JUMC Internship Report FINAL

JIMMA UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING
JIMMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
DURATION: MARCH 26 TO JULY 15, 2015
PRFORMED BY:
1. ADISUWA NEGASH 8. MEDINA JIBRIL
2. BEDADA MELESE 9. NEBIYAT ABRAR
3. EBISA TSEGAYE 10. NEJAT MOHAMMED
4. ESHETU MITIKU 11. SAMRAWIT FELEKE
5. ESUNDALEWU BELAY 12. SEADA JEBEL
6. HAFIZ ABDULKERIM 13. TIGIST WONDIMU
7. HANA GUTU 14. YEABKAL TAMENE
ADVISOR:-Mr. AHMED MOHAMMED SUBMISSION DATE:
Mr. SHIBRU Jimma, Ethiopia
Mr. ABEL WORKU

JIMMA MEDICAL CENTER 2018
Declaration
We the undersigned declare that the following final report paper of the internship is our original
work and all activities we state on the report are, only works that are done with our participation.
In addition to this sources of materials used for the report have been acknowledged.
Declared by: ID
Signatur
1 .ADISUWA NEGASH
2. BEDADA MELESE
3. EBISA TSEGAYE
4. ESHETU MITIKU
5. ESUNDALEWU BELAY
6. HAFIZ ABDULKERIM
7. HANA GUTU
8. MEDINA JIBRIL
9. NEBIYAT ABRA
10. NEJAT MOHAMMED
11. SAMRAWIT FELEK
12. SEADA JEBEL
13. TIGIST WONDIMU
14. YEABKAL TAMENE
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Acknowledgement
Firstly our grateful thanks go to Jimma University Institute of Technology and School of
Biomedical Engineering for creating opportunity to train in Jimma University medical center
(JUMC). Great of appreciation and respect is extended to Jimma University Medical center
(JUMC) Administrative Staffs for their willingness to accept us in their hospital, and we would
like to express our deep and honest appreciation to our adviserMr. Abel Worku, Mr. Shebiru and
Mr. Ahemd Mohamed who made many communications with JUMC administrators to create a
better training environment and help us in whatever we asked for during our internship period.
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EXCUTIVE SUMMERY
This report provides overall activities performed during the internship period of four month,
starting from the mid-March up to the end of July 2018. It is written based on the format given
by Institute’s university Industry linkage office.
The report starts by explaining the background of the internship hosting Jimma University
Medical Center(JUMC). The experiences and benefits gained throughout internship period
discussed briefly. Finally, the report includes the conclusion and recommendation. In addition to
these the procedures and workflow in the section with other additional illustration is included in
the report.
Moreover, the report explains the major tasks that had been executed during period of internship
were maintenance of different medical equipment’s, documentation of general information about
the equipment as well as the management of equipment’s. During this time we were participating
in maintenance, installation, inventory work, cleaning and sorting medical equipment in
biomedical engineering workshop. And this helped us to understand well different important
engineering measurements and maintenance techniques.
Generally, the report also shows the developed & gained different skills, attitudinal changes,
knowledge, properties and selections of materials helpful for maintenance and develops our own
utilities as well as design of internal configurations and structures of the medical equipment. And
of course we also gained basic knowledge to reach on conclusion of equipment components from
conducted and highly educated measurements.
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Table of contents
Contents
Declaration...................................................................................................................................................I
Acknowledgement.......................................................................................................................................II
EXCUTIVE SUMMERY..................................................................................................................................III
Table of contents........................................................................................................................................IV
List of figures............................................................................................................................................VIII
List of tables.............................................................................................................................................VIII
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................................1
1. BACKGROUND OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER............................................................1
1.1. Brief History.................................................................................................................................1
Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC).........................................................................................1
1.2. Main Products and Services.........................................................................................................2
1.2.1. Existing medical services..........................................................................................................2
1.2.2. Practical/clinical teaching services...........................................................................................3
1.2.3. Main Customers or End Users..................................................................................................4
1.2.4. Its Overall Organization and Work flow...................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................................8
2. Overall Internship Experience..........................................................................................................8
2.1. Process of getting into JUMC.......................................................................................................8
2.2. Department of the hospital we have been working in.................................................................8
2.3. Work flow in Bio Medical Engineering Department.....................................................................8
2.4 Works that have been executed....................................................................................................9
2.5 Procedures used while performing work tasks..............................................................................9
2.6 Maintenance of Equipment’s.......................................................................................................10
Steps followed in preventive maintenance.............................................................................................14
2.7 procedures we have been using..................................................................................................20
2.8 How good we have been while working......................................................................................20
2.9 challenges we faced while we were working our tasks...............................................................20
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2.10 Measures we have taken to overcome the challenges..............................................................21
2.11 Documentation of repaired equipment.....................................................................................21
CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................................................................24
3. 1 Over all benefits gained from the internship.................................................................................24
Benefit obtained in terms of improving practical skill.......................................................................24
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge................................................................................................25
3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skills............................................................................25
3.4 Improving team playing skills.......................................................................................................26
3.5 Improving leader ship skills..........................................................................................................27
3.6 Improving work ethics.................................................................................................................28
3.7 Improving entrepreneurship skill.................................................................................................29
CHAPTER FOUR..........................................................................................................................................30
4. MINI PROJECT..................................................................................................................................30
MINI PROJECT ONE....................................................................................................................................31
4 .TITLE:-INFANT VITAL SIGNS MONITORING AND APNEA DETECTION.................................................31
Executive summery............................................................................................................................31
4.1 SUB- CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................31
4.1.2 Background...............................................................................................................................32
4.1.3Literature review.......................................................................................................................33
4.1.4 Problem statement...................................................................................................................35
4.1.5 Problem definition....................................................................................................................35
4.1.6 Existing technology...................................................................................................................35
4.2 SUB-CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................37
4.2.1 Design strategy...........................................................................................................................37
Our approach.....................................................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Brain storming ideas.................................................................................................................38
4.2.3 PAIRWISE COMPARISON CHART...............................................................................................40
4. 2.4 Pugh (decision) matrix.............................................................................................................41
4.2.5 Proposed (initial) design...........................................................................................................42
4.2.6 Components of the system.......................................................................................................43
4.3 SUB-CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................48
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4.3.1 Final design.............................................................................................................................48
Design implementation......................................................................................................................48
Simulation..........................................................................................................................................54
4.4 SUB- CHAPTER FOUR...........................................................................................................................56
TESTING AND RESUITS...........................................................................................................................56
4.4.1TESTING AND RESUITS...............................................................................................................56
4.4.2 Testing conducted and result....................................................................................................56
4.5 SUB-CHAPTER FIVE..........................................................................................................................58
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................58
4.5.1 SUMMARY................................................................................................................................58
4.5.2 RECOMANDATION....................................................................................................................58
MINI-PROJECT TWO...................................................................................................................................59
4. TITEL: METAL DETECTOR...................................................................................................................59
Executive summary............................................................................................................................59
4.6 SUB-CHAPTER SIX............................................................................................................................60
4.6.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................60
Background........................................................................................................................................60
4.6.2Literature review.......................................................................................................................61
4.6.3Problem statement....................................................................................................................61
4.6.4Problem definition.....................................................................................................................62
4.6.5 Existing technologies................................................................................................................62
4.6.6 Summary.......................................................................................................................................64
4.7 SUB-CHAPTER SEVEN.......................................................................................................................65
4.7.1 Design strategy............................................................................................................................65
Our approach.....................................................................................................................................65
4.7.2 Brain storming ideas.................................................................................................................65
4.7.3 PAIRWISE COMPARISON CHART.............................................................................................66
4.7.4 Pugh (decision) matrix..............................................................................................................67
4.7.5 Proposed (initial) design...........................................................................................................67
4.7.6 Components of the system.......................................................................................................68
4.7.4 Implementation........................................................................................................................71
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4.7.5 Problems encountered during implementation........................................................................71
4.8 SUB-CHAPTER EIGHT............................................................................................................................72
4.8.1 Final design...................................................................................................................................72
Design implementation.....................................................................................................................72
4.8.2Final diagram.............................................................................................................................75
4.8.3 Simulation.................................................................................................................................75
4.9 SUB-CHAPTER NINE.........................................................................................................................76
4.9.1 Testing plan..............................................................................................................................76
4.9.2 Testing conducted and result....................................................................................................76
4.10 SUB- CHAPTER TEN............................................................................................................................78
4.10.1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................................................78
SUMMARY.........................................................................................................................................78
4.10.2 Recommendation.......................................................................................................................78
REFERENCE................................................................................................................................................79
[1]Nearly 800 surgical tools left in patients since 2005: Report(pdf)....................................................79
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List of figures
Figure 1: The New Jimma University Medical Center.............................................................................2
Figure 2: CT-scahesian and Anaest............................................................................................................13
List of tables
Table 1: picture of some maintained medical devices..............................................................................13
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CHAPTER ONE
1. BACKGROUND OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL

CENTER
1.1. Brief History

Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC).
Jimma University Medical Center (JUMC) is one of the oldest public hospitals in the country. It
was established in 1930 E.C by Italian invaders for the service of their soldiers. Geographically,
it is located in Jimma city 352 km southwest of Addis Ababa. After the withdrawal of the
colonial occupants, it has been governed under the Ethiopian government by the name of “Ras
Desta Damtew Hospital” and later “Jimma Hospital "from Dergue regime to
2008JimmaUniversity Specialized Hospital then today it is called Jimma university medical
center.
However in the later times it became evident that some side-wing buildings were constructed by
different stakeholders at different times to respond to the ever-growing pressure of service
demand and clinical teaching need derived from the public and Jimma University respectively.
Especially, after transfer of its ownership to Jimma University, the university has made relentless
efforts in extensive renovation and expansion work to make the hospital conducive for service,
teaching and research.
Currently it is the only teaching, referral hospital and medical center in the southwestern part of
the country, providing services for approximately 15,100 inpatient, 160,500 outpatient
attendants, 12,000 emergency cases and 4600 deliveries in a year coming to the hospital from
the catchment population of about 22 million people. Cognizant of the fast growing service and
teaching role of the hospital, the federal government considered construction of a new and level-
best 700 bedded hospitals which was functional in September 2015 and currently it was giving
all service for the end users.
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Figure 1: The New Jimma University Medical Center.
1.2. Main Products and Services
1.2.1. Existing medical services

