WATER RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

By
Prof. A. Balasubramanian
University of Mysore
 Organisation of presentation

Surface water Groundwater

Quantity Quality I

Consumption Conservation

River Basin as unit District /state as a

r "'\
unit
 HYDROGEOLOGY OF INDIA

",\
Legend
Ground Water PotenUat (Yield Lltrest9ec)
;;...eo 2.5-40'o-.lS ~10

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_I:=:J
'~25 1~10 1..$
ConlO4idal~oIdidated
Formatkma
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 Index
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.' NlCOSAR
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LEVEL IN INDIA
KARNATAKA STATE
I KARNATAKA STATE IN INDIA
o Karnataka is located in the
Precambrian and Deccan
Peninsular region of India.
o It covers an area of 191,791
square km.
o The water resources of
Karnataka primarily constitutes
surface and groundwater.
oRainfall is the basic source of water
in the state.
POPULATION OF KARNATAKA

o According to the 2011 Census of India, Karnataka's

population stands at 61,130,704 (6.11 crores),
which is 5.05 percent of the total population of the
country.
o This figure comprises of 50.9 percent male
population and 49.1 percent female population.
o The state has an urban population of 23,578,175,
which accounts for 38.57 percent of its total
population.
o The rural population of Karnataka stands at
37,552,529 (37.5 million) which is 61.43 percent of
the state's population.
 II
Karnataka Population Growth
70000000 _,/
60000000 _~/ ..-. .
50000000 V
-
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~

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1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

www.veethj.com

_!_" -

Karnataka's population stands at 61,130,704 (6.11

crores
,_
 CLIMATE:
o The climate of Karnataka State varies from very
humid rainy monsoonal climate in the West Coast,
the Ghats and Malnad areas to semiarid warm dry
climate on the east.
o There is a large variation in the rainfall with higher
amounts in the Western Ghats and reducing
towards the eastern plains.
o Along the coastal Dakshina Kannada District, the
normal rainfall is about 4000 mm and in the drought
prone districts of Bijapur, Raichur, Bellary etc., the
rainfall is of the order of 500 mm to 600 mm.
RAINFALL IN KARNATAKA

o Karnataka primarily enjoys a tropical climate that is

largely dependent on its physio-graphic and
geographic location with respect to the Arabian Sea
and the monsoons.
o The state receives the benefit of two monsoons: the
North-East monsoon and the South-West monsoon.
o Karnataka receives mean annual rainfall of around
1,355 millimeters.
o More than 73 percent of this rainfall is received due
to the South-West monsoon.
RAINFALL IN KARNATAKA

o The occurrence and distribution of rainfall in the

state is not uniform.
o The region that receives the maximum rainfall is
Coastal Karnataka.
o It gets an average annual rainfall of 3,456 mm.
o South Interior Karnataka receives only 1286 mm
average rainfall while North Interior Karnataka
receives the least rainfall with 731 mm average
figure annually.
 Percentage departure from normal rainfall in Karnataka

40

29 30
30
20
20 16 17
14 15
10
;; 4 4 4
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 AOMIHI8TRA WE
•
KARNATAKA STAT! .... Table 1.1:DisuicJ \lise disaibmillll or.\RS in Kamtt.Jir.I

SL~o. Disbic:t Gto:nPIIiaI ToW So. of :So. of

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 DRAINAGE
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF KARNATAKASTATE
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12I OISUIa BOUJ1(l,IIY
0 ReseMlIr • Slate caPlli11
WATER RESOURCES
KARNATAKA- THE FORTUNATE STATE
o Karnataka is blessed with seven
river basins.
o There are 36,753 tanks in the state
and they have a capacity of about
684518 hectares.
o The rivers, along with their tributaries,
account for much of Karnataka's
surface water resources.
I SURFACE WATER IN KARNATAKA

o About 60 percent of the state's surface water is

provided by the west flowing rivers while the east
flowing rivers account for the remaining portion.
o The annual average yield in the seven
river basins of the state is estimated to be around
3,475 TMC.
o The yield in the six basins, excluding the west
flowing rivers is estimated to be 1,440 TMC.
AVAILABILITY OF WATER RESOURCES IN
KARNATAKA
-------

oSurface water is available in Karnataka

in the form of rivers, lakes, waterfalls,
reservoirs, etc.
o Being the seventh largest state in India
(area-wise), Karnataka possesses about
six percent of the country's total surface
water resources of about 17 lakh
million cubic metres (Mcum).
CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS

