Os snatne derivative of y= (1— 2x)! 4.3 2 Questions ? and 8 will guide you in finding a rigorous definition forthe derivative of a composite function ? Consider the function y= (3x—1)?. Write this as a composite function y= (1) nanew variable u, where u=g(2). b Find 1, au € Since w is itselfa function of the variable x, find “Y, the derivative of with respect to x & 4 Forthis function, show that 4 — yd ay du" de ie derivative of y with respect to the new variable 1. In the relationship 4 2 a 2 and Sl! are not fractions. Iu a Therefore, 2 is notarrived at by cancelling dl top and bottom. Since, however, these are rates of change, you can intuitively see that, for ‘example, y changes twice as fastas wand 1/ changes twice as fast as x, then y would change four times as fast ast. then Say, du a du de Although expanding. IF istlifferentiable at 1 = g(x),andgisdifferentiable at x, then the composite function (//°,9)(x) is diferentiable atx, Furthermore,ify= (i) and u= g(x), ‘Another definition for the chain rule is (f= )'(x) = f"(g(x)) x g'(x). = (3x- 1)? and then using the sum and difference rules to differentiate is very accessible, there are other situations when expanding can be quite tedious, This is an example where the chain rule is very helpful. Example 19 Differentiate y= (2 ~ 11x)! with respect 10 x. Letting w= du = Lixgi 1, Lx gives yo 8 toy’ x (-11) =-1100" dx du dx dy 2 f= 10(2-114y Define w and find “ ae Write y in terms of « and find 4, au Use the chain rule, Substitute for u 2537a MEASURING CHANGE: DIFFERENTIA’ Example 20 @ Differentiate V4 —3x7 (feg)(x) = V4—37 ‘Write the expression as the composition of two functions, fand g. f(x) = Vx: a(x) =1(a)) x9) £(9lx))=2(9(9)) 2 =4(4-38) 2 Differentiate fwith respect to g(x) and 2 differentiate g with respect to x. Use the chain rule, KE 1 ind 2 for gach function. 5 f(x)= 2241 forx> 0 and g(x) = 5x43 for ix x xB, Find the values of x for which the graphs of fand g have the same a y= (ar-3p b @ pee a gradient. 3 6 Let fix) = Sax? — 2bx? + dex. Le ie fo e y=[ f y= x4 a Find *(x) b> Given that f"(x) 2.0 and a >0, show that 2 Find the equation of the tangent to the Bs L5ac. curve y= 3x? 4 at x= 1. z 2. Use the chain rule to prove that 3. Find the equation of the normal to the a the derivative of an even function is an curve y=*=2 at odd function aa. b_ the derivative of an odd function is an 4 Find & if y= J2-Vx. even function. ax You have seen that the derivative of a sum or difference of functions is equal to the sum or difference of the derivatives of the functions. Does the same hold true for the product of functions? 254Investigation 14 1 wie down £02") dx a(x’) _aGe) 2 Determine whether “* ) dx dx dy 3. Find some other functions f(x) and g (x), and determine whether d d d a EO) <0) = SUF) (9)) 4 What can you conclude about the derivative ofa product of functions? 5. Let f(x) = u(x) x v(x), where 1 and v are differentiable functions. Follow the steps below to help you find an expression for /”(x) in terms of u(x) and v(x). a Write an expression for the derivative of fusing the limit definition from first principles, Add r(x + ht)v(x) — u(x + )v(x) to the numerator of your expression in parta. Can you explain why this does not change the value of your expression? € Factorize and rearrange your expression to show that: v(x4h)—v(x u(x+h) 1s) tina) EE vf yen d Let/t > Oand write down an expression for/’(x) which does not involve limits, This expression is called the product rule for differentiation, 6 How can the product rule help you find the derivative ofa product of functions? If f(x) = u(x) x v(x) where 1 and vare differentiable functions, then L(x) = Uy (x) + v(xpu(x). Another way of writing this is, if v = uv where and v are differentiable functions inx, then © = What would the product rule bei you had three differentiable functions in x? Example 21 Use the product rule to find f” (x) if fix) = (3 — 22)(3x— 1), Define wand v, and find 1 and ¥, Let a(x) = 3 ~ 2x, then w(x) = Let v(x) = 3x 1, then /(4) = 3. (3- 2x) = 2(3x-1) Use the product rule, 1-12 4.3 2 a(t Whats the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? 2557a CEs asa iL Example 22 Find the equation of the normal to the curve y= x#-2, at (0, 1), x+2 J Saou 1)(o2y"! Change the quotient to a product. Let w= 3x? — 1, then w= 6x Let v= (x+ 2)", then V= Define « and v, and find w’ and v’ dy 2 1 Ba (32 -1) x- (x42 Use the product rule. ay 7 OX =I) x= (42) P = (x+2)"[-(Gx? = 1) +6x(x+2)] Factorize (x+ 2)! = (x42)? (Bx? 41241) ae Evaluate & at v=0. w 4 & Gradient of the normal is —4. yr 1=-4(x-0) Using y—y, = m(x—x,) for a straight line. -4x+1 Differentiate these functions with respect to x: 8 1 ys (2x-3)(x+ 3)? 9 Find the equation of the tangent and 2 y= (2x+3)3-x)? the equation of the normal to the curve x #23, at (1,0). 10 Consider the functiony = ¥x+1(3—xy" 2 show that y= -P=9G%=1) Wet 6 y=(xrt) 2-307" b Find the x-coordinates of all points on the curve y = ¥x+1(3—x)' where the tangent is parallel to the x-axis. 2564.3 2 The quotient rule Gi mal function of the form f(x) a where w and v are differentiable functions, you can find the derivative of fby changing it to a product fix) = (u(x)) x (v(x))"! and then using the product rule. ven any Fi However, there are times when having a rule for finding the derivative of a quotient without changing it to a product is helpful. If f(x) oe where u and v are differentiable functions and v(x) + 0, then: u(xeh) n(x) Plante) tm YLADU( 8) =a (a)v (oe) = v(x +hyv(x) = fmm ADL) =v (x) (x) + v2). Here we have subtracted v(x)(x) = (zee) and then added it back on again, afcei=d v(x) v(x so the value of the numerator is ne He) tay ee) unchanged — no v(x+h)v(x) (Aa apg a This uses the distributive Tim | (a+ A)o(x)] properties of limits v(x)xt(x)—u(x)y'(x) [eal where and vare differentiable if 110). v(0)<0.me0 r(x= Alternatively, if y= functions in.x, and v # 0. Example 23 Use the quotient rule to differentiate y x#-2, x42" (In Example 22, you saw how this function could be differentiated using the product rule. In this example, you will see that the quotient rule gives the same result.) ° Continued on next page 257CEs asa iL Let v= 3x? - 1 and v=x+2 Define w and v, and find w’ and v’. then 1 = 6x; & ar 8 a Hence, _ S*#+2)-(34"=1) Use the quotient rule a (x+ay _ 3x8 41x41 4 Differentiate the functions using the 4. Find the equation of the normal to the quotient rule: curve y=—8— at.x= 1. This curve is ve ae Lax fx | . b i known as the “witch of Agnesi’. sox 2x : yt Saxe teed 5 The curve y=2** ***1 ig known as the “Trident of Newton”. 3. Find the equation of the normal to the curve known as “Newton's Serpentine”, 4 ay HK atx=0. ay ate » Find the coordinates of the point on this curve where the tangent to the curve is parallel to y= 2x. 258