Surgery ,Ophthalmology ,Obstetrics and gynecology ,Pediatrics, dermatology, medical
laboratory services ,Internal medicine ,Psychiatry service, pathology ,pharmacy ,radiology,
Prosthetics & Orthotic service and physiotherapy services.
The Services of the hospital is providing:
 Diagnostic and Medical Services,

 Information Service,
 Emergency Medical Service
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 Referral Clinics Service
 Special Diagnostic Service
 Pharmaceutical Service,
 Minor and Major Surgical Service,
 Internal Medical Service,
 Infant Recovery Service,
 Cardiac Center Service,
 Dialysis service,
 Oncology,
 Fluoroscopy,
 CT-scan,
 Diabetic Service
 Education in medical profession at different levels like degree program of junior
medical doctorate degree and training to senior second degree graduate specialists and
conducting research activity in the field of Medicine.
 Rehabilitation center which gives aids for the disabled persons by producing prosthetic
rehabilitation aids for the amputees.
1.2.2. Practical/clinical teaching services

1. Undergraduate Students:
 Medical students
 Dentistry students
 Nursing students
 Anesthesia students
 Medical Laboratory Technology students
 Ophthalmic clinical students
 Pharmacy students.
 Public health students.
2. Post Graduate students
 Internal medicine students
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 Clinical pharmacy
 General surgery students
 Obstetrics & gynecology students
 Pediatrics students
 Ophthalmology students
 Psychiatry students
 Emergency obstetrics and general surgery students
 Public health students
3. External students’ placements
 Medical laboratory students
 Pharmacy students
1.2.3. Main Customers or End Users

The end users of the services are peoples arrived at the hospital for various cases. It offers
medical services to patients, provides training in medical profession at different levels like
degree program of junior medical doctorate degree and training to senior second degree graduate
specialists as well conducts research activity in various fields.
1.2.4. Its Overall Organization and Work flow

The overall organization of the hospital is to yield institution for citizens who are roll model in
the education, medicine as well as research fields that could bring about social and economic
development to the country. The hospital has relation with international professional
Organizations. Several activities have been carried out through co operational agreements made
with different colleges, universities and professional partners in the medical service, training and
research.
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JUCHS
JUSH
JUSM
Hospital CEO Human

Academic resours
Dean Office
committee
Administrative staff
Finance and Others
Medical Director
College Department
Hospital Departments
Gynecology
Dental
Pharmacy
Radiology
Ophthalmology
Dental
Nurse
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.Block diagram of JUMC work flow
1.4.1 Mission/ Goals

 To provide quality medical service to patients and others customers
 To train undergraduate and post graduate medical and health stream students
 To harmonize teamwork among paramedical, public health, medical departments and
trainees.
 To arrange presentations and practical works to staffs.
 To equip departments and laboratories with appropriate instruments and equipment.
 To set standards for hospital management by adopting MOH hospital management
standards.
 To prepare Clinical management guidelines to be used by staffs and students.
1.4.2 Vision
 To be recognized the hospital of choice by placing patients at the center of everything we

do, based on principles of quality and safety, access and accountability and continuous
improvement where the future generation learns best clinical skill that makes competitive
professional in the market.
1.4.3 Values
Core Values:
Our values form the emotional heartbeat of our organization and apply to everybody irrespective
of rank. All employees must relate to these values and they will be instilled to each and every
employee and they all shall always LIVE by them. These values are:
 Community first: We are here for nothing but to serve and satisfy our community.
 Quality Care: effective, respectful, responsive, reliable, efficient and timely.
 Compassion: deep understanding of and empathy for the suffering and concerns of
others.
 Accountability: Being responsible and accountable for the outcome of services we
provide.
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 Knowledge: up-to—date knowledge that leads to global as well as individual
transformations.
 Openness: make the system open to the world of ideas and global change.
 Access: make access easy for clients to reach to services.
 Collaboration: work with stakeholders in.
1.4.4 Philosophy: JUSH believes
 Health and well-being of people is physical, emotional, mental and spiritual. All
people have the right to timely, compassionate, high-quality health care so that they
may return to an optimal level of health
 A stable and skilled workforce is the key to achieving comprehensive patient care.
 Each individual employee has unique value and potential for growth and the inherent
desire to take on personal responsibility
 Employees must be provided with a work environment which facilitates their health,
growth and learning, and which promotes work/life balance so that they may offer their
best care to patients.
 Empowering employees, involving them in decision-making, promoting ongoing
learning and offering advancement opportunities within the corporation.
 Adequate funding is essential to meeting our vision and goals
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CHAPTER TWO
2. Overall Internship Experience
2.1. Process of getting into JUMC

An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a fixed limited period
of time. According to Jimma institute of technology (JIT) curriculum Biomedical Engineering
students take the internship program at the second semester of fourth year. After it was told us to
find internship hosting all of us searched for a good site.
We took a letter from our department and went to JUMC. When we arrived at hospital the first
person we tried to talk was Mr. Anteneh who is a Biomedical Engineer in JUMC and we gave
him the internship letter sent from Jimma University Institute of Technology. He asked the
president of JUMC and he told us to come after one month. After some discussion he was willing
to accept and he signed on the letter. Finally we became the member of a biomedical department
of JUMC.
2.2. Department of the hospital we have been working in

JUMC has many departments, but we were working in biomedical department work shop.
However we round almost all departments when they need our help especially in emergency
cases and also always we round all department of the hospital in the morning.
2.3. Work flow in Bio Medical Engineering Department

The work flow in the work shop was organized. These means the biomedical Engineering
servicing center has a great task in maintenance, installation and Calibration of all medical and
hospital equipment’s. The tasks are mostly executed in the biomedical Workshop as well in the
wards. That means when they work maintenance and installation by the formal procedures and
also they are scheduled. The workshop was clean, medical equipment and maintenance tools
were placed on the right place. Therefore the workshop was attractive and it maximizes the
initiation for work.
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Generally because of cleanses and knowledgeable of the department the overall workflow was
organized and mannered.
2.4 Works that have been executed

During the time of our internship we were able to:
 Maintain different medical equipment.

 Install new medical equipment.
 Working on maintenance management system.
 Cleaning, sorting and arranging the workshop.
Share our knowledge with Engineer and other technician what we know about bio medical
engineering.
2.5 Procedures used while performing work tasks

The procedures that we were using to perform tasks were:
 For maintenance we followed the troubleshooting steps:

 Preparation
 Observation
 Define problem area
 Identify possible cause
 Determine Most Probable Cause
 Test and Repair
 Follow up
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2.6 Maintenance of Equipment’s
Table 1: Corrective maintenance of equipment

No Type Mod Ser When Locat Start Completi Cause of Description of Additional
of el no ial it ion date of on date of failure what was done information
equipm no failed repair repair to make repair
ent
1 Suction MVI 03 March OR March March 27 The filter Changing the Functional.
machin 030 15 27 27 at at 5.00. was not filter.
e. 5- 2018. 3.00. working. Changing the
75
pressure gauge.
5 The pressure
gauge is not
working.
2 Autocla March CSD March March 28 Using un Replacing the Functional

ve 28 28 at at 10.00 pure tap filter
2018 2.30 water the
filter damage
3 Patient March NIC March March 30 The machine Changing to Functional.

monitor 30 U 30at at 2.30. was in manual mode.
ing 2018. 2.00. automatic
machin
mode.
e.
4 Autocla SH. 12 Befor BME April April 13 The fuse was Changing the Functional.
ve 300 09 e Work 10 at at 4.00. burned. fuse.
H-F- 01 arrival shop 8.30.
Disconnectio Connecting the
B12 01 .
wire.
4 0- n of wire.
10.
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2
5 P5hysci April April April 3at Improper use Fixing the Functional.
otherap 3 3 at 10.00 of remote remote using
y bed 4.30 sticking
material
6 Slit - - April Mate April April 12 Lack of Connecting the Functional

lamp 12 rnity 12 at at 9.00 switch. switch.
2018 2.30
The lamp is Replacing the
burned. lamp.
7 Suction 7A- 00 April BME April April 13 The switch Correcting the Functional
machin 23D 12 13 work 13 at at 10.00 was doesn’t switch. but the
e 2 2o18 shop 4.00 work. gauge is not
Repairing the
working.
The motor motor.
give bad
sound.
The pressure
gauge doesn’t
working.
8 Oxygen 54- 15 April OR April April 17 Lack of filter No spare part Un

concent 310 12 17 17 at at 5.00 and starting Functional.
rator 0EU 00 2018 3.00 capacitor
3
9 Anesthe A- 40 April OR April April 26 The pressure Changing the Functional.

sia AU 15 23 23 at at 9.00 gauge pressure
machin F 93 2018 5.00 regulator in regulator.
e 28 oxygen
cylinder was
un functional.
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10 Anesthe A- 40 April OR April - There is Tiring to fix the Un
sia AU 15 30 30 at leakage on the canister. functional.
machin F 93 2018 2.00 canister.
e. 28
11 X- ray May7 Radi May 7 May 7 at The time Replace the Functional.
2018 ology at 3.30 9.00 delay fuse time delay fuse.
burned.
12 CBC May Labo May - The machine Cleaning the Un

Machin 11 rator 11 at shows on its tube. functional.
e 2018 y 3.00 display dilute
replishine.
13 Suction May NIC May May 21 The machine We cleaned the Functional.
Machin 21 U 21 at at 3.00 does not sack Jar, tubes and
e. 2018 2.30 a failed. filters.
14 Suction June June June 12at The motor Cleaning the Functional.
machin 12 12 at 5.30 does not internal part of
e 2018 3.45 rotate and the machine.
suck the fluid.
15 X-ray May Rad May May 8 The x-ray Connecting Functional.

