PEARSON EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL A LEVEL Ue Student Bookdy arn Een 80 Shan Lo, WCER RL sos roles con ‘Stine ton Mateo ono Einstyex ma ‘oun teen Goma Namcty oan comes Ue Cherny owen a8 Tet Gio tt, cy an, ono Oe, ‘in atc Soe Sasa. ar axpoamn res ens Mam ote Cun Oven fo ots Fes: Coan Sona ‘isan sinawokrmesennrssoy hem essrane i ‘SSuapa nan ran sunt ba en Lay (ta roraors le Coortrt Desa oP ht 88 we’ os (Stn ten teu snu nese rnecora ors sty es rr ty: i. ein a Forsconietont astns ten an pty Raps eons hans mouseover aia Shoes soclomme plnacomn tenures a toon nn bone sary macs iano ‘pe dwar wawu ee ‘mun on tos apt oa aba,Eine) ‘COURSE STRUCTURE ABOUT THIS BOOK ‘QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW iii EXTRA ONLINE CONTENT 1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 2 QUADRATICS 3 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 4 GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS REVIEW EXERCISE 1 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS ‘6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 7 RADIANS 8 DIFFERENTIATION 9 INTEGRATION REVIEW EXERCISE 2 EXAM PRACTICE GLOSSARY 181 185 187 ANSWERS INDEX 190‘CHAPTER 1 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS 1.1 INDEX LAWS: 1.2 EXPANDING BRACKETS 1.3 FACTORISING 1.4 NEGATIVE AND FRACTIONAL INDICES 1.5 SURDS. 1.6 RATIONALISING DENOMINATORS CHAPTER REVIEW 1 ‘CHAPTER 2 QUADRATICS 2.1 SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: 2.2. COMPLETING THE SQUARE 2.3 FUNCTIONS 2.4 QUADRATIC GRAPHS 2.5 THE DISCRIMINANT CHAPTER REVIEW 2 CHAPTER 3 EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES 3.1 LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS, 3.2 QUADRATIC SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: 3.3 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS CN GRAPHS 3.4 LINEAR INEQUALITIES ‘3.5 QUADRATIC INEQUALITIES. ‘3.6 INEQUALITIES ON GRAPHS ‘3.7 REGIONS GHAPTER REVIEW 3 ar 39 eres 49 51 CHAPTER 4 GRAPHS AND TRANSFORMATIONS 57 4.1 CUBIC GRAPHS: 38 4.2 RECIPROCAL GRAPHS 62 4.3 POINTS OF INTERSECTION 63 4.4 TRANSLATING GRAPHS er 45 STRETCHING GRAPHS 1 4.6 TRANSFORMING FUNCTIONS 75 ‘CHAPTER REVIEW 4 8 REVIEW EXERCISE 1 81 CHAPTER 5 STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS 85 Bly=mxte 6 5.2 EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES 89 5.3 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LUNES: 93 5.4 LENGTH AND AREA 96 ‘CHAPTER REVIEW 5 99 ‘CHAPTER 6 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS 104. 16.1 THE COSINE RULE 105 (6.2 THESINE RULE 110 '6.3 AREAS OF TRIANGLES 116 ‘6.4 SOV/ING TRIANGLE PROBLEMS 118: \6.5 GRAPHS OF SINE, COSINE AND TANGENT 123 ‘6.6 TRANSFORMING TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS CHAPTER REVIFW 6. 125 129CHAPTER 7 RADIANS. 133 7. RADIAN MEASURE 134 ‘T.2ARC LENGTH 135 ‘7.3 AREAS OF SECTORS AND. ‘SEGMENTS: 139 (CHAPTER REVIEW 7 145 CHAPTER 8 DIFFERENTIATION 150 8.1 GRADIENTS OF CURVES 151 8.2 FINDING THE DERIVATIVE. 154 8.3 DIFFERENTIATING x* 157 {84 DIFFERENTIATING QUADRATICS 159 £85 DIFFERENTIATING FUNCTIONS. WITH TWOOR MORE TERMS 161 8.6 GRADIENTS, TANGENTS AND NORMALS 163 8.7 SECOND ORDER DERIVATIVES 165, CHAPTER REVIEW & 167 CHAPTER INTEGRATION 170 9.1 INTEGRATING x im 9.2 INDEFINITE INTEGRALS 173 9.3 FINDING FUNCTIONS 176 ‘CHAFTER REVIEW 9 178 REVIEW EXERCISE 2 181ABOUT THIS BOOK ‘The following three themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel international Acivanced Level in Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learring. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof + Rigorous and consistent aperoach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols 2. Mathematical problem-solving ‘The Nathematial Problem Saving Cyle + Hundreds of problem-solving question, Fully integrated r sit hon 5) Imo the main exercises + Problem-Solving boxes provde tips and strategies sept mds ‘ea nens + Challenge questions provide extra stretch t j 3. Transferable skills, een ermetin S ‘+ Transferable sills are ermbe ded throughout this book, inthe exercises and in some examples ‘+ These sills are signposted to show students which sls trey ore using and developing. Findingyour way around te book = (07,00) ee EN UU TEES ach capris magne Sue Srctndpa mae Sere be te taTeysewos | ‘savas oes on yevtnen tote iste ate ‘Secerly goed Sow nersn Baga Sema Sorte oars a cuss wetoggeswin © oben seg Cesare aes ae rion ashes ave (Seen aagne anche ‘eae amare rte 2 caper end nh Ct ‘os ummay oi pont fesyeu corona youre wth —_— [ool osm se cnsone xam practice terns Ate sabia ‘vnc lars Ntheoate Review exerciseEe QUALIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW Qualification and content overview Pure Mathematics 3 (Pa) is @ compulsory uni inthe folowing qualifications: Internacional Advanced Sutsiday in Mathematica International Advanced Subsidiary in Pure Matheraties International Advance Level in Mathematics International Advance! Level in Pure Mathematics Assessment overview The following table givesan overview ofthe assessment for ths uni We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you ae fully prepared for this course and know exa:tly what to expect inthe assessment. Papercode wie/02 a 1S aratonal Advanced Sisilan AL Intemational Advanced A Level ‘Assessment objectives and weightings Tor. | Rea sland serine mathemati acs, cna and acalues in variety of conten. Le ens igus mathematical gunn and pons hough we of pede statements og Pal deduct anaineence ana Uwe mania af mata expressions, ae Including he stron of extended argument fr handing stantial probes presented instructs Ferm Rec, sla se he knowledge of standard rsiiematical modelo epreset oy. stubtns inte el wa ecogne ad undestand pen repesenttion valng ar Standard models present and nerpret esas rom ch modes tems of he rg sanion inuting sss ofthe assumptions mage ana referent ef sch med compreerd tanto of onmon alti contents nto athens we the ress nos | Schaton somata pesicona arcommanton te crest anavuhee sporonte rend | SH rclly nd comprar ong’ mathemati opumets reaps of oppuatons se contemporary caer ecology ac other pertied rare ch 3 formulae 05 | ookiesor stantial tables) accrtelyond ect, undestard when not ose sh % techoley ais tations ve answers to appropiate Sc.rrr Relationship of assessment objectives to units ET | eoset 30 20 eer] ake Calculators ‘Students may use calculator in assessments for these qualifcations. Centres are responsible for ‘aking sure that calculators used by their students meet the requirements outlined below, ‘Students are expected to have available a calculator with atleast the following keys +.~, x. 3% £5,485, sng, cosine and tangent and their verses in degrees and decimals ota degree, and incadians; memory. Prohibitions ‘Calculators with any ofthe following faites are prohibited in all examinations: = databanks + retrieval of texte formulae * builtin symbolicalgebra manipulations * symbolic differentiation and/or integration = language translators ‘= communication with other machines or the InternetEXTRA ONLINE CONTENT @ Extra ontine content Whenever you see an Online box. it means that there is extra online content avalable 10 support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides worced solutions for questions inthe book. Download all the solutions as aPOF or quickly find the solution you need oniine. Use of technology aye ae Ce ee any Ques Seances coenmenneaecs scenranaeogepne eae GeeGebra CASIO. GeoGebra-powered interactives Graphic calculator interactives lncerac wit the maths you a leaning Explore the maths you ae learning and gain ing GeaGebras easy tous ols canfiece In using a raphe cleltor Calculator tutorials Our helpful video tutorials wil guide you though how to use excystation te your caleulator inthe exams, They cover bath Casio’ scientific es oee and colour graphic calculators. CURIS were ewer ‘on exacly which buttons to press and what he EGr and powers Runeions on your ele Should appear on your cleulators screenSGN | ‘After completing ths chapter you should b Multiply and divide integer powers xoand a single term over brackets and collet Uke terms ‘Exoand the product af two or three expressions Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions Simplify and use the rules of sud pages 12-23 Ratonalise denominators op pogest3-18| one ed simplify b ace-Se424398-74-12 ‘+ Irtermetona Se Mathematics Wate asa single pwr nf? © 6@x-5 Write down the highest common factor of a 2hand 16 b 6xand ax: (Computer scientists use Indices € Axy? and 3x) ¢Internaona GSE Mathematics Feces vey wee munber £ ‘quantum compute wth 1000 Simpliy {qubits (quantum bits can consider o 210° values simultaneously Ths is ra greater than the nurrber of particles ‘+ trernationa Se Methemaies in the observable unverse.Cuan @® incexiaws * Youcanuse the laws of indices to simplify powers ofthe same hase eres Thisis the dex sf power orexpanent. Liste Simplify these expressions: aa baa eB dosent ec W'Pxdt f Gaye 2 Savages Use the rule x at =a" to snp the nce. = ‘together and the r terms together, 8 L Use therute wat 2x tare ¥en Bat a at 20 EES af = 20 —— ne) Lee tne rule ny = art simply the inex Oxia tedt to siply the index ‘sete le ab __ (apa strat csp he numerator. Arla prea Expand theseexpeesions and simplify if posi: "EES changes he SBM of a -3x(7x—4) b 3-2") jer pee 4s(Bv—26450)—d Is{Sy-+3)-SO0+3)Cua b PB apy =a9 Pe pape zee nay! fe 4xSn~ 28 +58) = 12e 8x) +2084 Femenber a ious sign ouside the brackets 4 2uS84 3) ~ 982849) « y ‘hagas the signs within the rackets. 10x? + Gx—105= 15, Wx? = 4x- 1 t Sioplfy 6x ~ 10 ge = ax ‘Simplify these expressions: vex! Bei—6x$ | Ox! + Se? 2 oo ons ‘Ohie each erm ofthe numerator by sis the somes oT arene $e Sa? * Sy Ly Sapa Orie each term of the numerator by Sx GED LD worone 1 Simplify bese expressions: ; ® tans bate ef «Z es ty 1099s 20 bert 1 aye 2e 5 yt sape k tat 3a ab m9? 