SL.No. Category Extent of CCA

Major Irrigation Those having CCA of
1.
>rojects 10,000 ha or more

Medium Those having CCA

2. Irrigation between 2,000 ha to
Projects 10,000 ha
SI. No. Scheme Details Extent of Area in Ha.
1. Major and Medium Irrigation Projects 35.00 Lakbs

, -
 LOCATION MAP OF IRRIGATION PROJECTS N
IN KARNATAKA
t
•

MAHARASHTRA

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TAMILNADU
MAJOR PROJECTS

o The rivers Cauvery, Hemavathy and Lakshmana

theertha are being gauged by current meter from
1916 to assess the flows at Kannambadi where the
Krishnaraja Sagara has been built up.
o The composite dam at AlmaHi under Upper Krishna
Project will submerge an area of 24230 Hectares
affecting 136 villages and a population of 1,80,000.
o The Baglkote Town will going to be submerged in
this Upper Krishna Project.
RIVERS IN KARNATAKA

o The rivers in Karnataka are a source of water for

drinking and household purposes.
o They are integral to agriculture, a source
of hydropower and used for transportation in certain
areas.
o In some instances, they are also vital for the
tourism industry in the state.
o Many rivers, both east-flowing and west-flowing,
are found within the boundaries of Karnataka.
o Most of the rivers originate in the
Western Ghats and runs towards the eastern side
of the state.
o These are some of the largest rivers in the state
and drain towards the Bay of Bengal.
o Therefore almost all the major east-flowing rivers
are inter-state rivers.
 •
River Basins
THE SEVEN of Karnataka

RIVER BASINS IN 1
~n
. Godhavari

KARNATAKA ARE:
.')<rishna Basin
:3. Cauvery Basih
4. North Pemar
South Penhar
1. Godavari .Patar
~in
'AfIl"- 7. west Flowing
2. Krishna
3. Cauvery Index:
,State Boundty •
4. North Pennar Basin Boundty •
Rivers

5. South Pennar
6. Palar '"

7. West flowing rivers

ArSblanSea
SI. No. River System Drainage Area
1000 Sq. km Percentage
1. Godavari 4.41 2.31
2. Krishna 113.29 59.48
3. Cauvery 34.27 17.99
4. North Pennar 6.94 3.64
5. South Pennar 4.37 2.29
6. Palar 2.97 1.56
7. West Flowing 24.25 12.73
Rivers
Total 190.50 100
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Fis~ 1.2. Ae~ro-climatic Zones of Karnataka
State
 Table 1,3:Basins. Sub-Basins and Drainage Area
Drainage Area
Basin Sub Basin Sq.Km % District
Godavari 4405 - '

Krishna Bhinla 19345 10 Bidar. Bijapur. Gulbarga.

Malap abha & 19233 10 Belgaum, Bijapur. Dharwar.
Tunz~abhadr 37786 10 Bellary. Shimoga.
a
Upper 17685 9 Belgaum. Bijapur. Gulbarga.
Vedavari 19222 10 Bellary. Hassan.
Cauvery Arkavari 4500 - '
Banzalore Urban. Bangalore
Hemavati 5006 3 Hassan, Chikmaz~alur
Kabu1i 5160 3 Kodagu. Mysore
Shimsa 7810 4' ) Bangalore. Mandya. Hassan.
Suvarnavati 4050 - Mysore
Upper 7747 4 Kodagu. Mandya. Mysore
"Vest Kalinadi 9291 5 Belzaum. Dharwar. Uttara
Flowinz~ Netrava ti 7057 4 Kodazu. Hassan. Dakshina
Rivers Sharavati 5540 3 Uttara Kannada.
Shimoa~a
Sita S\V31Ua 4344 Dakshina Kannada. Shimoga
Palar 2826 1 Kolar
Pennar 7146 4 Bangalore Rural.
Ponnaiyar 2638 - ')
Bangalore Urban. Bangalore
THE KRISHNA IS SECOND LARGEST RIVER