8 iolo 8 at at 5.00 printer the printer and
2018 gy 3.45 software was the machine
not using web.
functional
16 CT – May Rad June June 3 The monitor Changing the Functional.

Scan 25 iolo 3at at 9.00 was failed. monitor.
2018 gy 3.00
17 Tissue June PC June It shows on Un

process 20 25 the display Functional.
ing 2018 2018 error 3.
machin
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e
Figure 2: CT-scan and anesthsia machine
Figure 3: Tissue processing machine and Suction machine
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2.6.2 Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance is the maintenance taken while the machine is working in full time to
prevent the untimely failure of the equipment. It can be performed periodically within the fixed
time. The main goal of preventive maintenance is to protect potential failure.
Steps followed in preventive maintenance
 Firstly identify the type of machine.

 Ask the users about the machine like for how many times it undergoes corrective as well
as preventive maintenance
 Then try to collect scientific information about the equipment. Like service and user’s
manuals, and general principles.
 Setting the schedule and proper place depending on the nature and the work load of that
equipment.
 Based on the schedule, for specific equipment we performed the required preventive
maintenance such as cleaning, servicing, lubricating, etc.
Such as:-
 Cleaning
 Servicing
 Lubrication
 Blowing
Table 2:Priventive maintenance of equipment
No Type of equipment Action taken
1 Chemistry analyzer Cleaning all part of the

equipment
2 Oxygen concentrator Cleaning filter
3 Suction machine Cleaning filter and tube
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2.6.2.1Other works done

 Cleaning the work shop and arranging equipment’s.
 Arranging fuses in fuse holder based on their type
 Identifying type of fuse
 Placing the fuse into their type.
Figure 4:Arrenging fuse in to holder
2.6.3 Installation
With biomedical staffs we had installed different medical equipment’s. The following table
shows all necessary information activities done on installation
Table3-Installetion of equipment’s
Table 3:Installed Equipments

No Type of equipment Location
1 Dental chair Dental Room
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2 4 Mechanical ventilator Pediatric ICU
3 Anesthesia machine OR
4 2 Speedy manometers. Maternity
5 Fluoroscopy. Radiology
6 Weight balance Maternity
7 Nebulizer
Some picture during installation
Figure 5:Studying part of fluoroscopy
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Figure 6: After installation
Figure 7: New installed mechanical ventilator
Information needed to make the installation
 The environment that required for installation.
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 Power requirements for the machine.
 Space and accessibility analysis.
 Checking the equipment well or the equipment has a manual.
 Check all components of equipment are present.
 Prepare all necessary hand tools to install. Example: Screw, driver, ale key and etc.
The various processes involved
 Selecting the appropriate place for installation
 Open the medical equipment’s box.
 Check as all components present professionals
 Check if it works properly or not
 Install all components accordingly.
 Calibrate the equipment if necessary.
 Train the end user or medical

 How to use -
 Its preventive maintenance
 Its proper handling -
 How to fix minor problems and its safety
Benefit gained from installation
During installation:-
 We have learnt the difference between the real object and design of manual.
 Learned how to relate the drawing with real object.
 Knew how to use manual to train the end users.
Generally we developed our confidence to install any biomedical equipment and explaining the
operation of the machine to the users.
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2.6.4 Seminar
In our seminar sessions which were made about different topics.Under this we discussed
on basic principles, applications, and types and testing each component from electronic
board. These are:
 Resistor
 Diode
 Transistor
 Transformer
 Inductor
 Voltage Regulator
 Single phase and three phase
 AC and DC
 Battery
 Relay
 Varister
 Magnetic Connectors
 Capacitor
 Bridge Rectifier
2.7 procedures we have been using

To accomplish the work task in maintenance section we have been used the following procedure
according to the task which has been done. The procedures are as follows:-
1. Gathering information
2. Troubleshooting
3. Possible Problem identification
4. Collection of tools that needs to repair
5. Repair and test
6. Follow
7. Give back to the customer
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2.8 How good we have been while working

During internship period we gained important skills and knowledge while we were performing
the work tasks because of:-
 Good team spirit.

 Good cooperation with staff.
 Sufficient time.
 Good commitment and discussion.
 Well-equipped and organized set up in material and man power in the institute.
2.9 challenges we faced while we were working our tasks

Beside those good working environment we faced different challenges. It was difficult to round
in different wards due to absence of ID from the hospital MBE center. Also there was lack of
equipment like meltimeter to work at any time when the staffs are not present in work shop.
Additionally there was no full Personal protective equipment .For example there was no lab coat,
eye protective equipment etc…
2.10 Measures we have taken to overcome the challenges

We had taken some possible measures to overcome the problems we had faced. We ask our
adviser for the ID and he told to the head. We gave our photo to BME department head but up to
the end of the internship we did not get Id.
2.11 Documentation of repaired equipment

This document explains about steam Autoclave repair procedure from starting to finishing.
1. This Autoclave is comes from training room to our workshop. Firstly we asked the staff
member when and how it failed. They said that was stopped suddenly.
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Figure 8: Faulty autoclave before maintenance

2. Based on the information we gathered since it was stopped suddenly we started to check
whether the external part is damaged or not. Then since we can’t get any damaged in
external part. We had stated to open it. Then we start our work by checking the power
cable and inlets. And it was normal. Then we open it up for further investigation.
Figure 9: Opening internal part of the machine
3. Then after we had opened it we try to see the circuit following the power inlet weather
there is any burn or not.
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Figure 10: Checking the wire, timer and relay

4. Then we had imagined checking whether the fuse was work or not. Then we try to test
continuity of the fuses and we observed that one of the fuses was burned and the other
was removed from the autoclave then we notice that there is no fuses remain. And the
wire that connects the timer was disconnected.
Figure 11: Checking the fuse
Then we asked the staff to get 15 amp fuse but they answered us there was no 15 amp fuse, so
we connected a wire in place of the fuse using short method to check the machine is
working .We connect the disconnected wire.
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5. Finally, we checkup the machine before assembling to final use. Surprisingly the machine
became fully operational. After we see it’s full functionality we gave preventive
maintenance and re-assembled it.
Figure 12: The final repaired autoclave
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CHAPTER THREE
3. 1 Over all benefits gained from the internship
Benefit obtained in terms of improving practical skill

During internship period we have been trying to understand practical activities in the institute,
the benefits we gained were:-
 The way to identify problems and know the right time and place at which maintenance
and assembling carried out.
 The way to maintain medical devices scientifically i.e. how to find faults, how to test
them and recover them to normal function
 How to Integrate/apply our theoretical knowledge to solve practical problems
 How to test electronic components
 Apply what we have learnt at class during bioinstrumentation.
 Install medical equipment like X-ray, Speed manometer, Dental chair, anesthesia,
Mechanical ventilator.
 Perform Soldering electronic components on circuit board as well as Dis soldering
electronic components from circuit board.
 Do project and prototype.
We develop our confidence on performing technical methods of maintenance. Since our
supervisors are very humble and positive thinkers we were member of the department not
as intern student but as worker of the hospital. So that we participate in all maintenance
and in every decision made.
3.2 Upgrading theoretical knowledge

It has a very big difference knowing about something with photo and seeing it, touching it,
observing it with the eye. Even if we have theoretical knowledge we took in Bioinstrumentation
class about some medical equipment of higher health institution, we didn’t get the chance to
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implement what we learned, but during this intern ship we are able to use it while performing a
task. Because of this intern ship we know:
 All medical equipment found in the hospital how they operate and what is there function.
 Operation principle of many types of medical equipment.
 How to make file history for medical equipment.
 How to gather information to do project.
 What is the role of biomedical engineer in hospital, health improvement and country
development?
 One way of developing general knowledge about maintenance techniques.
 More about circuit board and other electrical component
 Identifying different electrical symbols.
3.3 Improving interpersonal communication skills

During our internship we had the opportunity to work with different workers who have different
knowledge, different age and different characters. We also had the opportunity to work with
students from other university with different backgrounds. But in order to make good working
environment we really understand the way of communicating with those workers.
Since effective interpersonal communication is a must at work we somehow improve our skill at
interpersonal communication and we reap the harvest in more successful work relationships.
Interpersonal communications not only means a speech used or information conveyed, but also
the nonverbal message exchanged such as facial expressions, tone of voice , gestures and body
language.
Without good interpersonal communication it is often more difficult to develop other important
life skills. How well we communicate with others is a measure of our interpersonal skills. We
were performing the following deeds listed below regarding interpersonal communication.
 Give and collect information.

 Influence the attitudes and behavior of others.
 Form contacts and maintain relationships.
 Make sense of work and our experiences in it.
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 Express personal needs and understand the needs of others.
 Give and receive emotional support.
 Make decisions and solve problems with mini projects.
 Anticipate and predict behavior (be aware of a future event and take action).
 All communication is influenced by the context in which it takes place. We were
performing the formal way of communication with all staff members (office) and medical
director (office).
The foundations for many other skills are built on strong interpersonal communication skills
since these are relevant to our personal relationships, social affairs and professional lives. For
these reason this internship has given as the best experience on interpersonal communication
experience.
3.4 Improving team playing skills

When a group works well together creativity levels are generally higher as people tap into one
another strengths. This often leads to increased productivity and an inspiring sense of
collaboration and cooperation that moves every one and the project forward.
Before starting the intern ship the First thing we try to understand is:
 Why we are here?