3007 30h 2a des 0 Tex Gat? pp 42) 2h 3a x Gut Fax 2a! xo!Elune Meas 2 Expand and simply if possible: 2 x-2) bw+9) © 34-39) axy+5) fe =xG #5) f Sts +) g rs h 35-27) i -208r-4) i Gr-9e k 3440-0 1 $x-6-Gx-2) Malet Y~30e4d) mG 43P 49) 430-4) © x= 2845) pW 5y+ 397) q 25-7943) F Hx~2) 4x44) oh =2) 5 Sx-34 = 2) +6 CBP HAG 447 way) 2BWE=T yA HSE AY 3 Simplify thee fractions: ay remered a @® Expanding brackets ‘To find the product of two expressions you multiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression ulti each ofthe 2 terms inthe ist enpression by exch the 3 temsin the second expression ges 2 «3 = 6 —— | (6 e~ 3p 43) = ee 2043) 4 5lo= 2043) SP Vistas 38 +205 109418 = és! =2yp-4 238~ 109-4 15 ——— Simply your answer by eolletig Uke terms, ex) Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: ENED sesenerr eel be-2F HD eo? 4 (v4 9108-274) 3 (w+ 5k + 2) tity wy +2) an then lip 5 by 6+ 2. 6204 54410 atte 1 — Simply your answer by collecting ike terms. b wens ene 1 aot Sexo aye tenes ‘There aren the tars i calleee ste as nate eur 4 64 aK 2 Seo 2yn alt —— (r= means =) muktipted by iste cyrare-e ultipy by x —2y~4) and then 4 munpy poy seer = 2y= 4) 2 3y- aap 4x4 Say 2p = ay 2 Bye 6 ny = y= 2 =e am Expand these expressions and simplify if possible BONEN TSE INE= VHA) € (ANCHE NLD 2 x@x+ ane—7) F284 300-7) 2x tax + 308 2 228-2 b uSe~ 3n2e~ +4) x? — auyiax—y +4) € (r= Ales Bye (eax = r2Kre Set Date +) ae + 24a ase ay ane tay 12 ON =F A)~ Bue = v4 4) ——— 11088 ~ Baty + 2088 Gey + 302 —t2ay 12 10x3 — hsp + 2088 + Si = tear Star by expanding one pao brackets: rBr+deatsse ‘You cou alto have expanded the scond pair of brackets first @x-+ 3(e—1) =2x!—11¥~21 “Ten mulipty by Be careful wth minus signs You need to change every signin the second par of brackets when you mulply ent. choose one pi of brackets to expand rst forename (0-904 9 xe ae ere vei You multiplied together three naa ters, so the nal answer contains an erm. EXD EMD woes 1 Expand and simpliyif possible a (ve ace?) a (9243) g Or-3Ke-4) J y+ 5)2e437~5) im (v4 2y~ Ike #3) P p+ 530-942) » b k 4 (= 3yer# 2 © (y-3F (+ 3nx=9) 1 Qx-4y)8e+3) Gx+3y 5 v4 8992043) = DGr=4y=5) 1 (e444 5) Crt D460 (y= 284 3)x—4) or y—v=2KS=3)Conn Memo 2 Expand and simplifyif possible a See IK 4) b Ms = 292045) © i= 30-3) Exe yKv ey eaQe4 Bred) f xs- 5041) sg Gx= 2094042) by@-ver-9) Nv 4950-2) Fx aKee 3rd kK aQvey=DUr+5) Ox 42" 32041) 4 t 1 msQx#3Xx4y-9) 2sQe= N= F=3) © Bale= 2H ATES) p (v4 30e42041) (oD ae) oF (+O Ne=5) 8 (v= SMe =4¥e- 9) Qe Dor=2Ke# Yu 2e43KAN= D2) ¥ G=2}2e+NGY=2) Wort“ MO=D x Gv=39 @ 3 Theciagram showsa rectangle witha square cutout. ERPESPRRERS ‘The rectangle has length 3x = +4 and width x +7. “The square hasside length »~ 2 Find an expanded and simplified expression forthe area shaded pren, ‘Use the same strategy as you would use ite lengths were given as numbers: lcm © 4 Accoboia has dimensions (x +2)em, (2x~ 1jem and (2x + 3)em. ‘Show thatthe volume of the cuboid is (4x 12x? + 5x= Sen © 5 Given ta (28+ 5180 —)20-49) mas? boty eat dP where, ye and dae constants id the values ofa, cand 2 manisy Expand and simply (+. @® fecorsng = Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. re D4 ISNE+ TS + 125, (© +2990 ~$9) = 8 Bay—10% << reise)Se Crud EM LD Factorse these expressions completly: a tes9 bvase © B42 AO SISy™ —& 3—9Ky 2 ay 49 "3004 5) 3s common factor of 32nd — sis a common faci of sand b a= See ate = 5} ‘and are comman factors of 84and 20s, fe axe 4-20) stake dx ovsidethe brackets 3, sand y ate conten Factors of 9p and 15s so tahe yy ted the bracts 4 Sei + Say? = 3yNBe + SH) ‘and-3y have nocommen factors ths expression fs completely Fctorsed x= Oy = axle = 39) * A quadratic expression has the form CEST eat numbers areal the postive and ax + br+ ewhere a, band care eal negative rumberso2°inclingectons numbers and a=. sndsurés “To factorise @ quadratic expression: « Ficitwo factors of ar that add up to For the expression 20+ 5x—3,a0= snd-1s6= 5, + Rewrite the bterm asasumofthese nee ga-s two factors + Factorise each pair of terms = sfx +30¢-1) + Take out the common Factor = De+3) Soe Ge He” CEEED recession in he form st? Is calle the diffrence of wo squares Factorse Ss-6 hb st46eh8 eG TIy-10 2 Se A= 9? Herea=,0=-Sinde=-6 | Wend theo cos ofc wih add We aneGy=G— Bean S-6s Lens L. @ ewe he rm sng these wo fcr Dacre te fst wo terms and heat L— @41sa oat es soa that ouside the brackets Tiss ow completely faces erat ace —G and bh Sox -Sx-6 Mx 4 9)~ Gt = (x4 thy = 6)ck Remon besarte Bee areaned (et 2) abe 2h Factrse x4 2K 4) and? 2 Gx= x= 10 2 Gy! = G4 4c = 19 es and 4-152 se ~ 5) + 2128-5} “actorte y= 5x38 42) a aa 2 - “his isthe aerenceof wo squares s the two 5 terms are and 52, hemo stems Send 5; eaneel each oer: 24 5K - 9) Pree “has isthe sae as (20)°= 9 y= yt 4 3928 = 3) Factorise completely bP-25e © eI 100 You cnt fatrie this any further sis.acommon factor. and 25% Sake vouside the brackets =e +5) 5) 684 3XF = Ov a? 4 Be~ 10) = eee zat Sh — | vite the expressions. product of anda uacrate ecto 1 Factorise these expressions completely on. sous — rctrise the quadratic to ge thee tnar factors. a dyes b Grn © mvsis deed © 4c420 F 6°-I8y g8-Ie haesay fae J 68-20 K 19-5 1 352-2 mstaae a aeay p 5°20 4 9392+ IB ayy xy +89 13y"—20y= -x0 waaay x ypeCla . LLLP For part n. take 2 out asa common JS 13s? + 15x k Pay 1 By'4 278? + Gy @ 4 Fecoisecompeeyst-y2 amas) Watch ofr tums that canbe wit function ofa function, for exam: aie © § Factors complaaly 6+ 738 Sx. C2marks) crn te a= 133849 asthe prot af furaearator (€©B) ‘Negative and fractional indices Indies cn be native numbers or fractions. CEEED exon. Safe dln ney; numbers hse hat similarly chsh. owt sh eee bea * You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. ie oskve square root fa For example 91=\5 =3, bugle. 1ie eat dasa Tr Use the tule ean eres Tis could ls be writen a Use the ule a a= es Use the ule fr, Use the ule sat =e 15-(-025) #175 Saigo ‘ide each term ofthe numerator by | « Bee ENE) ED ome rae 2 eee as sing ah = w. 9105, oo eb — “his means the cube roto 64 b Gain ithea = Using =, ere This means the square oot of, cubed. er bat EMD ie yourctataoro caer fs 37s fractoral poner.es Pu a Given that y= 58% exprt eich ofthe following in the form kx", where and m ae constants. ay bays suds, 1 Simply aver baiey ce xtes! ao oy F 3x5 eas goxien! based Fo byteaes 1 Rae ker 2 Evaluate, without using your calculator: 2s! bat ae 29" 20 W126! i KO" 3 Simpl a (64x"y! (1 mark) marks) ® 5 Givenshat y= 2°, express cach ofthe following in the form kx, where kad are constants ay (mars) phe marks)moo eee @® surds ms an integer that isnot a square number then any multiple of sis called a sur. Examples of surds are: 2,19 and 5:2, Surds are examples oirationalnumbers, | QEEEREDD traona numbers cannot be wten The decimal expansionofasurdis never-ending ine form hee sana te intpere * and never repeats, for example «2 = 1414213562 You can use surds to write exact answers ta calculations * You cen manipulatesurds using these rules: + aba vaxib © 56-28 + Use there ab = «vB. 2 Lees —|,| ies 6 SiG - 224 +298 — cancel by2 5G = 26 x Cx B 1 = is ~ 208 + AB) ~ ke Wisecommon tctoe Gis ~24247)~ 1 ie) ae Workout the square rots and Sa 4e7 asWn Cue EEE) ED wens Expand and simply if possible 28S ve 54.3) Bes BT Using x /B = fab ‘Simply any oot i posible /5 = 3 Do not use your ealeulator fr this exerese 1 Simplify: 1a Z 1 det 1 dee oa 1 628-308 m 3280 ~200-+ 595 0 D+ 38 4.78 2 Expand and simply if possible: 2 304.3) b 58-3) © 24-3) 40-9345) © @-9G-W7) F 44/5924) g (5-03) 13) h 4490-13) Fv © 8 Simply 75 ~/T2 giving your answer in the form a/3, where ais an integer. marks) €B Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a sud inthe enominato, itis sometimes useful to rearrange itso that the denominator isa rational number. This called ratianaliting the denominator * The cules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the Form 1, multiply the numerator and denominator by ya. + For fractions in the form 2 multiply the numerator and denominator by (a -\B). i + For fractions the form —1, multiply the numerator and denominator by (a +B).Pia =x Rationalise the denominator: uty the numsratr ae denominator by ayes ulpty numerator and denominator (3 Seber so2en-nb432-0 HEH +B) 1S -2K5 + ulply numerator and denominator by (5 +2) BS and BE cancel each other ot. 0 ‘pad the brackets ulipy the aumerator and denominator by TT +27. | L aes L ie-tz-403-a520Cer Cun GEES) BED ww Do not use your ealeulator for this exercise, 1 Simplify o 8 16 2 Rationalise the denominators and simplify 5-3 3 Rationale the denominators and simplify \ 4 aT oe eam 38-3) Bw ving ouranver inthe EERSTE ‘Yu an check that your answer isin the correct, form by wrting down the values ofp and and form p + 8, where pand q ae rational numbers (dimarks) checking that they are rational rmbers 1 Simplify ayes bate ane © sty 208 Ab Wt 2 Expand and simplify if possible a (x4 3{e-5) b Qe-7864 © 2x4 Be y42) 3 Expand and simply if possible: ave de) b (xt 2-H © Bre 3[ee-21GW=D) 4 Expand the brackets a MS 44) b SeB~Sx420) © Sy2v43)—2a(—3x) Ad BsX(L 4349 2838-2)mac ees 5 Factorse these expressions completly aScede barely e Seareot 4 By + 10847 6 Factorise axesee2 —— baxt+6y fc 8-20-35 a2e-5-3 eS8-1Be-6 fF 6=S8~ 7 Factorle: a 246 b 8-36. © W047 = 159 8 Simplify a 99537 be fe eta 9 Evaluate, without using your calculator: + (5) » Gs) 10 Simpify witout wing your eacuaor: 3 b a4 285 — 80 ee 11a Find the value of 3542 + 20~ 48 when x =25. by By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be writen as the product of two pre factors, 12 Expand and simply i possi 2 80+8) b O-W8N5+55) without using your calclator: 13 Rationaise the denominator and simplify: 1 a ce . > fi a a ay way Do not use your ealeulator for this question. 