MATH013- LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH MATLAB

Topic: SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATION

Intended Learning Outcomes:

1. Identify a linear equation
2. Recognize a system of linear equations in n variables
3. Solve the solution set of a linear equation
4. Solve system of linear equations by elimination
5. Solve system of linear equations by Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan elimination

Linear equation

 A linear equation in unknowns , x1, x2….xn is an

System of linear equation (SLE)
expression that can be put in the standard form
a1x1+a2x2 +...+anxn =b, where a1, a2, …an and b are System of m linear equations in n unknowns, x1, x2, x3….xn
constants. The constant an is called the coefficient or a linear system, is a set of m linear equations each in n
of x an b is a constant term. unknowns.
 A solution to linear equation is a sequence of n
numbers s1.,s2.. .,sn which has the property that
the linear equation is satisfied when x1 = s1,x2 =
s2, . .. ,xn= sn are substituted in the linear equation.

Examples:
Determine whether the equation is linear in the variables If b 1 = b2 = ….= bn, = 0, then the system is called a
x and y
homogeneous system.

1. 3x  2 y  7 _________________ Solution of System of Linear Equation

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2. x  y  2 _________________
2  If the linear system has no solution, it is said to
3. e y4
x
_________________ be inconsistent
sin   y  e  If it has at least one solution , it is called
4. _________________
consistent.
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5.  y5 _________________  x1= x2= xn= 0 is always a solution to a
x homogeneous system; it is called the trivial
Parametric Representation of a Solution Set solution. A solution to a homogeneous system in
To describe the entire solution set of a linear equation, a which not all of x1,x2 ... Xn are zero is called a
parametric representation is often used. nontrivial solution.
 Two systems of linear equations are equivalent if
Example: Solve for the solution set of the given linear they both have exactly the same solutions.
equation.
Finding the Solution Of SLE
1. x1  2 x 2  4
Method of elimination: that is, we eliminate some
variables by adding a multiple of one equation to another
equation. Elimination merely amounts to the development
of a new linear system that is equivalent to the original
system, but is much simpler to solve.

Examples: Solve for the solution set of the following linear

2. 3x  2 y  z  3 system.

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 x  3 y  7 a) Interchange two rows.
1. 2x  6 y  7 b) Multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
c) Add a multiple of a row to another row.
3. Row- Echelon Form (REF)
A matrix in row-echelon form has the following
properties.
a) All rows consisting entirely of zeros occur at
x  2 y  3z  6 the bottom of the matrix.
2. 2 x  3 y  2 z  14 b) For each row that does not consist entirely of
3 x  y  z  2 zeros, the first nonzero entry is 1 (called a
leading 1).
c) For two successive (nonzero) rows, the
leading 1 in the higher row is farther to the
left than the leading 1 in the lower row.
R E M A R K : A matrix in row-echelon form is in reduced
row-echelon form (RREF) if every column that has a
leading 1 has zeros in every position above and below its
leading 1.

Steps in Gaussian Elimination and Gauss- Jordan

Elimination
1) Write the augmented matrix of the system of
linear equations.
x  2 y  3 z  4 2) Use elementary row operations to rewrite the
3. 2 x  y  3z  4 augmented matrix in row-echelon form.
3) Write the system of linear equations
corresponding to the matrix in row-echelon form,
and use back-substitution to find the solution.
R E M A R K: In Gauss- Jordan elimination continue the
process of reduction until a reduced row-echelon form is
obtained.

Example: Solve the given system using Gaussian

Gaussian Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination elimination and Gauss- Jordan Elimination
x  2 y  3z  9
Methods
In Gaussian elimination, you apply elementary row 1.  x  3 y  4
operations to a matrix to obtain a (row-equivalent) row- 2 x  5 y  5 z  17
echelon form. In Gauss-Jordan elimination continues the
reduction process until a reduced row-echelon form is
obtained.

Definition of terms:
1. Matrix
Is a rectangular array of numbers denoted by:

The dimension /order of matrix mxn where m is the rows ,

n is the columns.
2. Elementary Row Operations

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