 What is the perfect ending to our stay in the hospital?
 When is our dead line?
 How often we have to evaluate our self of doing the right job at the right time.
 What is our ability to do all jobs?
 Who is in charge of implementing our ideas?
 What are our roles and responsibilities each of us have.
Within the team we were a good communicator not only each other but also with other students
and staff members. What we were doing was be objective and Fair that will make a good
impression. We never became emotional even if we disagree with others. By staying flexible we
took an advantage of new opportunities that arise during the project. And we were willing to
remain comfortable and positive in a constantly changing environment.
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We were reliable meaning being some one that others can count on. Show up to work on time
and meet deadlines consistently for this reason we earn favor with our supervisors.
Treat others in a respectful and supportive manner. Support each other on our team by offering
positive feedback and providing help if they need because willingness to collaborate and help
others will make a good impression on both the group and upper management. It also helped us
to be friendly with each other and enable us to help each other out.
Share information and resources with each other remembering we are all there for one purpose
and by keeping everyone informed we contribute to the goal of making JUMC model work shop.
3.5 Improving leader ship skills

Since a good leadership comes from a good working skill the work flow of the institute is
shows some hierarchal arrangement. This telling us in every organization or company or any
team works leader are the so this was the back bone. Leadership as its name told us it is
concentrated on people not on material so that Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor
peoples.
This is very important for arranging and managing the works and the minimizing delay time and
obtaining good results. We are also parts of organization that exercise good leadership. For our
works the stuff workers leads us that arranging different works and scheduling the program for
us. In our internship time in JUMC different works help us to improve and exercise our
leadership ability. Leading a work came with responsibility and the works give us
responsibility of performing different measurements and calibrations accurately with other
peoples. Leading those tasks was our main task, through this time we exercise our leadership
ability. And these highly contribute to the process of improving our leadership skill.
The institute is occupied with highly experienced and qualified persons; those persons have a
leading responsibility which can teach us how to lead the workers under his/her control. After
that, it is our responsibility to arrange every procedure and performs every activity in attractive
manner. To do this we are structured ourselves to reduce disturbance and save our time to
perform all activities in equal manner. According we choose a leader for one works so that,
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he/she explain the whole procedure we followed from start to end. All those working times
with staff members really will improve n change our leadership quality, skill and features.
3.6 Improving work ethics

Ethics are one of the important principles that every employee has to have in work place, since
without ethics one cannot execute his/ her tasks as needed. In our work place since we are
worked in government organization we obtained more skill about work ethics and related issue.
These skills are:-
 Punctuality:-arriving on time at work was necessary since it was part of our job to
manage, control, monitor and supervise the portion of the task we were doing. In
laboratory punctuality is directly related with accuracy, correctness and finally with result
of test. Being not punctual means reporting incorrect result, this is because most of
laboratory tests are related with time, and arriving on time in laboratory is must to have
accurate and correct test result. All this helped us to understand how punctuality is
important in work place.
 Responsibility: - We have taken responsibility to the jobs we were doing and the
equipment’s. Responsibility in our work place was important work Ethics, because we
were responsible for all tasks we perform. This helped us to understand the importance of
responsibility.
 Office disciplines:-In work place we do not have to disturb the working atmosphere. For
example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which disturb
other worker’s working mood.
 Reliability- The worker should be qualified for the task he is supposed to be performing.
He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task assigned.
 Honesty: - Regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain
from bad behaviors such as cheating, bias, corruption etc.
 Cooperation- Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working.
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3.7 Improving entrepreneurship skill

An entrepreneur is a positive thinker who can see solutions from the surrounding of.
JUMC Bio Medical Engineering Department workshop working environment had been a good
starting place to enhance our entrepreneurship skill.
Among those:
 How to know the needs of the staffs

 How to propose a project
 How to be creative in our field of study
 How to solve problems of the hospital
 What is the current situation BME looks like
 We also learned a lot on improving critical thinking and problem-solving skills. These
experiences are unforgettable and we believe that it shaped our personality, capacity to
make a change and behavior a lot.
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CHAPTER FOUR
4. MINI PROJECT
Before doing our Project we are interested in listing the main problem in the hospital that is
related with biomedical engineering field.
 There is problem of forgetting surgical tools when surgery is performed.

 Anesthesia makes faulty due to the gas sensor.
 Most users do not get the direction of the hospital easily.
 There is a problem of central gas cylinder for adults.
 The BME device documents placed by excel.
 In NICU the preterm baby became apneanic.
By considering the above main problem we are trying to solve two of them.
 In NICU the preterm baby became apneanic.

 There is problem of forgetting surgical kit when surgery is performed.
MINI PROJECT ONE
4 .TITLE:-INFANT VITAL SIGNS MONITORING AND

APNEA DETECTION
Executive summery
Effective infant health monitoring technologies are very essential tools in health center to protect
pre-term infants from various kinds of threats, such as apnea. The purpose of infant monitoring is
to give the physician continues updates on infant’s physiological signal like breathing rate,
temperature, heart rate, and to improve the physiological status of the infants. So different
problems within the infant can be detected early to protect infants from sudden death .
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There are several methods to monitor infants health condition are currently available. These
include like apnea monitor, owlet baby care, baby vida. But these methods do not help to
continuously monitor all vital signals at the same time and at one device.
In this paper we presented a design of continuous health monitoring system for preterm infants to
detect different problems early .The current techniques in our country are manual, take time and
non-effective. Our design provides most effective way of continuous monitoring of breathing
rate , heart rate, and body temperature of infant who need critical care using wireless technology
between the sensors ,and monitoring screen .this is accomplished by using Arduino
microprocessor ,RF module ,LCD display, Buzzer, GSM module and different kind of sensors.
4.1 SUB- CHAPTER ONE

Introduction
4.1.2 Background
Effective infant health monitoring technologies are very essential tools in medicine to protect
infants from various kinds of threats, such as apnea, hypoglycemia, seizure, bradycardia, hypoxia
and hypothermia. The purpose of infant monitoring is to give the physician continues updates on
infant’s physiological signal like breathing rate, temperature, and heart rate and to improve the
physiological status of the infants.
APNEA is a sleep related breathing disorder commonly known as obstructive sleep apnea
(OSA) is a common disorder that affects about 4% of the general population. It is a term for the
absence of breathing or pause in breathing and is fairly common in premature babies. So It is
most common obstacle in survival of preterm infant .
Preterm birth defined as childbirth occurring at less than 37 completed weeks or 259 days of
gestation. The more premature the baby, the greater the chances that apnea will occur. It is a
major determinant of neonatal mortality and morbidity and has long-term adverse consequences
for health (1-4blacklion). Since pre term infants are not matured and cannot control different
vital sign in their body so one collective monitoring system is important. However, apnea can
also be triggered by other reasons like infection Bleeding or tissue damage in the brain, too low
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or too high levels of chemicals in the body, such as glucose or calcium, Stimulation of reflexes
that can trigger apnea such as with feeding tubes or suctioning, and unstable temperature[1].
The amount of preterm infant birth is over growing. That millions of infant are being get birth
ever year in developing and poor country like Ethiopia and preterm infant are almost monitored
manually. Measuring each parameter by different equipment at different time and also manually
checking some parameter makes the procedure hard and less efficient. Managing this all
information can be difficult.
When apnea occurs, stimulation by rubbing the back or foot can help remind the baby to begin
breathing again. The short pauses are not harmful to the preemie but if they occur frequently, the
baby will be put on a medication (typically caffeine) to help stimulate the central nervous
system. So apnea should be detected early before sever complications. Recently, large number of
techniques has been developed for measurement of infant respiratory activities and indicates
obstructive sleep apnea along with other physiological signal [2].
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS):-The most common lung problem in a premature baby
is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). This was previously known as hyaline membrane disease
(HMD).A baby develops RDS when the lungs do not produce sufficient amounts of surfactant.
This is a substance that keeps the tiny air sacs in the lung o pen.
As a result, a premature baby often has difficulty expanding her lungs, taking in oxygen, and
getting rid of carbon dioxide. On a chest X-ray, the lungs of a baby with RDS look like ground
glass.RDS is common in premature babies. That’s because the lungs do not usually begin
producing surfactant until about the 30th week of pregnancy.
Pneumonia:- is an infection of the lungs. It’s usually caused by a bacteria or virus. Some babies
get pneumonia while they are still in the womb and must be treated at birth [3].
4.1.3Literature review
Every year, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of
gestation), and this number is rising. Preterm birth complications are the leading cause of death
among children under 5 years of age, responsible for approximately 1 million deaths in
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2015 .Three-quarters of these deaths could be prevented with current, cost-effective
interventions. Across 184 countries, the rate of preterm birth ranges from 5% to 18% of babies
born.
Preterm is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. There are
sub-categories of preterm birth, based on gestational age: extremely preterm (less than 28 weeks)
very preterm (28 to 32 weeks) moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks) .In low-income country,
half of the babies born at or below 32 weeks (2 months early) die due to a lack of feasible, cost-
effective care, such as warmth, breastfeeding support, and basic care for infections and breathing
difficulties. In high-income countries, almost all of these babies survive. Suboptimal use of
technology in middle-income country is causing an increased burden of disability among preterm
babies who survive the neonatal period.
Preterm birth occurs for a variety of reasons. Most preterm births happen spontaneously, but
some are due to early induction of labour or caesarean birth, whether for medical or non-medical
reasons. Common causes of preterm birth include multiple pregnancies, infections and chronic
conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure; however, often no cause is identified. There
could also be a genetic influence. Better understanding of the causes and mechanisms will
advance the development of solutions to prevent preterm birth. More than 60% of preterm births
occur in Africa and South Asia, but preterm birth is truly a global problem.
In the lower-income countries, on average, 12% of babies are born too early compared with 9%
in higher-income countries. Within countries, poorer families are at higher risk [4].
The preterm up to three month babies have approximately 30 to 60 breathing per minutes.
Breathing rate is one of major vital sign that is used as an indication for many related diseases.
Premature baby forgets breathing when they are sleeping approximately for 20 seconds. This
phenomenon is known as apnea. In order to overcome this nurse gives stimulation manually. If
they do not the baby can death. Also, maintaining breathing rate of the premiers has been shown
to reduce apnea. The motive is to measure breathing rate accurately and side by side monitoring
heart rate, oxygen saturation and core body temperature. There are different procedures like
wearable monitors which are not use and throw and time saving hence use full in NICU.
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There are some method in order to prevent premiers from apnea these includes stimulating the
chest and back bone of the baby, using apnea monitoring, owlet baby care and baby Vida. But all
these method are manuals and not safe. To overcome this they introduce stochastic resonance
stimulation.
In Ethiopia, study done at Tikur Anbessa Hospital showed that preterm birth has increased from
5.5% to 8.7% between 1980’s and 1990’s and the most common cause of death for children
under five years of age is new-born death. This study shows that around 26% of newborn infants
admitted during the study period were preterm infants [5].
4.1.4 Problem statement