18 Given that x= 32 VTy— 15 = (r+ 3X24 bu #6), where band care constants, work out the values of and e bb Hence, fully factorise ° ~ x M15, @© 15 Given tat y= Jp, express each ofthe following in the form kx, where and are constant, *) (mari) ba (mary @ ws stow azz zeae win intern FF whew aan beings ema © 17 Expand and simply (FT ~595~ 1, witout using your clelato. mas) © 1 Fectorise completely v= 640. @marsy © 09 express 27+ in the form 2, sang yn tems of @2martsyBa) ©® W Solve the equation 8 w/IT 3 Give your ansver inthe form a, where a and bare integers (ars) © 21 Do not we yor cleat for this question. A rectangle has a length of (1 + v3)em and area of | Calulate the width ofthe rectangle inn Esyesjurenrrin elon 4+, sh ml baring be foun © 22 Show that 2 can te writen as x= 4-4 mari) @® B Gen ns 20.5 fed teva o mars) ©@® 24 Given thay 2S can be writ inthe form 4, rive down he valu of «and he val 2 Simply (+ 5) i). bb Hence show that tt tes ptt tl et Bai Be ae Sed 1 You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers ofthe same base, * entra ee sorse + (aby ore Factrising isthe opposite of expanding brackets. Payee yey) YoU can use the sof neces wth any rational powet yee n 6 You can maniplte suds ing these res: a= aa 2 3 A quadratic expression has the form ax'+ bx + ewhere a, band care real numbers and a =O 4 5 17 The rules to rationalise denominators are: 1 + For fractlon inthe form-2, molipy the numerstor and denominator by Ja + For factions inthe form: 1 multiply the numerator and denominator by (a— sagem r by (a~18). + Fo etions inthe form-—2 multiply the numerator and denominator by a+). 7pe A x 2 Ses ees ‘Aer completing this chapter you should beable to: 1 Solve quadratic equations using pages 19-26 Read and use fx) notation wh warking with functions pages 25-27 ‘© sketch the graph and find the turning Fa quadiatic function > pages27-20 ‘© Find and interpret the discriminant ofa quadratic expression pages 20-32 ing equations: b 5te43) = 6(2—1) 4 (92266 ‘-Intesnalonl SE Matherice 2 Factorise the folowing expressions a xt+8r+15 bt43x-10 Ms-5 ds 400 Seaton 3 3. Sketch the graphs ofthe Fallow equations labelling the points wi liowing inequales a bar-saa3 Ts2e-) dbexrcit Quadratic functions are used to model projectile metion Whenever an objat isthrown or launched, its path wil S approximately f parabola‘QUADRATICS €B solving quadratic equations ‘A quadratic equation can be written in the form us? + bv + ¢= 0, where a band care real constants and « + 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, oF no real solutions, * To sole @ quadratic equation by fatorsing: CEEED tr sotsionssoan + Write the equation inthe form ax® + Bx + ¢=0 ‘equation ae sometimes called + Factrise the letchand side the roots of te equation + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to Find the value(s) of x GEE) AMD wren cate atie tena Solve the ol If he product ofthe fatorsis 2m one ofthe factors mus be 0, | CEE Me symbols meansimpie tat This statement says x23 =0.then x= -3 A quadratic equation wth io distinc factors hast esti oltons Band x w= eauation. ————__— QIBID he signs ofthe soaions ae iy steoe ‘Opposite tothe signs ofthe cons.ant temsin v= 9n80 ——________enchfactoe xix- 9}20 a) Be careful not to dvde both sides by x, since x Sees | may have the value insted, rerange into the The Solutions are x= O and x= 8 prea ecent ere iaK x= exe Then ether Se = 1 Ou c= $ Factores Lean “The solutions xe Solutions to quadratic equations do ot have to do Seh Ber 430 beintezer. MaarsxcoS >> Tre quactatic equation r+ re +) = wi Gaye 900-——L | have solutions v= = Zand x= =f The ether = 4205024 | | or NvAzOsb ens |L. earange int the formant Ba tex 0 axe4 Factors, When a quadratic eg.ation has ‘exactly one oti called a repented root You can also that the equation hast equaloots aEanes ‘QUADRATICS {tn some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorsing. Cesanvic ©) ax~ 35 25 — Toke the square root ofboth sides ion Fy ———T ‘Remember 5# = (-5} = 25. ° 2xna-5 ex ‘Ade 3 both sides rouse 1 Solve the following equations using fatorsation: AN43ve2=0 0 bateSyedeO cH Ir410=0 eS BVE SHO F290 20 g P-Se-6 a0 2 Solve the following equations using Fatorisation: a xedy b st=259 € 3ste6r 4 5x°=30 ee eRe0 FG ATy-3=0 g6-Sy-G20 hd 16+ 1520 15 Solve the following equations: a des Sr=? b Qy-3F29 © &-7F © 4 Tiss hasanamact A. | vie the shape into wo sections y | : @ 5 sotve te equation Sx+‘Some equations cannot be easily Factorised, You can algo solve quadratic equations ‘Using the quadratic formula, 1 The solutions of the equation QUEER ou nce to vearenge the equation ax 1 bie | 6 O re given by the Formule: Ino she form ants + e= Ueto eating of the coecens. Se Sareea { Example €9) —— ‘band care called coeFcents. Solve 2x} 7x -1 =0 by using the quadratic formula a=3,b=-Tand Pu brackets around any negative vals, eed (ayeste ED we 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula, Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary aee3rel=0 | batadee © 84604 e Bee lOr-220 fF 4F—ay~ 120g 42=T8 @8—5y-220 h llst420-7=0 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula Give your answers to thee slgnficant gues. aSedee2=0 bstaBee © 58498 ae- etelle-920 a -Ty- 1720 xh O84 Hse 5S gases 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find al of the solutions ‘Where necessary, give your answers to thre significant figures, S484 1220 FSH 9K= IT . ¢ 2845542 ED vox can use any mete : eens YU sr confident th oso ' bees AEas Rinna 4 This trapezium hasan area of 50m - Show that the height of the trapezium is equal co (5 ~ 1) m, Height must be posive You wl have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation: Sve @=xcss ‘Given that fs postive, solve the equation enn aaa 1,1 +27 195 ©) completing the square it sfequenty useful to rewrite quadatr expressions by completing the square: bye (By +5)" -(5) You can draw diagram ofthis process whens and bare postive: 7 ‘The original rectangle has been rearranged into the <——s—= = shape ofa square witha smaller square missing, ‘The two areas shaded blue are the same. stehs ample th gure the xpresons rissa rue a teeee bh Sede e BeRs Begin by hang the coefclent of x Using the rule gen above, b= 850% br naee le DOF 1 tect atin tr Deane (9 #7698 #0) (= hs +8) —— or ssa 8 treat sas a single variable an factors. taxed | ~Baexn2 i Solve the quadratic equation o find swe values wiles qae dmaee for, then fin the carresponding values of Atemativey let w= 9 fi) #8479 -8 OF + 769) = W474 = 8 (u— 1hu + 8) ‘You on simply thie working with susttten. Replace with uthen sole the quaatc equation in ‘The solutions othe quadrtle Orta op ve? ‘equation wl be values of, Convert back to The roots off) are 1 and ~2. values of sing your substitution. CEE) ED oro 1 Using the functions fs) = $x°+ 3,28) 2and Ms) = WEFT, find the values of: sa) beG) © m6) ams) ee) “ FH) MYR — HKFAD+ HO) 1 A © 2 Thefanction 0) defined by) = Give that to) EL ‘Subsutute x= ait the function and ‘sot the resulting expression equal to 8. 13 Findall the roots ofthe following funetions: a fy) = 10-15 Bas) aCe 9K=2)—€ Manat 6y—40 4 jo) = 14s — eRA)EM ESET) misyeste Se —24r4 The functions pand q are given by Find the 1wo values af + for which p(s The funetions f and gare given by fix) = 28! + 30¥ and gla) = 178%, SER, Find the three values of» for which fx) = pt © 6 The function Fis dened asx) =°~ 2642,9ER a Woite x) in the form (v-+ p+ 4, where p and gare constants o be found, (marks) bb Hence, or otherwise, explain why (x) > O forall values of x, and find the ‘minimum value off). (1 mark) 7 Find all roots ofthe flowing Functions: a fisyas64 99148 b p(y xt 128432 EID The function in © x)= 27964 2649 1 4 jy) = 328315541 part bhas four roots. e Ma) ax= 15410 £m © 8 The inetion is defined ase 9139 427, ve R, eo on a We inthe frm = +=, whee and barra ons C2margy rier ase 'b Hence find the two roots of fix). (2 marks) — (BD adratic graphs When fx) = ax + be + « the graph of y= fa) has @curved shape called a parabola. You can sketch a quadratic graph by identifying key features. ‘The coefficient of x determines the overall shape of the graph. ‘When ais positive, the parabola willhave this shape:\/ ‘When ais negative, the parabola wll have this shape: /\, Dre graph crosses the raxtswhen The s 0 then fa) has two distinct real roots + 16 — 4ae=0 then fa) has one repeated oot. + HEB — ka ~ 0 then fs) has no rel roots.Ces oe Yow can ute the discriminant to check the shape of skateh graphs. Below are some graphs of "= fx), where Fx) = ax? Dx +e. A Pa tae>0 “wo stick eal ote Find the values of & for which ft For equal roots, 6? = dae Beant x9=0 #-36=0 236 ca (ne repeatedroot B= tae<0 Neves roots Use the contin ghen nthe question rows Statement about the discriminant, |__ Substitute for band eto get an equation vith ‘one unkown, 180 f= 8G Solve to fi the values fk xx) Find the range of values of & for which »°+ 4+ k = 0 has two distnet real soltions. For two real soktiona, AAT eR>O 16-ak>0 16> 4k 4>k Dok<4 _ Thisstaterent mobs aninequaiy, so your answer wil aso bean inequaiy. Fer any vale of ess than & the equation wit [rave te distinct el solutions. EMD espvce how vie ot the dscrminant changes wth k using techlogy Aned CEES) ED woinerven 1 a Calculate the value of the discriminant for each of these ive fuetions: i fixyaxee8e43 H g(ayaast-3e4d W je 8-84 16 y Kje2x-3e—4 Using your answers o part a, match the same ive functions te these sketch graphs. KV AM LY GB 2 Find the values of & for which 12+ 6x + k=O has two real ylation marks) @® 3 Find the vie oF for which 2 © 4 Given at he faction a) = s+ 84+ has equal oot ind the valve eIs-3 3y# 120 has exactly one solation. (@marksy of the postive constants: (marks) @ 5 Find te range of values of k for which 3\°~ 4x4 = Dhas no al solutions (marks) © 6 The function (0) «34+ J+ (Lp =3), where pean integer, is two equa oot a Find the value of (marks) 0 For this value of , solve the equation 1° + 3px + (4p=3)=6 marks) © 7 my= 288+ ke ayer ky where isa realconsan. — GETEESTID 1 Find the discriminant of h(x) in terms of &: @ marks) fa question prt says hence or 'b Hence or otherwise, prove that h(x) has wo distiner__otbervs' is usual easier to use your real root forall valves of ki. {Giarks) answer to the previous question pat. 2 Prove