o The Krishna is second largest river in peninsular India.

o It originates in Maharashtra and passes through
Karnataka.
o The principal tributaries of the Krishna in Karnataka are:
o The Ghataprabha
o The Malaprabha
o The Shima
I THE TUNGABHADRA
-------

o The Tungabhadra is the chief tributary of Krishna

River.
o Tungabhadra is formed in the district of Shimoga,
by the union of the Tunga and the Bhadra rivers.
o The river Tungabhadra flows east across the
Deccan Plateau, joining the Krishna in Andhra
Pradesh state and then empties into the Bay of
Bengal.
I RIVERS IN THE WESTERN GHATS
o The rivers in the Western Ghats that generally flow
westward meet the Arabian Sea after a short run
varying from 50 kilometres to 300 kilometres.
o These rivers are very steep in the upper reaches
and fairly steep in the middle reaches.
o Near the sea, they have relatively flat gradients and
a mild flood plain.
EAST-FLOWING RIVERS IN KARNATAKA

o The Kaveri (or the Cauvery) is the largest river in

the state and originates from the district of Coorg.
o It is often called the Dakshina Ganga
(the Ganges of the South) and considered one of
the sacred rivers of India.
o Talakaveri, the origin of the River Kaveri, is a
famous pilgrimage and tourist spot set amidst
Bramahagiri Hills near Madikeri in Coorg.
WEST-FLOWING RIVERS IN KARNATAKA

o The Sharavathi originates at Ambuthirtha in Thirthahalli

Taluk, flows north-west through the Western Ghats. It
forms the famous Jog Falls before joining the Arabian
Sea at Honavara.
o The Mandavi originates in the Western Ghats in
Belgaum and flows through Karnataka and Goa.
o The Kalinadi originates in Bidi village in the
Western Ghats.
o The Gangavalli starts in the Western Ghats south of
Dharwad.
o The Aghanashini begins in the Western Ghats near
Sirsi.
 • STATEWISEDISTRIBUTION OF lARGE DAMS(COMPLETED AND UNDER CONSTRUCTION) IN INDIA

2000
1845
1800

lIiOO

1«10

VI 1200
~
~ 1000
u.o
C)

.... 800
0 632
0 600

z
400
211
200 182
20 17 25 30 33

.. .
16
0

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i
Other States lrx:Judes Andaman & NIC1Jbar(2),ArIJll8CJHJl(4)
NAME OF Assa1l(4), Goa(5),Ha/yaJJa (1) MafJ¥)ll(4), Meg/Jalaya(8),
Nagaland(1) SiIdom(2) & Tnpua(1) (Mzoram, 1)
 STATEW1SEOISl1IlBUnON OF lARGE DAMS (COMPlETED )IN INDIA ITOTAL DAMS: 4877)

DKnbOl

14
 STATEWISE DISTRIBUTION OF LARGE DAMS ( UNDER CONSTRUCTION, TOTAL: 313) IN INDIA

.1<I<Ib. 1

......