The amount of pre term infant birth is over growing in health centers. They are highly exposed to
different complications like apnea in which continuous monitoring of vital signs is essential for
early detection. Managing this all information can be difficult. In developing and poor country
like Ethiopia pre term infant are almost monitored manually. Measuring each parameter by
different equipment at different time and also manually checking some parameter makes the
procedure hard and less efficient. Although this problem is highly contributing for sudden infant
death, there is no way to monitor these different and important vital signs continuously and at the
same time.
4.1.5 Problem definition

Continuous infant monitoring is essential for preterm infants. Manual checking has great
contribution in infant death. If nurse is not present in babies room, she cannot get any
information about the baby. For instance, if the baby get apneanic and the nurse is late, the baby
may die. Not only apnea related to breathing rate but also other parameter like heart rate, body
temperature and oxygen saturation needs critical monitoring.
If there is sudden change in any one of vital sign of babies and also existence of wireless
technology between baby monitoring device and nurse can solve the problem. Digital monitoring
and connection between baby monitoring device and nurse can solve the problem.
Our design for detection of sleep apnea is performed based on respiration rate using stretch
sensor by measuring chest movement. We also measure body temperature, heart rate of the baby
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by using LM 35, pulse sensors respectively. We monitor these infant physiological signals using
wearable jacket. The wearable jacket measure the physiological vital signs and transfer signals
wirelessly to monitoring unit using RF module and GSM module to send text message for
nurses.
4.1.6 Existing technology

 Apnea monitor:-is a portable machine that monitors breathing and heart rate during
sleep. It may be recommended for use in babies, particularly premature infants, who have
been diagnosed with apnea (pauses in breathing during sleep). The apnea monitor comes
equipped with electrodes and/or a belt that attaches to a baby's chest or stomach. When
the baby's breathing and/or heart rate dip below normal, it triggers an alarm on the
monitor. The device may also be referred to as an apnea and bradycardia or A/B monitor.
Home apnea monitors are not used as often now because they can frequently cause false
alarms, and because treatment of apnea in the hospital has improved over the years [6].
 Owlet baby care:-smart sock that gives information on child heart rate, blood
oxygenation level, sleep quality, skin temperature, and sleep position [7].
 Baby Vida:-a device that give information on heart rate and oxygen saturation level of
a baby and transmits via Bluetooth [8].
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4.1.7 Summary
In the introductory section the most critical and widely occurred problems like apnea due
to lack of way for continuous monitoring of vital signs is introduced. Regarding this
problem there are many existing solutions. But the unavailability of the system in
Ethiopia guided us to come up with a simplified design that includes essential elements in
order to reduce the associated problems.
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4.2 SUB-CHAPTER TWO

4.2.1 Design strategy
Our approach
In this project we have designed and develop a mechanism to continuously monitor infants vital
signs in NICU. We use two Arduino one for receiving side and other for transmitting side .this
two side communicate through wireless by sending RF signal. The transmitter side contain LM
35(temperature sensor), Heart rate sensor, Breathing rate sensor, and transmitter of the
RFmodule (Tx),and the receiver side contain LCD display, Buzzer, and GSM module. So
sensors for breathing rate , heart rate, and body temperature sense the signs from the infant.
Values from sensors will be extracted to the first Arduino and then the data will be transmitted to
the second Arduino through RF module wirelessly. The second Arduino receives signals and
display values on LCD. Whenever there is abnormal conditions like apnea (abnormal
breathing) ,alarm will turn on to call medical personnel. If no one is come for help with in 5
seconds, an SMS text will be send to the nurse responsible for the infants.
Our design presents measurable considerations and improvement. Different equipment for
different vital signs are summed or organized in one equipment to monitor different vital signs
continuously at the same time. This can help to reduce error and time taken to monitor vital signs
separately. Also it avoid wiry things from the infant body, and overall cost be will reduced.
4.2.2 Brain storming ideas

1, One Arduino connected with different sensors, LCD, and Buzzer
2,Two Arduino based on Wi-Fi connection
3, Two Arduino based on RF module connection with GSM module
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1, One Arduino connected with different sensors , LCD ,and Buzzer
This design contain one Arduino board connected to breathing sensor, heart rate sensor ,and
body temperature sensor through analog pin and Buzzer ,and LCD display through digital pin.
Heart Rate
Sensor LCD Display
Arduino
Breathing
Board
Sensor
Buzzer
Temperature
Sensor
Block diagram of One Arduino connected with different sensors , LCD ,and Buzzer
2,Two Arduino based on Wi-Fi connection
This establish Wi-Fi connection between the two Arduino boards. The first Arduino is connected
with breathing rate sensor, heart rate sensor, temperature sensor, and Wi-Fi module (transmitter).
The other one is connected to LCD display, Buzzer, and Wi-Fi module (receiver).
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Heart Rate LCD Display

Sensor
Wi-Fi
Breathing Arduino Connection Arduino
Rate Sensor Board Board

Buzzer
TemperatureS
ensor
Block diagram of Two Arduino based on Wi-Fi connection
3, Two Arduino based on RF module connection with GSM module
What makes this brainstorming idea different from the above brainstorming ideas is the
connection between the two Arduino is based on RF module, also contain GSM module to send
text message.
Block diagram of two Arduino based on RF module connection with GSM module
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4.2.3 PAIRWISE COMPARISON CHART
Table 4: Pair wise comparison chart
Cost Comfortability Weight Reliability Accuracy Life score

time
Cost X 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0 1
Comfortability 0.8 X 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.2 2.6
Weight 0.8 0.6 X 0.8 0.6 0.4 3.2
Reliability 0.8 0.2 0.6 X 0.6 0.2 2.4
Accuracy 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 x 0.4 2.2
Life time 1 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 X 3.8
4. 2.4 Pugh (decision) matrix

Among the three previously designed preterm infant monitor our team selected the best one
based on the comparison constraints. The comparison criteria’s were reliability, weight, life
time, Comfortability and cost.
Weight Two Arduino Two Arduino One Arduino

based on RF based on Wi-Fi connected with
module connection connection different
with GSM module sensors ,LCD ,a
nd Buzzer
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Cost 1/15.2 0.065 2 0.13 1 0.065 3 0.195
Comfortability 3.8/15.2 0.250 3 0.75 2 0.5 1 0.250
Weight 2.4/15.2 0.157 3 0.471 2 0.314 1 0.157
Reliability 2.6/15.2 0.171 2 0.342 3 0.513 1 0.171
Accuracy 2.2/15.2 0.145 2 0.29 3 0.435 1 0.145
Life time 3.2/15.2 0.210 3 0.63 2 0.42 1 0.210
Total 2.613 2.247 1.128
Table 5: Pugh matrix
4.2.5 Proposed (initial) design

Depending on the Pugh matrix result we have developed wireless infant vital signs monitoring
device. It works continuously by monitoring vital signs of breathing rate, heart rate, and body
temperature. We impeded a programming command with the help of Protus and Arduino
software in order to control the whole system. There are two Arduino and three sensors. The first
Arduino have analog input pins to accept temperature, heart rate, and breathing rate. The first
microcontroller will read the sensor value and transfer it to the second microcontroller using RF
module which transfer data wirelessly. Then the second microcontroller will receive and display
on the LCD continuously. If there is problem on infant, the alarm will start. When there is
abnormal values, the second Arduino first turns on the ALARM then send SMS text through
GSM to the nurse who is responsible for the infants.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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4.2.6 Components of the system

Microcontroller Arduino Uno R3
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 microchip. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,
a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to
support the microcontroller.
Figure 13:Arduino Uno
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Power supplying unit