that ifthe values ofa and care given and non-zero, its always possible to choose a value of bso that fs) = axt-+ e+ chas distinct real roots. D Isitatways possible to choose a value of 6 so that (x has equal roots? Explain your answer,Ce Clan GEN) ED vores 1 Solve the following equations without a caleulator. Leave your answers in sur form ‘where necessary, a peaye: bse ae 1020. € S2~ Ors dr -3 4 Qv-5F=7 2 Sketeh graphs ofthe Following equations Sa sved b pertern3 6 ~ toy = 4 a yetse ay ey © 3 fey= s+ 3e—Sand gl) = 404k, where kis constant 4 Given that £3) = 3) fnd he val of mans) 1 Find the ales of «for which fo) = 9 marks 4 Solve the following equations, giving your answers correct to 3 significant fg as That b 28-514 120 € W-x-, @Ge-Iate 5 Write each of thes expressions inthe form p(s +4)? +r, where p, yand rare constants to be foun: a 4128-9 b 524004 13 © 8-29" 4 3e- (ce IP ©) 6 Find the value k for which the equation Sx2~ 2+ has exactly one solution, (2 marks) ® 7 Given that forall aloes of x I 4 Bre Seplre ger 4 find he valves ofp, gd marks Hence solve theequntion Sx 1204 5 mars) ©® 8 Trefunation Fis eefined a fs) = 2 ~200 +64.8ER 4 Weie inthe form 2+ ~ aN), where ad are el constants mari) 1 Hence find se 90 rots off). marks) 9. Find, as sur, the roots of the equation 2x + Iiir=4) = (x= 2)8= 0 10 Use algebea to solve (x ~ INe + 2)= 18Bio nue © 1 Aciver lunches here off springboard. The height ofthe diver in metres above the poo seconds fer launch ean be model by the following Tunetion D=5t~ 100+ 10,10 How high isthe springboard above the water? (mark) bb Use the mode o find the time at which the diver hits the water, 8 masks) «Rearrange Ii) int the form A ~ Bl ~ C)and give te values of theconstents, Band C GBmarks) 4. Using your answer to part, or others, find the maximum height ofthe diverand the time at which this maximum height is eached, marks) For this question, (x) =4kx+ (4k +2)0+ I, where kit a real constant, 4 Find the discriminant of fx) in terms of k marks) D By simplifying your answer to part a, or otherwise, prove tht f(x) has two distinct real roots forall non-zero values ok @maris) «© Explain why x) cannot have two dstnet real rots when k=0. (1 mak): EB) 13 Find al oF the woos ofthe function rx) = x6 ~ 4+ 16 (mars) 2 The ratio of the lengths a:bin this line isthe same asthe ratio ofthe lengths bse, ———— 15 ‘Show that this ratios z bb Show aso that the infinite square root hse leAede ns 22,ia Tae Pence 1 To solve a quadratic equation by factorisng + Write the equation inthe form as? + bx +c 0 + Factrise the left-hand side + Set each fctor equal to zero and Solve to find the values) of» 2. The solutions of the equation as? + x 4 c= O where a #0 ace given by the formule: 2 sats (on8) (0) (s+ 3) +-£) The sett possblenpts of uncon cle he dma, The set of posse outputs of futons ced he ong. 6 Therootsof funciona the values of for whch 0) «0 You can ind the coordinates ofa turning point ofa quadratic greph by completing the square ffs) =alx + p)?-+ 4 the graph of y=flx) has a tuning pont at (-p, 18 Fo the quadratic function fx) = ax®+ bx + ¢=0, the expression b?—dac's called the discriminant. The value ofthe discriminant shows how many roots f(x) has: + 19% —4ae > 0 then the quadratic function has two distinct real root + IF ~ sae = 0 then the quadratic function has one repeated real root + 62 4ae <0 then the quadratic function has no real rots.BAU yee PUN TU Vat pee fem eas 1s equations using elimination ors ltaneous equations: ane linear and one quadratic © Interpret algebraic solutions of equations graphicallyEQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES Crue EBD Linear simuttaneous equations Linear simultaneous equations in two unknowns have one set of values that will make a pair of equations true at the same time. ‘The solution to this pair of simultaneous equations is x=5, = 2: s43ye11 (5 3@a5s6en1y he-5y=10 > — 4)~50) 20-10 104 + Linear simultaneous equations can be solved using elimination or substitution. ENN) HED wren Solve the simultaneous equations Fist ok for way to eliminate oy Mutipy equation) by3 0 etn each equation. Number this ew equation 3) ‘Then a8 equations (0) ad 3} since the 3 terms hae iferent signs an yw be amined $8980) eee ap-8- 14 = Tina equaton (to fred — remember to check your sation by substiting into equation (@.3() ~(-2)=21+2=23 Note that you coud ko malty equation) ‘by 3.and equation (2) by 21 ge xin both ‘uations You coud then s:buact to eiminat tity equation) by 3 ar utp equation @ by 210 get 12s in each equation. e “ ‘Subtrac; since the 12+ terms have the same sgn ‘both psitive —— Subsite =2 nto equation () to find xeat The sohtion = 35, 3Ein ax Solve the simultaneous equations: Deozel ave 2y=-30 bestrange an equi, nthe arto) | mgeteierse=.. ory =. (hee p=). ‘uote this into theater equation (er ato equation (2 in place of Seal — solve fors ‘stint x=3} ato equation to find the Jp ses Remernbes to check your solution in equation (2. 135) +2(-6) 2-1 162-307 GEER) BED vom 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by elimination a 2y-y=6 b Ive 3p= 6 ave3y 264 9)=29 a2rey @ 3y- 292-6 Gry 6x4 3p 2 Solve these simultaneous equations by substitution: a xe3y=tl b dy-3r=d0 yore? d2ya2v-3 ayy devas los +3 Syex-t 3 Solve these simultaneous equations: Hint Fat earcange = both equations iat a3y-2ye5=0 0b 4 © y=5i-2) ‘b Given that y= }, determine the value of k (imark) @ 82-5 tna Spag=0 ‘The solton io this pir of sltansos equations n= 9,71 Find the vale of and the vale of (smartsEQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES Cee ©@) awsdrticsimutaneous equations You must beable to solve simultaneous equations where one equation I inear and one is quadrati ‘To solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one quadratic equation, ‘you need to use a substitution method from the linear equation into the quadratic equation ' Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation can have up to two pairs Of solutions. You need to make sure the solutions are paired correcty “The solutions to this pair of simultaneous equations are x= 4, y=-3 and x= 5.5,) 45: Yond 55-(-15)= weeayeave5 Qo LaF + wei +2m=9- Rees y and ex LS + (55115) 42889 = 225-825-411 Solve the simultaneous equations veaped vetu ‘The quadratic equation can canta terms svtving 3 and Rearrange linear equation ()oget = . or ye thee x.) ~ 2 = sursitue this nto quadraticaquation 2) (2-25 +3N3 29-10 I~ hereinplace oF, 97 ape EH FER IO] 2p 3p 12 — G2 means @-298-2) — esecton1.2 2p 4arsi20 7 ese 9=0 Salve for y using fetorsaton Find the coresponing sales by substituting the values into iear equation (I), = 3~2y “Tere are two sluion prs forx and y. 1 Solve the simultaneous equations: axeyell » x= 30 aa Bul += 28 2 Solve the simultaneous equations:nue Eten 3 Solve the simultancous equations, giving your answers in their simplest surd form: axcre6 baes3p213 CRETE se trciets when youare @® 4 soWve the simultaneous equations @ xeye3 Soap=l (marks) 5 a By climinatng »from the equations (marks) bb Hence, of otherwise solve the simultaneous equations ya2—4y avert ll tivng your answers in the form a # 3, where a and bare integers (Smarks) © 6 One pair of sottions forthe simultaneous equations SE paks-5 4e-aye6 {31 py where wil pate constants a Find the values of & and p. 'b Find the second par of solutions forthe simultaneous equations ae YF (9) slution, then = satis both equations. €B Simuttaneous equations on graphs You can represent the lutions of simultaneous equations graphically. As every point ona line or curve satisfies the equation ofthat ine or curve, the points of intersection of two lines or curves satisfy both equatlons simultaneously. * Solution ta pair of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection of their graphs. EN) BD rev a On the same axes draw the graphs of bb Use your graphs to write down the solutions tothe simultaneous equations.EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES Clu) a intersection graphical sing technology “Tha pln of intersections the slution tothe simultaneous equations [ axe3pe8 aenye2s ‘This solution matches the algebra solution to the simultaneous equatins ex) 19 On the same axes, raw the graphs of yas-dvel 'b Use your praphs 1 write down the solutions tothe simultaneous equations. ‘There ace to solutions. Each slut wll have an xalue anda pave Check your solutions by substtuting into both equations 2-114 6) =-24 503 and SeCW-3C)+1ete3e tase 20) + (-1) 4-1-3 7 and “T= =30)4 124-6411 ED ve eerensiene CF AY sing technology to find the two points of intersection, ‘The graph of a linear equation and the graph ofa quadratic equatin can either: + Intersect twice + intersect once + not intersect After substituting, you can use the discriminant ofthe resulting quidratic equation to determine the numberof points of intersectionmiro Eten 1 Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce @ quadratic equation ofthe Form axt+ br+c=0: + B= tae>0 + =hae=0 + B-4ae<0 ‘wo real solutions fone real solution no real scutions wer VA Vf “The tne with equation y = 2s + 1 meets the curve with equation kn? 4 2) + (k-=2) = Oat exactly ‘one point. Given that £54 positive constant = 4 find the valu of & pie nonae ee, for this vale of K, find the coordinates of| ‘kafectsthetne an the cuve the paint of intersection sing echnoogy. 