MATH013- LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH MATLAB

Topic: SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify a linear equation
2. Recognize a system of linear equations in n variables
3. Solve the solution set of a linear equation
4. Solve system of linear equations by elimination
5. Solve system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan elimination

Linear equation
System of linear equation (SLE)
 The equation which expresses the real or complex
quantity b in terms of the unknowns , x 1, x2….xn and System of m linear equations in n unknowns, x1, x2, x3….xn or
the real or complex constants a1, a2, …an a linear system, is a set of m linear equations each in n
 A solution to linear equation is a sequence of n unknowns.
numbers s1.,s2.. .,sn which has the property that the
linear equation is satisfied when x1 = s1,x2 = s2, . ..
,xn= sn are substituted in the linear equation.

Examples:
Determine whether the equation is linear in the variables x
and y If b 1 = b2 = ….= bn, = 0, then the system is called a
homogeneous system.
1. 3x  2 y  7 _________________
Solution of System of Linear Equation
1
2. x  y  2 _________________
2  If the linear system has no solution, it is said to be
3. ex  y  4 _________________ inconsistent
 If it has at least one solution , it is called consistent.
4. sin   y  e _________________
 x1= x2= xn= 0 is always a solution to a homogeneous
1 system; it is called the trivial solution. A solution to a
5.  y5 _________________
x homogeneous system in which not all of x1,x2 ... Xn
Parametric Representation of a Solution Set are zero is called a nontrivial solution.
To describe the entire solution set of a linear equation, a  Two systems of linear equations are equivalent if
parametric representation is often used. they both have exactly the same solutions.

Example: Solve for the solution set of the given linear Finding the Solution Of SLE
equation.
Method of elimination: that is, we eliminate some variables
by adding a multiple of one equation to another equation.
1. x1  2 x2  4
Elimination merely amounts to the development of a new
linear system that is equivalent to the original system, but is
much simpler to solve.

Examples: Solve for the solution set of the following linear

system.

2. 3x  2 y  z  3 x  3 y  7
1.
2x  6 y  7

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 x  2 y  3z  6 b) For each row that does not consist entirely of
zeros, the first nonzero entry is 1 (called a
2. 2 x  3 y  2 z  14 leading 1).
3x  y  z  2 c) For two successive (nonzero) rows, the leading
1 in the higher row is farther to the left than the
leading 1 in the lower row.
R E M A R K : A matrix in row-echelon form is in reduced row-
echelon form (RREF) if every column that has a leading 1 has
zeros in every position above and below its leading 1.

Steps in Gaussian Elimination and Gauss- Jordan Elimination

1) Write the augmented matrix of the system of linear
equations.
2) Use elementary row operations to rewrite the
augmented matrix in row-echelon form.
3) Write the system of linear equations corresponding
to the matrix in row-echelon form, and use back-
x  2 y  3z  4 substitution to find the solution.
3. R E M A R K: In Gauss- Jordan elimination continue the
2 x  y  3z  4 process of reduction until a reduced row-echelon form is
obtained.

Example: Solve the given system using Gaussian elimination

and Gauss- Jordan Elimination
x  2 y  3z  9
1.  x  3 y  4
2 x  5 y  5 z  17
Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination
Methods
In Gaussian elimination, you apply elementary row
operations to a matrix to obtain a (row-equivalent) row-
echelon form. In Gauss-Jordan elimination continues the
reduction process until a reduced row-echelon form is
obtained.

Definition of terms:
1. Matrix
Is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by:

The dimension /order of matrix mxn where m is the rows , n is

the columns.
2. Elementary Row Operations
a) Interchange two rows.
b) Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
c) Add a multiple of a row to another row.
3. Row- Echelon Form (REF)
A matrix in row-echelon form has the following
properties.
a) All rows consisting entirely of zeros occur at the
bottom of the matrix.

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 x  3y  z  1 x  y  3z  0
4.
2. 2x  y  2z  2 2 x  y  3z  0
x  2 y  3z  1

PROBLEM SET –SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

1. Determine whether the equation is linear in the

given variables. If it is linear then find a parametric
representation of the solution set.
a. 2 x  3 y  4
3 2
b.  1  0
yz 0 x y
3. x  3 z  1 c. 2 sin x  y  14
 x  3y  1 d. x  y  z 1
e. x  3  4
y

2. Determine the value(s) of k such that the system of

linear equations has the indicated number of
solutions
a. Infinite solution
4 x  ky  6
kx  y  3
b. Exactly one solution
x  ky  0
kx  y  0
c. No solution
x  2 y  kz  6
3x  6 y  8 z  4
3. Solve the solution set of the following SLE by
Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination
x  3z  2
a. 3x  y  2 z  5
2x  2 y  z  4

3x  3 y  12 z  0
b. x  y  4z  0

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