"~
...... ..

alOdtw.sJ
Il)Pujab.21
DAMS IN KARNATAKA
o Aheri-Jumbagi Dam, Bijpaur
o Almati Dam, Bijapur
o Amarja Dam, Gulbarga
o Arkavathy Dam, Kanakapura,
Ramanagara
o Basava Sagar Dam or Narayanpur
Dam, Yadgir, Raichur
o Bennithora Dam, Chithapur, Gulbarga
o Bhadra Dam, Chikmagalur
o Bheemasamudra Dam, Chitradurga
o Chakra Dam, Shimoga
o Chandrampalli Dam, Gulbarga
o Chiklihole Dam, Nanjarayapattana
near Madikeri
o Gajanur Dam, Shimoga
o Gandorinala Dam, Gulbarga
o Hemavathy Dam, Gorur, Hassan
o Kadavinakatta Dam, Bhatkal
0 Kabini Dam, Mysore
0 Kanakanala Dam, Killarhatti
0 KRS Dam / Brindavan Gardens,
Mysore
0 Lakhya Dam, Kudremukh
0 Malaprabha Dam, Belgaum
0 Maralvadi Dam, Ramanagara
0 Markonahalli Dam
o Nugu Dam, Heggadadevana Kote,
Mysore
o Supa Dam, Dandeli
o Tunga Anicut Dam, Shimoga
o Tungabhadra Dam, Hospet
o Votehole Dam, Hassan
o Yagachi Dam, Belur
I THE OUTPUT ANALYSIS
-------

o The ultimate Irrigation Potential, from all sources

has been estimated as 61.00 lakh hectares, out of
which 35 Lakhs hectares is under major and
medium irrigation projects.
o Upto end of March 2009, cumulative irrigation
potential of 24.28 lakh ha has been created.
KRISHNA BASIN
KRISHNA
BASIN

SI No. Feature Description

1 Basin Extent 73"17' to 81" 9' E

13" 10' to 19" 22' N

2 Area (Sq.km) a) 254750.14 (GIS based

calculated)
b) 258948 (Reported Area)
3 States in the basin Karnataka (43.83%).
Andhra Pradesh (29.81%) and
Maharashtra (26.36%)
4 Districts (Census 2011) 47
5 Parliamentary Constituencies (2009) 61
6 Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 859.11
7 Average Annual Maximum Temperature (OC) 32.14
8 Average Annual Minimum Temperature (0 C) 20.52
9 Total Population 66341683
10 Number of villages 27967
 KRISHNA BASIN
11 Highest Elevation (m) 1903
12 Avg. Annual Water Potential (BCM) 78.12
13 Utilizable Surface Water (BCM) 58
14 Number of Sub-basins 7
15 Number of Watersheds 391
16 Number of water resources structures Dams-660
Barrages-12
Weir-58
Anicuts-6
Lifts-119
Power House-35
17 Highest Dam Srisailam (N.S.R.S.P) Dam -145m
18 Longest Dam Narayanapura Dam - 10.64 km
19 Highest Barrage Tembhu Barrage - 8.13 m
20 Longest Barrage Hipparagi Barrage - 5460 m
21 Number of Irrigation projects Major-76
Medium-135
ERM-10
22 Number of HE projects 30
23 Number of Ground water observation wells 1957
24 Number of Hydro-Observation Sites 72
25 Number of Flood Forecasting Sites 9
26 Water tourism sites 57
Source: As per ovalloble oato
.
In
.
IndJo-WRIS
 KRISHNA BASIN

Table S. Sub-basin wise watersheds

Area
S.no. Sub-basin No. of Watersheds Size Range of Watershed
(Sq. km.)
1 Bhima Lower 23652.70 36 396 - 929
2 Bhima Upper 44793.32 71 351- 940
3 Krishna Lower 39494.33 59 277 - 971
4 Krishna Middle 22229.12 36 341- 963
5 Krishna Upper 54504.77 85 322 - 964
6 Tungabhadra Lower 41556.48 59 357 - 976
7 TungabhadraUpper 28519.41 45 331- 924
Knshna Upper Sub Basin . 21.4 0/0 Bhirna Upper Sub Basin. 17.58 %