2 pearet Substitute» =20 +1 nt equation (2) and Ast + 2y +k 2) (2) |____ simply te quadratic equaton.Theresuiting ‘quacraticaquation iin the oem ax+ he ksi s 2284 04 pur Withewk be dande=k bsteave2 ek? Int edv tk 0 Sm | ateaneeteo ‘You are told thatthe ne meets the curve at exactly one point. so use the discriminant of the F reeling quadravc, Tere willbe exety one 16-4 wre | deltion 0 #8 cae =0, ken4=0 | ree 7 Factrise the quadratic to find the values of ke2ork= Sok=2- ———— | The solutions = 42, a5 is postive constant b ass ars 280] Substitute A= 42 mothe quacrti equation (erase Jp ite 4+ k= 0. Simpy and acto to Bod (eae 120 —\ the xcoordinate ae | substitute e==1 it near equation (fad aan are, __J the pcoorinate Foiet of atersection a Check your answerby substituting into equation LL aeezre0 Baye +241) =2-2 204EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES Cra EAD MD worm 1 Incach cas: 1 draw the graphs foreach par of equations on the same axes it ind the coordinates of the point of intersection, a pe3rns b p22 Bex ” 1 © pa3ve2 3s Braye la0 + Mandy 4 Use graph paper to accurately draw the graphs of 2 3-5 on the sume axes Use your graphs to find the coordinates of the points of intersection «Verify your solutions by substitution, 4 On the same axes sketch the curve with equation x°+)'=9 and the Hine with equation 2+ = 6 bb Find the coordinates of the points of intersection, € Verify your solutions by substitution 4 On the same axes, sketch the curve with equation iubese {= 2¥ and the line with equation » = 3y~2 ane b Find the coordinates of the point of intersection, Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation » = ~4 intersects the curve with equation = 2s? 17 Find the coordinates of the points at which the line with equation y= 33 = | intersects the curve with equation = 0+ 15, Determine the number of points of intersetion for these pairs of simultaneous equations. 6430-7 b rede? 18+ 40 © yest Deed 248 y= 108-9 Isey43=0 Given the simultaneous equations 2e-yel 4 dky +5k=0 where kisa non-zero constant a show that x? + 8kx + k=0. (marks) Given that x? + 8ky + = O has equal roots b find the value of & (marks) € for this value of & find the solution of the simltaneous equations. Garis)EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES © itscsrinegsaies You can solve linear inequalities using similar methods to those for solving linear equations. = The solution of an inequality is the set ofall eal numbers.xthat make the inequality true AD) BD worm Find the set of values of for whieh: 9 iet9 ee eZ You an write the solutlor to this 3-5)>$-20-8) ‘inequality using se notation as (x.2 273). ‘This means the set ofa values for whch is 2 Sye9>x420 areater than or equal to 278 ace | Ranrange to get = se25——_________] b 12-327 Subiract 12 from both sides. “ares Divide bath sides by 2, You therefor nae - turn round the inequality sign) In se notation <> 5). 6 Sie-5)> 5-2-8) y= 155 5-2e4 6-—— Sye5 +16 415-———_ Mp out (ote -2 x -#= +16, Le ear > se>3e ge to geL> x72 Inset notation (s:% 72) Yourmay sometinesneedto findthesetof QTE, or caion values for which wo equalities are true together. Number ines can be useful to find the solution yo Band i diewitten(1-2< 60) or altenatvely (v:3>-2) 0014) Selon 2 diswitten foe Ube ee3) For example, inthe number line below the solution setis x> Zand v2 4 i © igus for < and >and means the end vale sot include. (is used fr «and > and means the end values include, “hese ae the ely rea values that sais both euaies Simultaneously 40 the solutlon s-2 eh was eve tere sno overtop and the woinequaies have — a tobe wittn separately 35 ¢= =Lorx>3,Find th set of values of « for which 2 B-Seu 4 Band Seo 8-8. B yo5> LexorlS—3y> 5425 aar-Serr8 | Seay’ ax-5<0 ara-8 Draw a number tine colustratethe bo aret8 x2 inequelies. vs6s ‘The wo sets of values owrlap Gnterset where . 2eve6s, wae ar) Notice here how hiss witen when vas T= ESE 90 vas or % —tnsetnotatin i canbe witten as the requred set of values -2 26. aere o> sx xo3 ax v2 pees revra number Ine Note that thee olay * = 3_ecween the twosets of vals 1 set notavon thi canbe writen as dexegufeirs). <2 The solution is +> 3 or ¥< 2 EXEAD MND esesnncna 1 nd the set of values of for which a y-3<5 b © r= 352047 a fe Maxed em g lbw < 25430 » 1 S-05e=0 imnie 2 Find the set of values of «for which a Ax-3) 20 b M-a>x-1 © re 28x @ =H = 04 Oe HHN=Ne l= Fw) BE) g I2s-He-3) <5 bh x-25429<11 i ea aate? ; ot j Sax) 340 kave2ee- Hee) 1 xOe-5)< z 3. Use set notation to deserbe the st of values of x for whic Mx-2)>x-dand dee 12> 20417 2e-Sex—Land H+ > 23 =¥ 2y-3> and Wo 2)< 1240 [Sy = xpand S3=1)> 120+ 19 e+ 8 = 20 and 230-7) 046 Se+3<9 0rS(Qv41)>27 6 4x47) = 2001200 -3)= 75} Challenge Antes Be(eSetsa} Cafvsnezr-2) Given that 4B UC) = ip are the xvalues when the cre is above vais he dae 7 par of the cure) Ths iswhen.v<-1or {> 5.nset tation, the solution's ereancnens a res cose tern he sot i the eve is below te sai the ee tighter part the cove) Tetsten wo clond y——— 2 Find the et of values of for which 12 + 4y> x2 1 Hence find the st of values for which 12-445 > 2 Reaves Ost ay 12 a ae- <0 So 4s- 240 (e+ 2e=6)40 2erxee Bo ay 12, seo 4g- 120 Soutien 2 <5 ‘Quadratic equation Multiply by~1 Gots easier to factors ‘Fand —3re the etl values Draw astetch to show the shape of the graph and the eal ales Since the coeficent of si negatv, the gph (s upside-down shaped lt crosses the was “Band “+ secton 4 3 = 5y=23% <0("<0) fortne outer pats ofthe raph, below the x-axis as shown by the lighter parsof the cure Inset nocation thiscar be writen a¢ (exe aut} nd Sx 3 >2. You can usea table to cheek your solution, eve6 Use the critical vases to spt the real umber line into ses. — freaa]-tercelave roan seo = [eee was [+ | = ps For each set, chech whether he sa of values makes the vale ofthe racket poste or negative. For expla fx < 2. (+28 negative, (s~6) i negative and (e+ 6) is (neg) x reg) = postive —— Inset notation the oltion i fe: -2< <6, aRue Boling i ¥ax> ¥ gned-2-<¥<6 Soking k= 3 > 2 gues x> 1 o> “he two sets of voles overbp where renee EAS) ED worn Find eset of values for wich $> 2,0 The sohtion 9 O 0 48-843 <0 bh -2+7y-38<0 j 6x84 11x 1050 k F-sr30 2 Find the set of values of» for which: a s1 gexcé blex+10 a see eas) (Emirs “his questions easier fyou represent the isformaton in more than one way. Use a sketch ‘Faph to sole the quadratic nequaly and tse arumber ine a combine withthe ines: inequality te set tation this can be writen a (8:1 < <6 CARTED cots etrer postive or negative "ou can't lily bath ies oF his Inequality by 3-lasteed, multiply bath sides by Secouse sls never negative, and 050.60, inequality sign stays the same. Seve the cox sponding quartic equation to Sid thecal ates, ‘= 0.ansullbe acral valuecven though — «+01 8ut it would rot be part ofthe solution set ‘even the equally was > rather than > Sietch = 6 20). You are interested inthe ‘aes of where the graphs above the ans Inset notation thiscan be witten as fx:0-< <3)EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES Ela 13 Use set notation 10 describe the set of values of for which Tx + 100and 10-2v<5 © Ata 3e— 1 Oand 3041752 fF =20~3.0 © 4 Given that. «+0 fnd the st of values of for which set bse chasse 5-4 Find the range of valusofk for which the (IE he - a quartic equation ax!+ br + ‘equation x! kx + (+ 3)=0 has no real 08. “hasrealrontsitP ieee. esas bb Find the range of values of for which the ‘oats ofthe eaaton p+ 2 =O are rea ) 6 Find the set of values of for which x? - Sy- 14-0. (marks) © 7 Find the set of values of «for which 2208- <4=3r @maris) § 2850030 macs) € bath 1) <4=2y and 2° 50-3 0 mais) ©® 8 Given that 2 3, find the set of values for which 5 <2 ELL? ly bath deo he (mars) yay bye @® 2 Tre equation kx? 2kx +3 = 0, where ki constant, has no rea rots Prove that satisfies he inequality 0 k-3 (mart) ©) inequalities on graphs ‘Yu may be asked toner grape the solutions to nequaites by considering the graphs funetions tat ae elated to them, + The values of for which the crv y= fe elow the curve y= ga say the inesuaty f09 aonfoxy above gu when x= 2 ard we 825 These ales of sats fl) > gl. 49) edelow g6) when 2. <5. Tresevalues of» satisy Ho) < gC ‘The ston ofa) =Bly) ate v=2and v=5, Ly has equation y= 12-+4x. “The diagram shows sketch of Ly and Lyon the same axes 4 Find the coordinates of P, and P,, the points of intersection 1b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 124-48 > 0% : BeBe quate to find te pons of nersection, soae-i2 7 then rearrange to solve the quadratic equation. (5-6 + 21= 0 _ etre to find the coordinates atthe pins 2 of euersecion te nto y= at when x= 67436 P16. 36) | x26 s8 hen 2-294 Pe2 thsi range af anf for which the Dp ieaye wunenthe gph of Lye BApROTy= 12+ sabovethe graph y=, soe te graph ob {ebeween the wo pons of insect. Pee tnsenctton nsitrne <0 EAD HD os 1 Ly has equation 2y + 38=6, LE, has equation v— y=5. ‘The diagram showsa sketch of Ly and 1 Find the coordinates of P, the point of intersection. 1b Hence write down the solution to the inequality 2y#Bu> ny.Eres Tage 2 For each pair of fundions: i Sketch the graphs of y= f(x) and y= g(x) on the same axes. Find the coordinates of any points of intersection Iii Weite down the salutions to the inequality fs) ~ a) b fyy=8-Se ai) = d= e fyes-s ga Ts4 13, “The seth shows the graphs of tte 2. Find the corinates of the poets of intersection. 1 Find the et of vals of for which fs) < gs). ‘hu yur aneurin eat ataion, BD Fegions ‘You canuse shading on graphs to identify regions that satisfy linear and quadatie inequalities * y- fl) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the curve y= fs. the shaded poinsin this region —— satsy ta inequality >. ‘the unshaded ports inthis eon satisfy the inequality <).To or SR Em included in the region If y> ls ory -2and2<3420 Draw soi ines for ~t y= 34-42, (On graph paper, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: ayt< ye eaded © MD covesnerreros CF ‘on the graph satisy which inequaties sing tecnology. raw dotted tne for 2y 4-2 anda soli ine for y= 32= 34 ~4 ‘Shade the required eeplon. Testa point inthe region. Try (0,0) 940 I4andoro-0-47En Tae 1 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: y>x-2,pedvand y= 5~ 2 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities vB olyesed ees = Sand y'>-2 3 Ona coordinate grid. shade the region that peGasi2expandy+s 23 es the nequatiti 4 Ona coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities y>ae-2and y<9- 5 On a coordinate grid, shade the region that satisfies the inequalities: p> (v3 y4xe Sand yeyel 6 The skech shows the graphs of the straight ines with equations: sel ysTowand.s=t 1 Work out the coordinates of the points of imersetion of the Functions. Write down the set of inequalities that represent the shaded region shown in the sketch. 