This is the main block in any of the electronic as well as biomedical project. Its main function is
to provide electrical excitation. The system requires 5-12v DC power. So we will use a power
supply board which consists a step down transformer, bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor and
voltage regulator.
Temperature sensor A thermostat (LM35) is the most widely used temperature sensor in
order to measure temperature changes. Thermostats are most commonly used for moderate
temperature range (of course not for very high temperatures). Thermostats are constructed of
semiconductor material with a resistivity that is especially sensitive to temperature. They have
negative temperature co-efficient. Unlike most other resistive devices, the resistance of a
thermostat decreases with increasing temperature.
Figure 14: Temperature sensor (LM35)
Pulse sensor
Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor used to measure a heart beat of a
patient.
Figure 15: Pulse sensor
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Flexi sensor
A simple Flex Sensor 4.5" in length. As the sensor is flexed, the resistance across the sensor
increases. The resistance of the flex sensor changes when the metal pads are on the outside of the
bend.
Figure 16: Flexi sensor
Buzzer (alarm)
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical , electromechanical,

or piezoelectric and finds extensive use in electronics circuits and designs especially to trigger an
alarm or as a system alert device. The buzzer is simply powered with a regulated 5v.
Figure 17: Buzzer
LCD DISPLAY
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) modules that display characters such as text and numbers are the
most cheapest and simplest to use of all LCDs. They can be purchased in various Sizes, which
are measured by the number of rows and columns of characters they can display. A 20x4 LCD
display is very basic electronic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
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circuits. A 20x4 LCD means it can display 20 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In
this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like
initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data
register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character
to be displayed on the LCD.
Figure 18: LCD display
GSM MODULE
The GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) technology has the capability to send
&receive the message from any part of the world. This technology sends and receive message
through radio waves and uses carrier frequencies around 900MHZ.
Figure 19: GSM module
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RF module
Radio frequency (RF) is any of the electromagnetic wave frequencies that lie in the range
extending from around 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which include those frequencies used for
communications or radar signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical
oscillations. However, mechanical RF systems do exist. Although radio frequency is a rate of
oscillation, the term "radio frequency" or its abbreviation "RF" are used as a synonym for radio –
i.e., to describe the use of wireless communication, as opposed to communication via electric
wires.
The RF module, as the name suggests, operates at Radio Frequency. In this RF system, the
digital data is represented as variations in the amplitude of carrier wave. This kind of modulation
is known as Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) [9]. This low cost RF module can be used to
transmit signal up to 100 meters RF module contains two parts i.e RF transmitter and RF receiv
Figure 20:RF transmitter Figure 21: RF receiver
Implementation
We followed the following steps in order to implement the schematic diagram and perform the
simulation on proteus.
 First tried to find proteus simulation software with an Arduino library loaded on it.
 Choose the components for the design from the proteus library including Arduino Uno
microcontroller, RF module, and different sensors.
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 Differentiate the input and output components and connect them to the microcontroller
with a correct pin mode.
 Check the appropriate connection of components with each other and with the
microcontroller.
 Finally check the circuit by increasing the value of the sensors .
Problems encountered during implementation
We encountered a problem during the simulation of the code determination of method for testing
the simulation and adding different component to libraries was difficult. But we were able to
overcome the problems .
4.3 SUB-CHAPTER THREE
4.3.1 Final design

Design implementation
The system consists of two microcontroller, temperature sensor (LM35), pulse sensor ,breathing
rate sensor, RF module, GSM module , alarm system (buzzer) and LCD. The first
microcontrollers receives analog input from LM35,flex sensor , and digital input from pulse
sensor(heart rate sensor) process it. Then it send the processed signal to the second Arduino
through RF module then it displays the reading of temperature sensor, pulse sensor, and
breathing rate sensor on LCD screen. If there is abnormal condition the Arduino will turn on
buzzer and after 5 seconds it send SMS text through GSM to nurse who is responsible for the
infants.
The design and development of our device presents a safe and compatible way of measuring
infant vital Sign using wireless technology and also will reduces death of infant that come from
improper monitoring of vital signs .
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To implement the design, different design iteration stages was done as follows:-
Interfacing the program

Since the main objective of this project is to monitor infants body temperature ,breathing
rate, and heart rate continuously using two ARDUINO micro controller. Interfacing the
program was the most important activity that enable to show the value of body temperature ,
breathing rate, and heart rate on the LCD screen with an alarming system and GSM. The
program is written on the Arduino IDE with A ‘C’ language and encoded on Arduino Uno
microcontrollers. The program have two part as the device connect two boards through wireless
technology. i.e are the transmitter code and receiver code.
Figure 22:Transmitter code
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Figure 23: Receiver code
Interfacing of temperature sensor with Arduino

Connecting Ardiuno with temperature sensor
Figure 24: Interfacing temprature sensor with arduino
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Interfacing Arduino with breathing sensor

Connecting Arduino Uno with flexi sensor.
Figure 25: Interfacing Arduino with breathing sensor
Interfacing heart rate sensor with Arduino
Connecting heart rate sensor with Arduino
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Figure 26 :Interfacing heart rate sensor with Arduino
Interfacing Arduino one with RF transmitter

Connecting Arduino one with RF transmitter
Figure 27 :Interfacing Arduino one with RFtransmitter
Interfacing Arduino temperature sensor, breathing sensor, heart rate

sensor and RF transition module
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Connecting Arduino temperature sensor, breathing sensor, heart rate sensor and RF
transition module
Figure 28 : Interfacing arduino with temprature sensor,breathing sensor,heart ratesensor

and RF transition module
Interfacing Arduino 2 with LCD display and RF receiver

Connecting Arduino two with LCD display and RF receive
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Figure 29: Interfacing Arduino 2 with LCD display and RF reciever
Interfacing Arduino with RF receiver module, LCD display, GSM module and
buzzer.
Connecting Arduino with RF receiver module, LCD display, and GSM module
Figure 30 : Interfacing Arduino with RF reciever module,LCD display,GSM module and

buzzer
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Final diagram
After the implementation of all component
Figure 31: final diagram
Simulation
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Figure 32 : simulation
As shown above the final diagram integrate all the needed component of the project in which
each design integration helps in the device to perform the required function properly.
Generally, to implement the final design on protease the following list of

components were used, those are
 Arduino Uno board
 temperature sensor(LM35)
 20*4 LCD Screen
 Speaker (Buzzer)
 Heart rate sensor
 Breathing sensor
 RF module
 GSM module
 Power supply
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4.4 SUB- CHAPTER FOUR

TESTING AND RESUITS
4.4.1TESTING AND RESUITS
The testing and integration is done to ensure that the design is functioning properly as expected.
This involves the checks/tests carried out to ensure that all units and subsystems functions
adequately. In addition, there has to be a good interface existing between the input/output unit
subsystems.
Our design is more likely to be dependent on the software implementation. so the functionally of
the device is determined by the simulation results we planned to perform the testing as follows:
When we set the temperature , Breathing ,and heart rate below or above normal value ,the
alarm will turn on for 15 seconds then SMS text will be send to the nurse.
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4.4.2 Testing conducted and result

After the design and implementation phase, the system has to be tested for efficiency and to determine
if there is need to adjust the design.
Table 6 testing and result
No Test Result Remark
1 Set temperature value Temperature value displayed on LCD Functional

on lm35
2 When T is not between Alarm on for 15 second Functional

36.5 and 37.5 Celsius Then SMS text will be sent
3 Otherwise Temperature value displayed Functional

Alarm off
No text will be sent
4 Set Breathing value on Breathing rate value displayed on LCD Functional

Potentiometer
5 When BR is not Alarm on for 15 second Functional

between 40/min and Then SMS text will be sent
60/min
6 Otherwise Functional
7 Set pulse value on Heart rate value displayed on LCD Functional

Potentiometer
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8 When HR is not Alarm on for 15 second Functional
between 100/min and Then SMS text will be sent
200/min
9 Otherwise Heart rate Functional

