of insider trading.[161] While
Cisco denied all allegations in the suit, on August 18, 2006,
Cisco's liability insurers, its directors and officers paid the
plaintiffs US$91.75 million to settle the suit.[162] Cisco Live 2007 in Anaheim,
California. Cisco Live is the
company's annual exposition and
Intellectual property disputes conference.
On December 11, 2008, the Free Software Foundation filed

suit against Cisco regarding Cisco's failure to comply with the GPL and LGPL license models
and make the applicable source code publicly available.[163] On May 20, 2009, Cisco settled this
lawsuit by complying with FSF licensing terms and making a monetary contribution to the
FSF.[164]
In October 2020, Cisco was ordered to pay US$1.9 billion to Centripetal Networks for
infringement on four cybersecurity patents.[165]
Censorship in China
Cisco has been criticized for its involvement in censorship in the People's Republic of China.[166]
According to author Ethan Gutmann, Cisco and other telecommunications equipment providers
supplied the Chinese government with surveillance and Internet infrastructure equipment that
is used to block Internet websites and track online activities in China. [167] Cisco has stated that
it does not customize or develop specialized or unique filtering capabilities to enable
governments to block access to information and that it sells the same equipment in China as it
sells worldwide.[168]
Wired News had uncovered a leaked, confidential Cisco PowerPoint presentation that detailed
the commercial opportunities of the Golden Shield Project of Internet control.[169] In May 2011,
a group of Falun Gong practitioners filed a lawsuit under the Alien Tort Statute alleging that
Cisco knowingly developed and customized its product to assist the Chinese government in
prosecution and abuse of Falun Gong practitioners.[170] The lawsuit was dismissed in
September 2014[171] by the United States District Court for the Northern District of California,
which decision was appealed to United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit[172] in
September 2015.
Tax fraud investigation
In October 2007, employees of Cisco's Brazilian unit were arrested on charges that they had
imported equipment without paying import duties. In response, Cisco stated that they do not
import directly into Brazil, and instead use middlemen.[173][174]
Antitrust lawsuit
13 of 27 7/7/22, 04:14
On December 1, 2008, Multiven filed an antitrust lawsuit[181] against Cisco Systems, Inc.
Multiven's complaint alleges that Cisco harmed Multiven and consumers by bundling and tying
bug fixes/patches and updates for its operating system software to its maintenance services
(SMARTnet). In May 2010, Cisco accused the person who filed the antitrust suit, British-
Nigerian technology entrepreneur Peter Alfred-Adekeye, with hacking and pressured the US
government to extradite him from Canada. Cisco settled the antitrust lawsuit two months after
Alfred-Adekeye's arrest by making its software updates available to all Multiven customers.
[182][183][184]
Remotely monitoring users' connections
Cisco's Linksys E2700, E3500, E4500 devices have been reported to be remotely updated to a
firmware version that forces users to register for a cloud service, allows Cisco to monitor their
network use and ultimately shut down the cloud service account and thus render the affected
router unusable.[185][186]
Firewall backdoor developed by NSA
According to the German magazine Der Spiegel the NSA has developed JETPLOW for gaining
access to ASA (series 5505, 5510, 5520, 5540 and 5550) and 500-series PIX Firewalls. [187]
Cisco's Chief Security Officer addressed the allegations publicly and denied working with any
government to weaken Cisco products for exploitation or to implement security back doors. [188]
A document included in the trove of National Security Agency files released with Glenn
Greenwald's book No Place to Hide details how the agency's Tailored Access Operations (TAO)
unit and other NSA employees intercept servers, routers and other network gear being shipped
to organizations targeted for surveillance and install covert firmware onto them before they are
delivered. These Trojan horse systems were described by an NSA manager as being "some of the
most productive operations in TAO because they pre-position access points into hard target
networks around the world."[189]
Cisco denied the allegations in a customer document[190] saying that no information was
included about specific Cisco products, supply chain intervention or implant techniques, or new
security vulnerabilities. Cisco's general counsel also said that Cisco does not work with any
government, including the United States government, to weaken its products.[191] The
allegations are reported to have prompted the company's CEO to express concern to the
President of the United States.[192]
Spherix patent suit
In March 2014, Cisco Systems was sued for patent infringement. Spherix says that over $43
billion of Cisco's sales infringe on old Nortel patents owned by Spherix. Officials with Spherix
are saying that a wide range of Cisco products, from switches to routers, infringe on 11 former
Nortel patents that the company now owns.[193]
India Net censorship role
As of April 2020 Cisco Systems is alleged to be helping the Indian Jammu and Kashmir
administration build a firewall that will prevent Internet users in Kashmir from accessing
14 of 27 7/7/22, 04:14
blacklisted websites, including social media portals, through fixed-line connections. [194] Cisco
denies the allegations.[195]
Caste discrimination lawsuit
In 2020, a lawsuit was initiated against Cisco and two of its employees by the California
Department of Fair Employment and Housing for alleged discrimination against an Indian
engineer on account of him being from a lower caste than them.[196][197]
Xinjiang region
In 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute accused at least 82 major brands, including
Cisco, of being connected to forced Uyghur labor in Xinjiang.[198]
See also
▪ Mass surveillance in the United States ▪ Cisco Express Forwarding
▪ Cisco Certifications ▪ Cisco Discovery Protocol
▪ Cisco IOS ▪ Cisco Security Agent
▪ Packet Tracer ▪ Cisco Systems VPN Client
▪ Cisco Catalyst ▪ Cisco WebEx
▪ Cisco DevNet ▪ Cisco Field
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Further reading
▪ Bunnell, D. (2000). Making the Cisco Connection: The Story Behind the Real Internet
Superpower. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-35711-1.
▪ Bunnell, D. & Brate, A. (2001). Die Cisco Story (in German). Moderne Industrie.
ISBN 3-478-35995-3.
▪ Paulson, E. (2001). Inside Cisco: The Real Story of Sustained M&A Growth. Wiley.
ISBN 0-471-41425-5.
▪ Slater, R. (2003). The Eye of the Storm: How John Chambers Steered Cisco Through the
Technology Collapse. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018887-1.
▪ Stauffer, D. (2001). Nothing but Net Business the Cisco Way. Wiley. ISBN 1-84112-087-1.
▪ Waters, J. K. (2002). John Chambers and the Cisco Way: Navigating Through Volatility.
Wiley. ISBN 0-471-00833-8.
▪ Young, J. S. (2001). Cisco Unauthorized: Inside the High-Stakes Race to Own the Future.
Prima Lifestyles. ISBN 0-7615-2775-3.
External links
▪ Official website (http://www.cisco.com)
▪ Business data for Cisco Systems, Inc.: Google Finance (https://www.google.com/financ
e?q=CSCO) · SEC filings (https://www.sec.gov/cgi-bin/browse-edgar?action=getcompan
y&CIK=858877) · Yahoo! Finance (https://finance.yahoo.com/q?s=CSCO)
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Cisco - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.