7 The sketch shows the graphs of the curves with equations pe2=Svos2s4p-Oand veyed ‘Waite down the set of inequalities that represen the shaded rogion shown in the sketch, © 8 4 On scoordinate grid shade the region that sts the inequaitios yexe hye See3 = 0.y Land ve? 1b Work out the coordinate ofthe vertices of the shaded region. GENES {© Which ofthe vertices le within the region identified by the ‘verter i induded only inequalities! ifbothincersctng ines ae incl, 4 Work out the avea of the shaded regionSune Ets dew -y dev +3y ‘re wo simultaneous equations, where i a constant 2 Show that y by Find an expression for in erms of the constant k Solve the simultancous equations verses nds Given the simultaneous equations ays 4 Show that 532+ 3-8 20. 'b Hence find the pairs x») for which the simultaneous equations ar satisfied. «By limsnating from the equations show that 76+ bb Hence, of atherwise solve the simultaneous equations ving wand y-in the form as 66, where wand b are integers 29 Given that 3 “1, show that w= 292. 'b Solve the simultaneous equations: v=2y-2 Solve the simultaneous equations: weaye3 Sa 2y dpa 18 ‘The curve and the line given by the equations kx? = ays e+ Ds were is 2 non-zero constant, intersect ata single point 1 Find the value of k bb Give the coordinates ofthe point of imersection of the ne and the curve. Gimarks (marly (Poarks) (2 marks) (Smarisy marks) (Smarks) (1 mark) (6marisy 7 mars) Smaris) Gms)ET ad Clone © 5 Give your answersin st notation. 2 Solve the inequality 3y=8> x +13 mars) b Solve the inequality? ~ $414 0 (4maris) © 9 Find the set of values of for which (= MUS 4) <8). mars) © 1 a Uscalgedra v solve (x— Ihe 2) 18, mars) 1 Hence, or otterwise, find the set of values of «fr which x= IX 2)> 18 Give your ansver in set notation, aris) 11 Find the st of values of Tor whi 8 6y- 722043 mars) b ae t1s+5<0 (smarts) 5% (é.marks) 4 both Gx —7<2e4 Sands? 11450 2 maris) © 12 Find the st of rales of x that satisfy $1 = 2.40 (marks) @ 13 Find the values for which ks-+ 8s + 5 «Oa eal root, @maris) (© 14 Tre equation 2 +k — 5k «0, wheres consant, has no real 01s, Prove that sais the inequality fk <0 marks) © 15 « Sich the guphsof y= x) w?#2s~ Sand g(0)=6~ 2s on thesame axes marks) 1 Find the coortinate of any poins of intersection. (Smacks) «Wile down the et of vals of «For which > (0) (mark) © 16 Find these of aus of sor which hecure wth equation is blow the line with equation y= 8+ 2s (mars) © 17 ona oonsinate gi, sade the eon tht satis the neque: yostedr-IDandye4-32 (Smarts) ©@® W a Onacoortinae gi, sade the region that satis the negates yeedyerr2y> Sand x>0 (marks) ' Work out the area ofthe shaded region (mars) 1 Find the possible values of forthe quadratic equation 2k! + Skx + 5k~3=0 tohave ea ots. 2 Actraigh ines equation y= 25 kand parabola hs euation ‘ya det 2k 45 where ks a constant Find the range of lues of fr which ‘he ine and the parabola donot intersect.1 Linear simultaneous equations canbe soled using elimination or substitution £2-Simultaneous equations with one linear and one quadratic equation cen have upto two pairs of solutions You need toma sure the solutions are paired correctly. 3 The solutions ofa par of simultaneous equations represent the points of intersection oftheir graphs 4 Fora pair of simultaneous equations that produce @ quadratic equation ofthe form axteore + Bfac>0 two eal solutions 2 Ba ‘one real solution + Bae 0 real solutions '5 The solution ofan nequalty isthe set of all eal numbers x thet make the inequality tue 6 To solve a quadratic Inequality + Rearrange so thatthe rght-hane side ofthe nequalty is 0 + Solve the corresponding quadratic equation to Find the citkal values + Sketch the graph ofthe quadratic Function + Use your sketch to Find the required se of values 7. The values of «for which the curve y= (xis below the curve fo < ete, ‘The values of + or which the curve '= (is above the curve y = g(x satisfy the inequality Fe) > aoe, 48 ya) represents the points onthe coordinate grid below the curve y= fl. 'y> fl) represents the points on the coordinate grid above the cuve y= f(s 9 Ify>f0 ory <9) then the curve '= (4) Is nt included inthe region and is represented by ‘2 dotted line fy > f(s) ory = fl) then the cane. solid ine, 0) satisy the inequalityee racy sce Te GS ren car ‘ter completing this chapter you should be able to: Sketch cubic graphs pages 50-61 ‘Sketch reciprocal graphs of the form y =“ and y = © papas 2-69 Use intersection points of graphs to solve equations | -spges 3-66 Translate graphs pages 7-71 Stretch graphs Transform graphs of unfamiliar functions jor knowledge check Factrise these quadratic expressions: ase6re5 | banged ‘Sketch the graphs of he following Functions aye (r42\e-3) by=a—6x-7 a Sectan 24 ‘8 Copy and complete the table of values forthe function Many complicated functions can be understood by transforming simpler Functions using stretches, Use your table of values to drew the greph reflections and translations. Particle yaw ayn. ‘+ ineratons CSE Mathematics, physicists compare observed results Solve each par of simultaneous equations: With transformations of known a y=2r by=xt functions to determine the nature xHy=6 ye ayn] a Secion3.4.22 of substomic particles,Gio Grn @®) cabic graphs ‘cubic function has the form f(s) =a? + he + ex +d, where ab, cand dare real numbers and a's non-zero “The graph ofa cubic function can take several different forms, depending on the exact nature ofthe function rer ne 1 If pisa root of the function fx), then the graph af y= (x) touches or crosses, the x-axis atthe point (p, 0). ‘You can sketch the graph ofa cubic Function by finding the roots of te Function, eax Sketch the curves with the following equa coordinate axes. a y=(e- 2-9 +9) by " y= (e~piks aie where pg go 2-0 8) gn rarecontars ing ene 1 and show the points where they cross the 42) (2.0 0, and 4,0. uty Oand soe for. When x= 0,92 -2 «131 Find the value ofy when So the eune crosses the y-a¥s 2 (0, 2. Nm 60, F-8-09— Check whet nape fr large postive and x00, 1c0 }— negative vies of ‘The. term inthe expanded function woul be af % se G9) = 50 the curve asa negative»? | | coomeent, b yeawe Wis 2) /— Put y= and soe ors ied Det 2—cr D TRANSFOR! Clune 50 the curve crosses the ass 3b You now thatthe curve cossesthe ax at (©.0, 1.0) ana 2, 01 (0.0) s0 ou dort ned to calculate the vintercept separately eck what happens to fo lrge positive and negative values of ‘The. termin the expanded function would be vx racx=s9s0 he erase ptve coefclent. ‘Sketch the following curve: a pete Is+ 1) © pe@-2? ayer Ome re+ Puty =0and save for 50 the cove er snd touches the wads a (0. (0) squared 20 x= sa double repeated Fook This means thatthe cure jst touches the sis at (1,0) When x 0, Sethe ane roses the a= 8.1. | Lad thevataaf whens =O. 2. -——]| Sa f negative values of. Lc L ssepoe LL xm sa toube repeated ot eneen Es oe sonny = xe— 3x49 |] a Fest factoise is = 3K +1) (Fx 121 — Puty= and solve for Brand 1.01 sons 120 ‘Check what happens to forlarge postveand saya, negative values fx 7 “hiss a cubic cue with 2 positive coefficient of and thre isting oo.Girone Puty=and soe or 32, Olen when So the cuve crosses the yi at (0 -B) xvoayte 7 _______ theca happens to for large postive end ances negative values 0263 tpl repested root, Sketch the curve with equation y=(x—IN(3?+.0+ 2). ecrer) | Trequauitcfoctor 443 2 ves no slutons Oats thts x42 since the discriminant Bac =(1*~ (0) ==7 90.2 1 only andthe cone crosses the Sections heck what happens to for large postive and negative values x a) cemsnene EXD 1 Sketch the following curves and indicate clearly the points of intersection with the axes A yS(x=3Ke-IOHD DW y=lv= DoH M’4D) VEOH d yetee DU me43) © ye (e=2K0- 314-9) F yeate-2004D peste Dfs-1) hyzatee 9 Foye (e-20N- VED j ye x@x=Nle+3)Enon Tn Clues 2 Skeich the curves with the following equations: +1Ke=D) s+ 2)0= HF © y-ray 201 +d) fy=G Dy y= WB =a) i yee-9 fpexest i pests 4 ‘Sketch the following curves and indicate the coordinates of the points Were the curves eoss the axes: =p e-» part 4 ya(ve2P (43). gr=e-3" hy=tt=yp ? @® 5 Tre graph of p= 9+ bs? cv +d shown opposite, wer ye and dae real constants ‘Find the values of he and marks) Write down the coordinates of the point where the curve ersses the y-axis, (mark) ‘Start by witing the equation inthe Form y= (x= px~ geen @® 6 Tre graph of y was ¢ ex disshown opposite, were, nd are rel constants Find the values af «be and (murs) © 7 Given that x) = (v= 1ONo? 20) + 12 «Express fx) in the form wax’ + by +6) where a, band c are eal constants, (marks) bb Hence factrise (x) completely (marks) «Sketch the sraph of y= (s) showing clearly the points where the graph intersects the axes (Smarks)Ginn Reciprocal graphs You can sketch graphs of reciprocal functions such as asymptote. 2 by considering their where kis areat ESTED nasymptete isa ine which ‘the graph approaches but never reaches. + The graphs of y= Fand y= &, constant, have asymptates at x=0 and y =0. Sketch on the same diagram: wal? cya haniy ld F Diswvens CB ‘y= for elferent values of «using technology ints qn x>0 setoreynimsots 2 — inthis quadrant <0 merece ee Tistayet pwehuthtco — intiveudrnr {ess he pants:Gn Ounsr ONS, Ca isisayr= A graph with k> 0 xis always dose and k> 00 the values are postve EXT wrorcwen 1 Use separate diagram to sketch each pair of graphs: a redandyet b youn sy-Smared eye dandy eyecandy 2 Use a separate diagram to sketch each par of graphs: 1 ye Sandyad wy 6 andy: ya Zanly @©® Prints otintersection You can sketch curves of functions to show points of intersection and solutions to equations, * The xcoordinate(s at the point(s) of intersection ofthe curves with equations, y= fhe) and y= gl) are the caltion() to the equation fs) = als. ax) 4 On thesame diagram, sketch the curves with equations y= s(x 3) and y-=s%(1 =). 