value displayed
Alarm off
No text will be sent
We noticed when the three parameters are below or above the specified value the alarm and
GSM will be on to call someone for help.
4.5 SUB-CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.5.1 SUMMARY
Continuous monitoring of vital signs for preterm infant is important for early detection of
problems like apnea. Breathing rate, heart rate, and body temperature should maintained within
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normal range. Otherwise the infant will face problem. Now days there are different
methodologies are being implemented.
This project is intended to solve critical problems facing in different hospitals in our country due
to lack of continuously monitoring systems for early detecting and prevent problem like apnea.
Preterm infants need special attention to protect them from death. Our design contains two
microcontrollers which communicate through RF module. The first Arduino receive signal from
sensors and process it and send to the second Arduino via RF module then the second Arduino
controls the activity of LCD, buzzer and GSM. The instant sensors readings of vital signs will be
displayed on the LCD screen. When there is a problem alarm will be turn on for 15 second then
message will be send for the nurse to take a response.
4.5.2 RECOMANDATION
In future we suggest modifying using different techniques with the system.
 An automatic stimulation or therapy can be incorporate within the system so the system
cans response by itself when there is apnea.
 Incorporating system with data base system to get data’s history at any time.
 Sensors can be made from biomaterials which are comfortable for the baby.
 Also to add oxygen saturation sensor to the system
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MINI-PROJECT TWO
4. TITEL: METAL DETECTOR
Executive summary
There were 772 incidents of foreign objects left in patients that occurred from 2005 to 2012,
resulting in 16 deaths. In 95 percent of the cases, patients had to stay longer in the hospital. The
most common sites these incidents occurred were operating rooms, labor and delivery rooms,
ambulatory surgery centers or labs where invasive procedures such as catheters or colonoscopies
take place. An incident was nine times more likely when an operation was performed in an
emergency basis and four times more likely when the procedure changed unexpectedly[10].
To avoid retaining of surgical object there are different methods used in health centers during
surgical procedure world wide. they are Radiopaque marking ,Ultrasonography ,Computerized
tomography (CT) ,and Four Counting methods. This methods effectiveness ,and availability
depends on the country economy ,trend personnel’s number ,and device facility. Specially
country like Ethiopia the only method is four counting method which is not effective .
In this project our aim is to develop a simple metal detector device which contain 555 timer as an
oscillator ,RLC Circuit having inductor to produce a magnetic field which interact with metal if
it present near by ,Arduino Uno board to control the all system ,Buzzer ,and LED to indicate
there is metal.
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4.6 SUB-CHAPTER SIX
4.6.1 Introduction
Background
Now a day’s surgery has become the most prominent part of health care. Doing surgery can be a
very complex, tidies and stressful process. Due to this many error happen during the surgery.
Retained surgical object is one of them. A retained surgical instrument is any item inadvertently
left behind in a patient’s body in the course of surgery.
Many studies have taken place to pinpoint the causes of tools being forgotten in hopes that they
may be avoided in the future. It has been thought that the amount of blood lost in a surgery or the
changing of nurses during the surgery would influence the risk of losing something, but studies
do not support this. Human factors such as exhaustion, lack of tools necessary to aid in
producing an accurate count, and a chaotic environment all have been seen to increase the risk of
forgetting a tool. These factors cannot be controlled and surgeons must learn to mitigate them.
Inaccurate counts are a main reason why tools can be left behind. Many cases of a retained
instrument originally reported a correct count when the patient was released .An inaccurate count
can occur when nurses are deprived of sleep, when the operation is particularly difficult, long,
and mentally draining, when the operation is an emergency, or when there are unforeseen
changes in the procedure.
There are many different types of tools that have been left behind during a surgery. Common
instruments are needles, knife blades, safety pins, scalpels, clamps, scissors, sponges, towels,
electrosurgical adapters, tweezers, forceps, suction tips and tubes, scopes, ultrasound tissue
disruptors, and cutting laser guides, and measuring devices[11].
A retained surgical tool can lead to physical and emotional harm this include: local tissue
reaction, infection, perforation and obstruction of blood vessels, an extended hospital stay or
death. They're most commonly seen on X-rays during routine follow-up visits or if a patient
presents in pain or discomfort. Improvement in lowering the number of mistakes likely depends
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upon improving the surgical system. According to the Institute of Medicine, “the problem is not
bad people; the problem is that the system needs to be made safer.
To avoid these problems a method of counting the surgical tools is used before and after surgery.
Since this counting method is not reliable prone to many errors. Some country’s now started to
manufacture digitalized method for counting the surgical tool.
4.6.2Literature review
In any given typical surgery, estimated 250–300 surgical tools are used. The number
significantly increases to 600 when a larger surgery is performed, thus increasing the chance of
the surgeon losing an instrument. There were 772 incidents of foreign objects left in patients that
occurred from 2005 to 2012, resulting in 16 deaths. In 95 percent of the cases, patients had to
stay longer in the hospital. The most common sites these incidents occurred were operating
rooms, labor and delivery rooms, ambulatory surgery centers or labs where invasive procedures
such as catheters or colonoscopies take place[12].
Almost all health centers use the careful counting method which could prevent some mistakes.
But counting carries its own risks. Sometimes the surgery must be worked on immediately,
leaving no time to count the instruments to be used before hand. In addition, counting may not be
entirely beneficial as counting is prone to human error and the majority of the cases of retained
tools happen under a reported correct count.
4.6.3Problem statement
Now a day’s surgical technologies are starting to flourish with unbelievable speed. Since a lot
of different tools are used during surgery managing all this tools may become so difficult. Also
counting the tool before and after the surgery may not be entirely beneficial as counting is prone
to human error and the majority of the cases of retained tools happen under a reported correct
count. Even though this problem is very alarming, there is no method or system to avoid these
post-surgery mistakes or retaining of surgical tools early.
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4.6.4Problem definition
The human health is one of the most important concerns in the world today. Everything become
meaningless when one becomes sick and dies due to improper Medicare. For health reasons,
people, governments and several voluntary bodies spend a lot of money and time to ensure a
better health condition for themselves and the entire population.
In order to avoid problems related to retained objects during surgery many health centers use
counting the surgical tools before and after the surgery but inaccurate count can occur when
nurses are deprived of sleep, when the operation is particularly difficult, long, and mentally
draining, when the operation is an emergency, or when there are unforeseen changes in the
procedure. Soto use this method is not reliable.
So we went to design a device which detects retained metallic surgical tools like needles, knife
blades, safety pins, scalpels, clamps and scissors early before additional harm and surgery
without stressing and loading extra work in the patient and surgeon Using Arduino
microcontroller, LCD display and RLC circuit ,and 555 timer.
4.6.5 Existing technologies
Radiopaque marking:-Before operation, sponges can be soaked through with ‘radio-opaque

marker’. This allows a sponge to be easily seen on plain radiographs. When the markers are
noticed, it can be assumed that it is revealing a retained sponge .This method is flawed in that it
doesn’t work if the sponges have broken into smaller pieces over time.
Ultrasonography:-Retained sponge can be recognized with Ultrasonography by the presence

of brightly echogenic wavy structures in a cystic mass showing posterior acoustic shadowing that
changes in parallel with the direction of the ultrasound beam.
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Computerized tomography (CT):-A surgical sponge on a CT will show air bubbles on

soft tissue masses.
Four Counting methods:-Some hospitals require four counts of surgical instruments.

The first count happens when the instruments are being set up. The next count is required right
before surgery begins another count as closure begins, and finally a count during skin closure.
This is a general guideline and there are different count methods according to different hospitals.
4.6.6 Summary
In introduction section cause of forgetting surgical tools and the critical problems related to
retained objects are discussed. Existing technologies are limited and coasty and not efficient.
And the method of counting is not reliable. But regarding this problem there is no much work
done even worldwide. Unavailability of the required amount attention related to this problem
guided us to come up with a simplified design used to early detect retained metallic surgical tools
in order to reduce the associated problems and increase the reliability of Medicare system.
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4.7 SUB-CHAPTER SEVEN
4.7.1 Design strategy
Our approach
In this project we have designed and develop a mechanism to prevent retaining of metallic
surgical tool prior to end of the surgery before skin closure .When an inductor comes near to a
metal it changes its property. As stated in first farad’s law of electromagnetic induction
“whenever a conductor are placed in a varying magnetic field emf are induced which is called
induced Emf . If the conductor circuit are closed current are also induced which is called induced
current”. depending in this law our project contain Arduino ,LCD screen, buzzer with simple
metal detector circuit which contain 555 timer as an oscillator , RLC circuit which has the
inductor ,and one bypass capacitor to filter out noise . This circuit gives sound when there is
metal near to the inductor. The surgeons can check for existence of metal at the surgical site
before skin closure. So the they can avoid further complications due to forgetting surgical tool at
surgical site.
4.7.2 Brain storming ideas
1. Metal detector with 555 timer, RLC circuit , Arduino Uno, and buzzer
2. Metal detector using small x-ray tube

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Metal detector with 555 timer, RLC circuit , Arduino Uno, and buzzer
As stated in first farad’s law of electromagnetic induction “whenever a conductor are placed in a
varying magnetic field emf are induced which is called induced Emf . If the conductor circuit are
closed current are also induced which is called induced current”. depending in this law our
project contain Arduino ,LCD screen, buzzer with simple metal detector circuit which contain
555 timer as an oscillator , RLC circuit which has the inductor ,and one bypass capacitor to filter
out noise . This circuit gives sound when there is metal near to the inductor.
Power supply Buzzer
Arduino
board
555 timer RLC circuit
LED
Capacito
Block diagram of Metal detector with 555 timer, RLC circuit , Arduino Uno, and buzzer
Metal detector using small x-ray tube
Metal have high attenuation coefficient than soft tissue in another word metal reflect more x-ray
beam than soft tissue . Depending on principle we can use x-ray beam to identify metal inside
human being body.
4.7.3 PAIRWISE COMPARISON CHART

Table 7 pair wise comparison chart
cost Comfortabilit effectiveness Reliability Accuracy Strength score

y
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Cost x 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1
Comfortability 0.6 X 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.6 2.7
effectiveness 0.4 0.3 X 0.6 0.8 0.6 2.7
Reliability 0.7 0.4 0.6 X 0.8 0.4 2.9
Accuracy 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 x 0.4 2.2
Strength 1 0.8 0.6 0.8 0.8 X 3.8
4.7.4 Pugh (decision) matrix

Among the two previously designed metal detector our team selected the best one based on
the comparison constraints. The comparison criteria’s were reliability, effectiveness, strength,
Comfortability and cost.
Table 8 : pugh(decision) matrix
Weight Metal detector with 555 Metal detector using small

timer, RLC circuit , x-ray tube
Arduino Uno, and buzzer
Comfortability 2.7/15.3 0.17 3 0.529 2 0.352

6
Strength 3.8/15.3 0.24 3 0.745 2 0.496

8
Reliability 2.9/15.3 0.18 2 0.379 3 0.567

9
Accuracy 2.2/15.3 0.14 2 0.287 3 0.429

3
Life time 3.2/15.2 0.21 3 0.63 2 0.42
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0
Total 2.57 2.264
4.7.5 Proposed (initial) design

Depending on Pugh matrix the project idea was Metal detector with 555 timer, RLC
circuit ,Arduino Uno, and buzzer. We impeded a programming command with the help of
proteus and Arduino software in order to control the whole system. The Arduino have digital
input pin to accept value from the sensor. Based on the value of the inductor in the RLC circuit
the microcontroller controls the activity of the buzzer and LED. When there is any metal kit left
in the patient the device check the change in inductance value of the inductor since the existence
of metal kit increase the inductance value. When the inductor value increase due to presence of
metal, message will appear on LCD, buzzer and LED will be on.
4.7.6 Components of the system