Tunqabhadra Lower Sub Basin 1631 0/0 Krishna l.owsr Sub Basin 15 5

Tllngabhadra Upper Sub Basin 11 2 ~~ Cj.~ Bhirna Lower Sub Basin 9.28

Krishna Middle Sub Basin 8.73 ~b %

Figure 4. Sub-basins and per cent drainage area

 _j
MAHARASHTRA

ANDHRA PRADESH

I1l"nd
<iI ,... )Or CJtv ~.....
01 W.lf!lsh!'!li(00t' Io"
-RIwf tf'"
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KARNATAl(A

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- s.... II<tund>ry

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, MAHARASHTRA

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r

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- ltl\I41r

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.54Jb.8.asd'\ so.Jndiity kARNATAKA
_ .. Ihod IIouocIMy
- lIlit. Ilouad.lfy
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.- .- ................ ,lIoundirv C04IHUOl to Jl
 ANDHRA PRADESH

loe.nd
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Map i3L Kri$hna lower sub-basin and watersheds
 •

.----4(-"
AHOHRAPRAOE~

ICARNATAlCA

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- ,•••• " .. r ANOHRA PRADESH
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KARNA1AICA oL W",,,,,,,hc:d (011_

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 AIIIDHRA PRADESH

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Y-',,_ l<ARNATAKA
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Map 131. Tunpbhadra lower sub-b;uin and watersheds
 .,
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r
I '-' KMNATAKA

KJlRNATAKA
.\ t-
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M~p 13C.Tunpbhadra upper sub-basin and watersMd.
SURFACE WATER BODIES -KRISHNA BASIN

o Surface water bodies have traditionally played an

important role in the lives of common people in
India.
o According to the assessment, the total utilizable
Surface Water Resource in Krishna Basin is 58.0
BCM. Reported Live Storage capability of Krishna
Basin is 49.55 BCM. Maximum number of surface
water bodies in Krishna basin falls in size range 0-
25 Ha.
o There are reportedly 536 major reservoirs in the
basin.
 KRISHNA BASIN
Tabl" 6. Numb.r and si•• of
_terbodles

28000 S. no. Siz.. Range (ha) No. of

1 0-25Weterbodies 36875
24000 2 25 - 50 1496
3 50 -100 696

I
20000
4 100 - 250 339
5 250 - 500 84
6 500-1000 32
16000
~ 7 1000- 2500 35
'0 8 More than 2500 18
I
-
12000

8541
8000

4000

801 536 177 103 2

o

Tanks Abandoned quarry Aquaculture pond Sail pan

LakealPond Reservoirs Cooling pond
Type of V.aterbodles

Figure S. Type and number of waterbodies

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•

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-- "1<1' I:
.---.- ...... Nl"" ... oa!"d""

Map lb. ICrKhna basin - Dr ainai" & •..,_.",....

-
Elevation 1m)_10-'0 _lOO-JOO D 500-71.o L500 - 2.000
o (S _ SO-l00 lOO-400 0 750-1.000
D So LO _ 100 - 200 C' 400 -loOO 1_000-1.500
c::J
 Table 3. len&th of major rivers
S. no. River length of the River
(km)
1 Krishna 1435.07
2 Bhima 860.67
3 Tungabhadra 551.56
4 Musi 352.02
5 Malaprabha 325.74
6 Ghataprabha 298.73
7 Munneru 217.79
8 Varna 158.43
9 Koyna 151
10 Dudhganga 129.78
11 Panchganga 128.68

Table 4. Land use/ land cover statistics (2005-06)

S.no. Category Area (Sq. km) % of Total Area

1 Built Up land 5931.50 2.29

2 Agricultural 196434.14 75.86
3 Forest 25986.84 10.04
4 Grassland 273.54 0.11
5 Wasteland 19781.85 7.64
6 Waterbodies 10540.13 4.07
 .* .
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MaD 6. Soli texture

-
_In D MajerComm.,","".. ...... ,,, .. c.... _ .. 000(... •
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 • .. r
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ot'l,tct-wl", Population o.,ulty (""no •• / Sq.km)