1b Find the coordinates of the points o tersection. Pt ebay get steeper than \ quadratic curve. so te graphs wilintesect for some negative vaueof x.From the graph me-C.The rear tees pois 1080 lieled A, B ‘Sotions to the equation “The pont ol teersection ae ACB, 3 +38) 5 0. 0 33-38) 4 NES) ID worse -a On the same diagram, sketch the curves with equations where w and hare postive constants dinates ore gen bythe fo ‘There ace tive pont of inersectio, the equation siv=3) = (19) has thre rel oot itoy out rackets. Colet termson oe side —— Faetorise. ‘he graphs intersect for these ales of x. 9000 «an substitute int either equation Find the eoordinates Leave your answers in surd frm, y— a) and 1 Sue giving reason the number fl soon ote equation ra) a b From the sketch there re ony two pois vox-aet de-as0utea valu s0tbeguonet = ce tes (00 rd tweets tat (40) Cn You can stteh curves voi unkrown constants You should gve ay points of ‘intersection wth the coordinate aes in terms of the constants where appropriate, EBD inthis quesion you ont need to state the ‘numberof slutions You dont need ta ing the sobsGon 1 Stoch caress «any 2%~3)on te me es 1 Ung sch wih eon hmm felon Cnet ‘Set the functions aqual to eachother to form an ‘equation wth onerea solute, then earange ew=3) 1 hee Sasi sit lesen so the heaton Noe fm ven heaton rearants vues r= 3}24=0 ov nidot te geted tte ni tin ‘Se this equation has one real soli aa 1 Ineach case {sketch the two curves on thesame axes i stat the umber of points of intersection {ih write down a suitable equation which would give the s-coordinates ofthese points, (You are not required to soe this equation.) a xt) b yan, © yestpe te Deo BF d yext-ayy= 2 fe yestr=d).yat BPEMN=A Y= IPR yeawy ek i yeosyest J yaw yennte +2) 2 « Onthesmeases heh theca gen by yest —SJandy 22. 3 plein how our sec shows tht thar on rel solos tothe eguton verde 3) a On the same axes, sketch the curves given by y=(x + 1)’ and y= 3x(x ~ 1). 'b Explain how your sketch shows that there is only one real solution to the equation S+6r41=0,Eee nna (On the same axes. sketch the curves given by mate = DP bb Explain how your sketch shows that there are no rel solutions to the equation Texel 0. ‘On the same axes, sketch the curves given by y= 45a) and y= &, where a und bare both postive constants (Smarks) Using your sketch, state giving a reason, the numberof real solutions tothe equation 4 as! ~ b= 0. (1 mark) Eventhough you doithnow the values of wand ‘you know they ar postive. you know the “shapes ofthe graphs Youcan label the pola fan the wax on your sketch of j= =a (On the same se of axes, sketch the raps oF yeckandy e307 omens ‘Write down thenumber of ral solutions to the equation 4 = 3047, (mark) ‘Show that you can rearrange the equation to give (x # 1) 24 (2maris) Hence determine the exact coordinate ofthe points of intersection, marks) ‘8 On the same axes, sketch the curve y'=4)—3u—4y and the line y= 6x ind the coordinates of the points of intersection. (On the same axes, sketch the curve y'=(0?~ 1X2) and the line y= 14x #2. ind the coordinates of the points of intersection (On the same axes, sketch the curves with equations = ('~2)(0+ 2)¢and y = 2-8. Find the coordinates of the points of intersection ‘Skah the graphs of y= 24 Land 2y = marks) Explain why there are no real solutions tothe equation 2° +30, (marks) ‘Work out the range of values of «such that the graphs of = 2 sand 2y'=.9=1 have two points oF inersetion. (Smarks)Cre Cuan @® Taanstating graphs You can transform the graph of a function by altering the function, Adding or subtrecting @ constant ‘outside’ the Function translates a graph vertically. + The graph of =f + ia translation of the grophy =f) by the vector 2) Adin o subtracting a constant ‘rsd’ the function translates the graph horizontally. The grephf bythe vector for a) isa translation ofthe graph, ia) +1 a transation 2} ort uit inthe ection ofthe postive ans 2) +2) translation ("2 or2 units inthe ‘eton of the negative an, ‘Sketch the graphs of: “hiss a wranslatin by vector Remember to makon theinterzectons with the “Wa b o varsaton by vec (2) fememer to macon the axtsintersecton aGio EEO neunay syst ats) =ste-2) ‘Sketch the following graph, indicating any points where the curves cross the axes: ayetisr) Dy=eerd a Te gaph ds - EDD covcvonionoine CF ‘Bagh of y=. wing technology Fst hatch y= fo) ‘This a uanslaton ofthe graph af = (0) by ter notre Bis Yeu cold abo wee out the equation as : bee and sketch the pap det. mea} The eure ie r=. 2) a Put =Oto find where the curve cesses the a Sox=Oorx=2 yeah) = ae Fst sketchy = 0. othe gr of ye lr 98 ‘isle tanto ofthe phot = by veae(3) Youcout so wit out te eatin ad seen the graph dea rege) res eta _ Tet necn ite eoras + When you transiate a function, any asymptotes are also translated. Saree eee eee asymptotes and intersections withthe axes, —— Fntstetch y=, sotte gap oh y=) #18 ‘Tecan aad by eer (0 — eympte andy esas 1 gemnstetes eae ‘Put y= tain where the crve comes the nt ~ seat othe come intersects the ase 3 (1,0) “ie hoot saymptcte fy Remember towite down the eutin of the “;-—— smtctoompi set itso Tre vertical saymptte is x= 0. Sones 1 Apply the following transformations to the curves with equations» =x) where: 4M t= whet In each ease state the coordinates of points where the curves cross the axes and ini state the equations ofthe asympiows a fie+2) bays? eM) @fo-1 fe fly)-3 Fv=3)Ee Sketch the curve » 2 1) where) On separate diagrams sketch the graphs of: 16+ 2. peRrs2) i yefsy 42 Find the equations of the curves y= f(x +2) and y= f(x) +2, in terms of x, and use these ‘equations o find the coordinates oF the points where your graphs in part b cross the y-axis 4 Sketeh the graph of y= x) where f(s) = =) f+, «By nding the equation ftv + 1)in terms of x, find the coordinstes of the point in part b ‘where the curve crosses the axis 'b Sketch the curve with equation » Sketch the graph of bb Sketch the curves with equations y= f(s) +2 and 42 (c+ 2) erases the anes. «Find the coordinate ofthe points where the graph of y 4 Sketch the graph of y= x) where Mx) = x(8~ 4). Sketch the curves with equations y= (+2) and y= lx) +4 «¢ Find the equations of the curves in part bin terms of and hence find the coordinates of the points where the curves erss the axes. 2) 4 State the coordinates that point P is transformed toon the curve with equation ‘The point P(4,~1) ies on the curve with equation yatts-2, (mart) b State the coordinates that point Ps transformed to on the curve with equation ave 1 marty ‘The graph of y= fx) where f(x) = {is translated so that the asymptotes are at x= 4 and Write down the equation forthe transformed function in the form y= Ez. (3 marks a Skeich the graph of bb Hence sketch y= (0 S324 6x, marking clearly the points of intersection with the axes Stx=2} + 6v=2). 4 Sketch the graph of y=) 4844 (6mart) 'b The point with coordinates (1,0) is on the curve with Look at your sketch and st a+ Ac a + s+ a) where as 8 picture the uve siding constant, Find the two possible values of. marks) ——_—totheleftor ight.Erno Cue e nge 1 The pint Q(-5-7 les onthe curve with equation y= 1 State the coordinates tat point Qs transformed oon the curve with equation y= x +2)—5. tne coorinates ot the pine Qon a transformed curve ae 3-6 ite dou the trasformation in the form y= fer +a)— © Stretching graphs "Maltiptying by a constant outside the Function stretches the graph vertically. ‘The graph of y= afla)is a stretch of the graph y= fx) by astale factor of a inthe vertical direction, y= 2) isa stretch wth sae fctor2in the ‘atrecion nl 0, find the value of «to thee significant figures. e 4 Given that fly) =x? — 6+ express) inthe form (sa), ress) oh @® is where watd bare integers ‘The eurve Cwith equation y= 10), v= O,meetsthe axis at Pand has a rinirsum point at 0. b Sketch the graph of C, showing the coordinates of Pind 2. ° ‘The line = 1 meets Cat the point. «¢ Find the coordinate of R, giving your answsr inthe form p+ 4 ‘where p ard g are integers ® The function (x) = 32+ 2/2. +k has equal roots Find the value of o bb Sketch the graph of = h(a), clearly Inbeling any intersections with the coordinate axes, @ The function eis defined as ls) =a? Ta— By ER, Write gin the form 3°64 ays!-+), Where rand bare integers o bb Hence find the three roots of g(x). (1) Section Given that 4 10 +36= (4 +d, where w and bare constants a find the value of a and the value ors, @ 1b Hence show that the equation $4 10v436=0has no real roots. (2) “The equatior 3° 108+ has equal oot, @" @s «Find the value of % 4 For this value of ks sketch the eraph of y= 8+ 106+ ky showing the coordinates of any points at which the graph meets the coordinate anes ® Sections 2.224425 tab, 4 find the value of the constants and, % Sketch the graph of y=a 42643, indiating clearly the coordinates of any itertections with the coordinate axes, o «Find the value of the discriminant of s+ 20+ 3, Explain how the sign of the disriminant relates to your sketch inparth, % ‘Theequation x24 ke constant, has no real roots, 4 Find the set of possible values of k, Biving your answer in surd form. @) ‘Section? 