Power supplying unit
This is the main block in any of the electronic as well as biomedical project. Its main function is
to provide electrical excitation. The system requires 5-12v DC power. So we will use a power
supply board which consists a step down transformer, bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor and
voltage regulator.
555 timer
One of the most versatile linear ICs and it is the main component of our system. This IC is a
monolithic timing circuit that can produce accurate and highly stable time delays or oscillation. It
operates from a wide range of power supplies ranging from + 5 Volts to + 18 Volts supply
voltage.
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Figure 33: timer
Figure 34 : 555 timer
RLC CIRCUIT
An RLC circuit is an electrical circuit consisting of a resistor (R), an inductor (L), and a
capacitor (C), connected in series or in parallel. The circuit forms a harmonic oscillator for
current, and resonates in a similar way as an LC circuit. Have many applications as oscillator
circuit, Radio receivers and television sets use them for tuning to select a narrow frequency range
from ambient radio waves.
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Buzzer
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical,

or piezoelectric and finds extensive use in electronics circuits and designs especially to trigger an
Alarm or as a system alert device. The buzzer is simply powered with a regulated 5v.
Figure 35 :Buzzer
Fig41. Buzzer
Bypass capacitor (decoupling capacitor)
A bypass capacitor is a capacitor that shorts AC signals to ground, so that any AC noise that may be
present on a DC signal is removed, producing a much cleaner and pure DC signal.
Figure 36 : Bypass capacitor (decoupling capacitor)
LCD DISPLAY
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) modules that display characters such as text and numbers are the
most cheapest and simplest to use of all LCDs. They can be purchased in various Sizes, which
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are measured by the number of rows and columns of characters they can display. A 32x2 LCD
display is very basic electronic module and is very commonly used in various devices and
circuits. A 32x2 LCD means it can display 32 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.
In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers,
namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it,
clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the
data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on
the LCD.
LCD is interfaced with Arduino microcontroller. The 555 timer send signal and when ever
there is a metal around, the message “there is metal ” will be displayed. And if no metal is
detected, the LCD displays “no metal patient is safe”.
Figure 37 : LCD
LED
We use led to notice the nurses if there is new information. For instance if the battery is getting
low and in case of warning.
Figure 38: LED
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4.7.4 Implementation
We followed the following steps in order to implement the schematic diagram and perform the
simulation on proteus.
 First tried to find proteus simulation software with an Arduino library loaded on it.
 Choose the components for the design from the Protus library.
 Connect the RLC circuit, buzzer, LCD screen with Arduino microcontroller on correct
pin mode.
 Check the appropriate connection of components with each other.
 Finally check the circuit by increasing the inductance value of the inductor.
4.7.5 Problems encountered during implementation

The main obstacle we faced while implementing this schematic diagram is finding the way to
solve the problem of continuous alarming of buzzer whenever there is a metal or not.
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4.8 SUB-CHAPTER EIGHT

4.8.1 Final design
Design implementation
This system consists of microcontroller ,555 timer, buzzer(alarm system), RLC circuit, LCD
screen and LED. The microcontrollers receives input from 555 timer and process it then send the
processed signal to output pins to control the activity of the LED, buzzer and LCD. A message
will be displayed LCD display.
The design is simple and easy to apply and it reduces the time required for repeating surgery due
to retaining surgical tools. The device is cost effective, durable, user friendly and less complex.
Interfacing program
Since the main objective of this project is to check presence of retained surgical metal in the
body using Arduino microcontroller, interfacing program is the most important activity that
enable to show a message on the LCD screen with an alarming system. The program is written
on the Arduino IDE with A ‘C’ language and encoded on Arduino microcontroller. The program
controls the overall activities of the system (LCD, buzzer, and LED)
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Figure 39 : Sample of interfacing code
Interfacing the LCD with Arduino Uno

Connecting the Arduino with LCD.
Figure 40 : Arduino with LCD
Interfacing Arduino with simple metal detector circuit
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Figure: 41 Arduino with simple metal detector ciciut
Interfacing Arduino with buzzer and LED
Figure 42: Arduino with buzzer and LED
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4.8.2Final diagram
After the implementation of all component
Figure 43 : Final diagram
4.8.3 Simulation
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Figure 44: simulation when there is no metal
Figure 45: simulation when there is metal
4.9 SUB-CHAPTER NINE

TESTING AND RESUITS
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4.9.1 Testing plan

The testing and integration is done to ensure that the design is functioning properly as expected.
This involves the checks/tests carried out to ensure that all units and subsystems functions
adequately. When we set the inductor value to 10mH .A message displayed and alarm and LED
must be OFF. On the other hand when we increase the inductor value, message will be displayed
and alarm and LED must be ON.
4.9.2 Testing conducted and result

After the design and implementation phase, the system has to be tested for efficiency and to
determine if there is need to adjust the design.
Table 9: testing and result
NO TEST RESULT REMARK
1 Set value of Message will be functional

inductor displayed on LCD.
2 When inductance Message of “no functional

=10mH metal ”displayed.
3 When Message of “ there functional

inductance>>10 is metal ”displayed.
mH
-Alarm ON
-LED ON
So when internal inductance value is increased indicating presence of metal, message will be
displayed, alarm will be ON and LED will be on to inform the surgeons if some mistake is made.
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4.10 SUB- CHAPTER TEN

4.10.1 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY
Surgery is a daily activity of all health centers in the world. Medical mistakes done in this
procedure is the main concern for all personnel in the medical center. To avoid this mistakes so
many ideas are developed. From this the only method used in our country is four counting
method which is non effective , waste of time and not accurate .
In this project we tried to develop a metal detector device which contain 555 timer, RLC circuit
,Arduino board , LCD display, LED and buzzer to detect the presence of retained metals during
surgery.
4.10.2 Recommendation
We recommend the implementation of this device since it presents a simple design mechanism to
prevent different mistakes done at time of surgery.In future we suggest applying different
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techniques to increase the effectiveness of the device .And this project can be improved to detect
additional surgical tool types other than metals by using frequency generator instead of inductor.
REFERENCE
[1]Nearly 800 surgical tools left in patients since 2005: Report(pdf)
[2].^ Jump up to: abcdeGibbs, Verna C. “Chapter 22. The Retained Surgical Sponge.”
[3]Fortia, Mohamed El, MarouaBendaoud, and Sumer Sethi. "Abdominal Gossypiboma

(Textilioma)." Internet Journal of Radiology
[4]Rasich, Paula. “Surgical Tools.”
[5] Survial Of Preterm Infants Admitted To Tikur Anbessa Hospital Nicu, Addis Ababa(PDF)
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JUMC Internship Report FINAL

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JIMMA UNIVERSITY

JIMMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER

2. BEDADA MELESE 9. NEBIYAT ABRAR

3. EBISA TSEGAYE 10. NEJAT MOHAMMED

4. ESHETU MITIKU 11. SAMRAWIT FELEKE

5. ESUNDALEWU BELAY 12. SEADA JEBEL

6. HAFIZ ABDULKERIM 13. TIGIST WONDIMU

7. HANA GUTU 14. YEABKAL TAMENE

ADVISOR:-Mr. AHMED MOHAMMED SUBMISSION DATE:

Mr. SHIBRU Jimma, Ethiopia

Mr. ABEL WORKU

10. NEJAT MOHAMMED

11. SAMRAWIT FELEK

12. SEADA JEBEL

13. TIGIST WONDIMU

14. YEABKAL TAMENE

1. BACKGROUND OF JIMMA UNIVERSITY MEDICAL

1.1. Brief History

Figure 1: The New Jimma University Medical Center.

1.2. Main Products and Services

1.2.1. Existing medical services

The Services of the hospital is providing:

 Diagnostic and Medical Services,

1.2.2. Practical/clinical teaching services

1.2.3. Main Customers or End Users

1.2.4. Its Overall Organization and Work flow

Hospital CEO Human

1.4.1 Mission/ Goals

 To be recognized the hospital of choice by placing patients at the center of everything we

1.4.4 Philosophy: JUSH believes

2. Overall Internship Experience

2.1. Process of getting into JUMC

2.2. Department of the hospital we have been working in

2.3. Work flow in Bio Medical Engineering Department

2.4 Works that have been executed

 Maintain different medical equipment.

2.5 Procedures used while performing work tasks

 For maintenance we followed the troubleshooting steps:

2.6 Maintenance of Equipment’s

Table 1: Corrective maintenance of equipment

equipm no failed repair repair to make repair

2 Autocla March CSD March March 28 Using un Replacing the Functional

3 Patient March NIC March March 30 The machine Changing to Functional.

6 Slit - - April Mate April April 12 Lack of Connecting the Functional

8 Oxygen 54- 15 April OR April April 17 Lack of filter No spare part Un

9 Anesthe A- 40 April OR April April 26 The pressure Changing the Functional.

12 CBC May Labo May - The machine Cleaning the Un

15 X-ray May Rad May May 8 The x-ray Connecting Functional.

16 CT – May Rad June June 3 The monitor Changing the Functional.

17 Tissue June PC June It shows on Un

Figure 2: CT-scan and anesthsia machine

Figure 3: Tissue processing machine and Suction machine

2.6.2 Preventive maintenance

Steps followed in preventive maintenance

 Firstly identify the type of machine.

Table 2:Priventive maintenance of equipment

No Type of equipment Action taken

1 Chemistry analyzer Cleaning all part of the

2 Oxygen concentrator Cleaning filter

3 Suction machine Cleaning filter and tube

2.6.2.1Other works done

Figure 4:Arrenging fuse in to holder

Table 3:Installed Equipments

1 Dental chair Dental Room