cha systems

of linear equations

Def A linear equation in X X Xm is an equation in

the form a X tax t amXm b
where
xz Xm are unknown variables and a a am b
are constants

ex 3X 12 3 3 is a linear while
2
egns Xtyz I is not
check which
exi of theming
eyns
are linear

X
12g 132 5 U

Cosi t z X
y e

Ex 15 2 1 3 since V

Defi A system of linear equations is a

collection
of
several linear equations

Ex convert the linear

of
I II into
system
egns

a vector equation tx 3

tX l 8
sokn y t o Z

I fix.tl ltiii H i
rewrite
xp y 2
fi C
Def A solution
of a ystem of equations is a list of numbers

x
y z that make
all of the equations true

Note A could have sokn infinite sulks

system
of eyns
a unique

or no sokn

Ex solve 1 Yt 2 L
1X Z o

solhi There
are 3 variables but only 2 equations so there is

1 free variable and we write the sokn in parametric form

Let t then from the 2nd eqn we get E x t
and I at from the 1st egn
y

It t Ek
therefore where

Theeliminationmethod

we will solve systems of linear equations

using
the elimination method

There are eliminate variables as

3 elementary operations to as
many
we can i

both sides
a scaling i we can multiply of an
eqn by
a nonzero number

14 swap i we can swap two

egns

b add to
Replacement we can a multiple
of one
eyn
another
 X t t 32 to
ng
ex solve x z 2 elimination method
y using
3x Z
y
X t 32 b X t t 32 to
t
Ly ng
t
2x t z z 5 o s
y sz to
g
3x t Z 3X 1
y t 2 8
y y

t
T t3 b t t 32 6
3rd 3rd 3 1st 3rd 3rd2nd ng
3 52 to
o
Sy o
Sy 52 lo
o 82
5g lo o t o 32 o

From 3rd egn we get z o then substitute za into 2nd

egg
we get 2 and t.to into 1st
egn yields
x 2
y plug
y

tt edmalnxandRowoperahms

A easier way
is to write the previous system
of in matrix
eyns

form which only

contains
the coefficients

X t
ng t 32 6

I L

augmented matrix

same as in the previous example we simplify the problem using

3 elementary row operations this process is call mv reduction

 I If l I
I o 5 Eff 8 lo
I O Eff 3 0

then we convert the last matrix into equations

X t
ly t 32 6
ox Sy 52 Io y
X Z
O t o se
y
note that row operations are reversible and don't change

the sokn set of the system of linear equations

X 2
solve ly
Ex the system
I ay
4Xtsy g
s using
now operations

sokn
first we write the system into an augmented mafia

I I 2
I 4
3
4
4
5
5
I 0I 35441
I
I
I

I
R
jRz
O O 2

Then transform the matrix back into the system of equi

Xt L
y
To this cannot be true no matter how we
choose
x
eqn y
Therefore the system is inconsistent and there is no sokn