2 24,25 Given that + 29435 where kis 4 By eliminating from the equations payed show that vit dy -8=0, % 1 Hence, or otherwise, solve the simultaneous equations: siving your answers in the form £03, where aand bare integers. Section Find the set of values of for which 2 3Qy+1)>5-2» % baetees>0 % both 32¢# 1) > 5 —2-and 2st Ty 4320, ” Sections 34,35cd @v @z @x» ‘The Functions p and q are defined as pls) ==260 + I) and (x)= 6°84 2, SER, Show algebraically that thew is no value of sfor which pixd= at.) ‘Solve the simultaneous equaticns: yew eae y=16 6 1b Hence, or otherwise find the set of values of» for which: 2s = B= 16> 5-28 ® ‘The equation s+ ky + (b+ 3)=D, where ‘risa constant, has different real “ots Show that &2~ 4k ~ 12> 0, ® 'b Find the set of possible valuesot k. (2) Find the set of values for which 6 c2ve-s a Th funn and gar def Taped wand goye lds oeseR 1 Onticsameset fey seth the fms of fb) andy) nde ety tn corns oy poe ire ppm ech Gherorihecoodnate ase 6 & Onpoursete shade he rego at steels > Band fix) > 9, w Sections 32,393,377 1 Factorise completely 4x.) bb Sketch the curve with equation y= 14s, showing the coordinates ofthe points where the curve eosses the x-axis @ ‘¢ Ona separate diagram, sketch the curve with equation y= (o=1=4(v=1) shoving the coordinates ofthe points ‘where the curve erosses the wari (2) Ox 7-2 ‘The igureshows a sketch ofthe curve with equation j= fx). The curve crosses the ‘vais atthe points (2, 0)and (4,0). The ‘minimumpoint on the curve is 3, -2). In separate diagrams sketch the curves with equation aye MG) @ b y= 12) @ ‘On each ¢iagram, give the coordinates of the pointsat which the curv erosses the .wanis and the coordinates ofthe image of P under the given transformation, Sections 45,46 ‘The figure shows a sketch of the curve with equation y= f(s). The curve passes through the points (0,3) and (4,0) and {touches the x-axis atthe point (1, 0). (On separate diagrams sketch the curves with equations a yates) ® @ @ ‘On each iagram, show clearly the ‘coordinates of all the points where the curve mts the axes. Sections 4.4, 45,46 5©” ©» Given that fx) = 4.520, a sketch the raph of y= f(x)+3 and state the equations ofthe ssymploies e bind the coordinates of the point where y= fx) + 3 crosses a coordinate axis ° Sections 42,46 “The pont (6,4) is onthe graph of sy = fl) State the coordinates ofthe point to which Ps transformed onthe ‘raph with equation o wo my Sections “The curve Chas equation y= 4, where «sa postive consan “The curve Cyt equation = (x= 47, where bisa postive constant. 2 Sketch Cy and Con the same sof aes Latel any points where eter curve mees the eordinate axes, fring your coordinates in terms otaaed o ' Using your sketch, state the number of real solutions to the equation o a= 58 Peon ©® 8» Shorh he gaph of shoving cle the cooeinales of the points where the curv crosses the coordinate as und sting theequations ofthe asymprotes. (> ' Thecurse with equation passes through the origin. Find the ‘wo possible values off. @ Sections 2, 6b ko GED ED vem moses 1 a Solvethe equation s?— 1s-+ 1 Hence, others, save the equation SAO eel sectors 139,24 2 Arectonglehas an acs af Gem onda perimeter f 82 em Find the dimensions ofthe rectangle, ging your ensues 3 surdsin hi Simplest fom ‘Seine 15,22 3 Show algsbraicaly thatthe grephs of yadubs ate sand y= 2nte= M+ have nly one point of tersecton ani the Coorinstesofthispaint. e Sctn3.3(ene &, AMter completing this unit you shouldbe able to: ‘© alculate the gradient ofa ine joining apa of points + pages ee-07 ‘© Understand the link between the equation of line and its gradient and intercept > pages 87-89 ‘© Find the equation of a line given () the gradient and fone point on the line or (i) two pointsonthe ine > pagesea-n2 Know and use the rules for parallel and perpendicular gradients Find the point of intersection fra par of straight lines -+ page 87-28 Solve length and area problems on coordinate prids > pages96-99, 11» Find the point of intersection ofeach pair afin: 3 pede Tandy = 20-1 b yyeSe—Land3e+7y=11 € 2 Sp= LandSs Ty=t6 ‘+ lnteratana GSE Mathematics ‘Simplify each ofthe following: ab a~ c ies stein ‘landscape architect can use 3 straight graph to estimate how {ong it wil take for a tree to grow to a given height iit continues at the 8 6x43) 15—0 b 20-5) B current rate € dx- Ips “Int Make ythe subject ofeach equation:Sone ED j=mexe You can find the gradient ofa straight tine joining two points by considering the verteal distance and the horizantal distance between the pints 1 The gradient m ofa line joining the point with coordinates sy. tothe point th corns 7) can be calculated using the formula m =22 EDD cvveveswen CF Toms ances Work out the gradient of the line joining (-2, 7)and (4 5) ven aS? 2 pres.) = (2. GEES) ED vcoreorn rae) vanes © C452 fae) euat-6 1a 3.02.8 4), (10,2) G2.) abc 2.4.9.6), (0,0) k (13, -23,88, 47) ¥ 0,50, (10,0) 1m (3b, 2), (5,26) 9 Pad)Bru Clu 2 Thee jing (2, ) (6 has gradient, Work ou the al of [3 Theline joining (5,6) 10 (8,3) has pradient 3. Work out the va ofA 4 Theline joining e417, 6 has radia 3, Wok ot the vale oF 5 Thelinejoining 1,24 to (1,49 has gradient ~, Work ot the value of '6 The line joining (3,2) 10 (2,5) has gradient 2, Wark out the value of 7 The tne joining (7,2) 10. 3/ has gradient 4. Work out the vale off 8 The ine joining (3, 4) to (-g, 2g) has gradient ~3. Work out the value of 9 Show thatthe points 4(2, 3, at4,4)and— ESESESTETY 110.1) canbe joined by a straight in. Find the gralen ofthe ine jing the pines ‘A and Band thelinejoring the points 4 and C ® 1 Show thatthe points A(-2a, $4), B10, 4a) 1 The equation ofa straight line canbe written in the form n+ e where mis the gradient and cs the intercept. 1 The equation ofa straight Line can also be writen inthe form ax + by + ¢ = O,where ob and care integers xD “Write down the gradient and intercept of these lines: a yen3v 42 b dea 3y4, Compare y = 204 2uith y= m+ From thigm=—3ande= 2, {Gradient =-3 and yintercept a ere Gradient = $ and yintercepe 0.9. Rearange the equation nt the form y= mx From this m= $and.e= Urata tn decals In coordinate geometry questions.Sitons Aeneas Write these lines inthe form ax by + €= 0: a ysdees bynes Wareyraso— Rearrange te aquaton into the fem avslyee=d b Beep 829 x#29-1020 ‘olet al the terms on one side of the equation. EEN: BED ws ‘The line y= 4x ~ 8 meets the x-axis atthe point & Work out the coordinates of P. Tele meets the sais when seo subetiute = Dintay= [ar-850- Rearrange the equation for CD =D» 1 Work out the gradients ofthese ins ways wit down the cordinatesf the pont. a ya-2es5 byaas47 ‘ eya-he ® h lor-sy+ jst 6ye7=0 k 4x29 20 2 These lines cut the y-axis at (0, e). Work out the value of cin each case > g By-4y+8=0 hae 5pa jo Teeaye rd k Tea 3y43 2-5 3 Write these ines inthe form ax + by +e 0, i3STRAIGHT LINE GRAPHS, Cran S$ Theline 3y+ 2) meets the axis atthe point R. Work out the coordinates of. 6 Theline Se —40-4 20 =O meets the axis atthe point and the y-axis at the point B. Work out the coordinates of and. 7 Aline passes through the points with coordinates (0, $) and (6, 7) 1 Find the gradient ofthe line Find an equation ofthe fine inthe form ax +-y + ¢=0. © S Aline feats the sass (5,0) an the ans at 2 Find th gradient of thet. (1 mart) 9 Find an equation the ine inthe form a+ +€=8 munis © © Show that hein with equation ax+ by + e=0 EEE has gradient spandeutsthe.raxis a In question, ry solving similar problem ©® wo Tretine wth gradient 3and Snes reer Fin ine aint and yeep he Find the values of @and (marks) Sight ine with equation 3+ 77+ ereept (0,5) @ 11 Thessrigh tne pases through (0,6 and ha gradient -2. 1 interscets the ine with equation $s ~ 8y~ 15 Oat pont P, Find the coordinates of . (smarts) ©® 2 Mrestrign inf with equation y .~7 intersects the straight line with equation ss4 4y = 17=Oat the point A-3, 4 Find the value ob (mark) 1 Find the value of marks) ‘Show thatthe equation ofa staght ne cough (and th, 0) is a+ y= ab =0. @D Eauati ‘You an define a straight line by giving: ns of straight lines ‘+ one point onthe tine and the gradient say pme + wo erent onto the ine bel ‘oucan nd ancqationo thetineFomether yuan 1 The equation fate wth rent tht ENE passes through the point with coordinates (6.34) can be written as yyy =mle x).no Find the equation ofthe fine with gradient S that passes through the point (3,2 This inthe form yj = mea. Harem =Sard (sy 7)= 0,2 EDD esiore tne of phen gracint ‘isting trough given pln using Geocebra Find the equation ofthe Fine that passes through the points (5,7) and (3,1). Fist find the slope ofthe tn. Here (33) @, ane (vere) 6,7) om 7-6) MEX 53 "2 Yo y/ Emirs, sand (shave beenchosen to make the yet eaee=3) denominators positive vee | tou now the grasient anda point onthe ne 40-13 sousey= ys = mbs=), Usem= 4x13 and EAD ED «vio 1 Find the cquation ofthe line with gradient that paoae through the point (x, when: 2nd (sy.99) #02, 3) b m=3and(s,,9))=(-2.1) € m==Land (34.9) @ m= —4.and (4,.1))— 2-3) © m=$and x. 19) fo m= Hand (3.1) = -6.-D 8 1) = (a 2) Ih m= ~$ and 0 1))= 26,301 2 Find the equations of the lines that passthrough these pars of points: 2 (2,4)and (3,8) (0,2)and 3,8) OD nreccicse © (-2.0)and 28) 4 6-3) and (7.5) fre the gent © (3,=L)and (7, 3) 1 (-4,-1 and (6,4) ‘then use g (-1,-S)and (-3, 3) h (~4,~1) and (-3, -9) emi 1 dawg) © 3 Fin tneequaton ofthe tne which passes through the points 47,2) 2n8 9-8). Give your answer inthe form a+ bye =. mais) 4 The vertices ofthe triangle ABC have coordinates 43.5), Bt Find the equations ofthe sides of the triangle O)and C14, -0.HT LINE GRAPHS Cla ® 5 THe sigh tne passes through (a 8) and rn (G4, 3). Ancquation of is +634 ¢=0. Tis en eset to find nkaown Find the vale of «andthe value of (@amarks) ies nthe ore thy ae pen © 6 Thestight fine pases through (2,5) and (13). ine question Fite vale of ‘An equation of lis. +y~ 12 =0. Ce eee Find the vale of a and he value off @marts) cr Corer ne pain hu abt 7) do + vith foarte rade oh be b stomatn gwelgatinot een ewe eto 2% « XS «Leet eatin fm pa of an equine ine aig oh he pore iy “Tetney = 3x9 mess the ass at the point A. Find the equation ofthe ine with gradient that passes through poit 4, Wile our answer in th form ax y-+e0, whee a band creepers Oe 3x-805=8 dint pot G0 —— CIED rere ivsonona yon C2. yoy] target ‘Thelne meets the sans when y= so substiute y= Ointoy=33-3 (3026.01 “The lines y= Ay ~ Tand 29+ 3921 = Ointersect at the point 4. The point has coordina Find the equation of the line tha passes through points 4 and B. Write your answer in the frm ax + by-+6=0, where a, band c are integers +aarl7-a0 2e+ sel — 220 CEE check sctsions to simstencous 2e-+ 12x = 21-2 fons using your cakeuatot a3 eae esse ee ston Solve the equations simultneouty to fd zon Substitute = 4x~7 into 20+ 39 =21 = 0, L. pnd supe eh comming tard Use y= yy mbe— x) with = Zand ~ Gund 8.5. a