Net income US$10.59 billion (2021)[2]

Contents Total assets US$97.49 billion (2021)[2]

Products and services

1984–1995: Origins and initial growth

Cisco Systems was founded in December 1984 by Sandy

Cisco's initial product has roots in Stanford University's

In 1995, John Morgridge was succeeded by John T. Chambers.[27]

1996–2005: Internet and silicon intelligence

The Internet Protocol (IP) became widely adopted in the

2006–2012: The Human Network

As part of a rebranding campaign in 2006, Cisco Systems

On the more traditional business side, Cisco continued to

Cisco continued to be challenged by both domestic competitors Alcatel-Lucent, Juniper

On July 23, 2013, Cisco Systems announced a definitive

In April 2014, Cisco announced funding for early-stage firms to

In January 2016, Cisco invested in VeloCloud, a software-defined WAN (SD-WAN) start-up

In 2019, Cisco acquired CloudCherry, a customer experience management company, and

Revenue Net income Total Assets Price per Share

2001[67] 22,293 −1,014 35,238 16.69

2002[67] 18,915 1,893 37,795 11.80

2003[68] 18,878 3,578 37,107 14.38

2004[68] 22,045 4,401 35,594 17.44

2005[68] 24,801 5,741 33,883 14.67

2006[69] 28,484 5,580 43,315 17.45 49,930

2007[70] 34,922 7,333 53,340 23.07 61,560

2008[71] 39,540 8,052 58,734 18.15 66,130

2009[72] 36,117 6,134 68,128 16.14 65,550

2010[73] 40,040 7,767 81,130 18.74 70,700

2011[74] 43,218 6,490 87,095 14.10 71,830

2012[75] 46,061 8,041 91,759 15.34 66,640

2013[76] 48,607 9,983 101,191 19.20 75,049

2014[77] 47,142 7,853 105,070 21.22 74,042

2015[78] 49,161 8,981 113,373 25.09 71,833

2016[79] 49,247 10,739 121,652 26.83 73,700

2017[80] 48,005 9,609 129,818 31.97 72,900

2018[81] 49,330 11,0 108,784 43.65 74,200

2019[82] 51,904 11,621 97,793 55.84 75,900

Acquisitions and subsidiaries

Cisco acquired a variety of companies to spin products and

On April 2, 2015, Cisco announced plans to buy Embrane, a software-defined networking

service that adds a level of security by monitoring domain

On August 6, 2015, Cisco announced that it has completed

On September 30, 2015, Cisco announced its intent to

On October 26, 2015, Cisco announced its intent to acquire

On August 7, 2020, Cisco completed its acquisition of network intelligence company

Products and services

Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS)

Network Emergency Response

As part of its Tactical Operations initiative, Cisco maintains

Cisco Systems also sponsors a line of IT professional

Awards and accolades

Cisco products, including IP phones and Telepresence, have

Cisco was a 2002–03 recipient of the Ron Brown Award,

A class action lawsuit filed on April 20, 2001, accused Cisco

On December 11, 2008, the Free Software Foundation filed

Tax fraud investigation

Remotely monitoring users' connections

Firewall backdoor developed by NSA

Spherix patent suit

India Net censorship role

Caste discrimination lawsuit

10. "100 Best Companies to Work For" (https://fortune.com/best-companies/2021/).

80. "2017 Annual Report" (https://www.cisco.com/c/dam/en_us/about/annual-report/2017-