100 -200 200 - 500 500 -
1000
_ >20000
 .:..=-e

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-- M~nCeM'-
 •

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Map 19. Ground water level fluctuation (Draft)

 • "'_.llo.c-.r OOCMdjWoIW"f'hdfIH >
t"" _ (..
... MloajL- 1'" Pw:nCanpUJ1k CiilfU!I'
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.. 00Ir1I rti04 .jol\fl~
;KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM :
o The river Krishna is an Inter-State river in Southern
India.
o It is the second largest river in Peninsular India,
rises in the Western Ghats at an altitude of 1337 m.
near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra State.
o It flows across the whole width of the peninsula,
from west to east, for a length of about 1400 km,
through Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh.
o The entire catchment area of Krishna basin is
2,58,948 sq km. including the other basin states,
and their catchment area are indicated below.
I KRISHNA RIVER SYSTEM
I
Name of the Catchment area
Sl. No.
Basin State in Sq.kms
1 Maharastra 69,425
2 Karnataka 113,271
3 Andhra pradesh 76,252
Total 2,58,948
 Catchmen
SI. Name of the Origin Name of the
t area Sub-tributaries
No. tributary ,Altitude &Length state
Sq.kms
1 Ghataprabha 8829 Western ghats, 884m, Hiranyakeshi,Mark Maharshatra,
283klllS andeya Karnataka
2 Malaprabha 11549 Western Bennihalla,HirehaU Karnataka
Ghats, 792.48m, a,Tas nadi
306kms
3 Bhima 70,614 Western Ghats, Combined waters Maharastra,K
945m, 861kms of Mula & a rna taka
MuthaGhod, Nira,S
I• na

4 Thngabhadra 47,866 Western ghats at Combined waters Karnataka

Gangamula, 1198m, offunga & AndhraPra
531kms & Bbadra,Varada,H desh
agari( vedavathy)

, -
 . . ~
•

ICARNATAl(A

ARABIAN SEA

I.opM
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01 ",-.lwdcoo.

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 ANDHAA PRAOCSH

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. '"
- SU",1IcundMy
.-.- """,.--1IcundMy
CAUVERY RIVER SYSTEM :
o The river Cauvery is an Inter-State river in Southern
India. It is one of the major rivers of the Peninsular
flowing east and running into the Bay of Bengal.
o The Cauvery rises at Talakaveri on the Brahmagiri
Range of Hi" in the Western Ghats, presently in the
Coorg district of the State of Karnataka, at an
elevation of 1.341 m (4,400 ft.) above mean sea
level.
o The catchment area of entire Cauvery Basin
is 81,155 sq. km. including the other basin states
of Cauvery River System and their drainage ar
 t

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Y c

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rt

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4
T~E T~IBUTARIES OF THE CAUVERI INCLUDE:
:alver narangl --------'
o River Hemavathi
o River Lakshmanatirtha
o River Kabini
o River Shimsha
o River Arkavati
o River Suvarnavathi or River Honnuhole
o The Honnuhole
o The Bhavani
o The Lokapavani
o The Noyyal
o The Amaravati
CAUVERY BASIN

Table 1. Salient features of the basin

SI. No. Features Description
1 Basin Extent 75· 27' to 79· 54' E,
10· 9' to 13· 30' N
2 Area (Sq.km) 81,155·
3 States in the basin Tamil Nadu and Puducherry (54 %),
Karnataka (42 %) and Kerala (4%)
4 Districts (Census 2011) 34
5 Parliamentary constituencies (2009) 36
6 Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) 1075.23
7 Mean Maximum Temperature (OC) 34.31
8 Mean Minimum Temperature (0 C) 17.15
9 Total population 3,18,89,280
10 Number of villages 14,635
11 Highest elevation (m) 2629
12 Avg. Annual water potential (BCM) 21.36
13 Utilizable surface water (BCM) 19
14 Number of sub-basins 3 I
15 Number of watersheds 132
CAUVERY BASIN

16 Number of water resources structures Dams-96

Barrages -10
Weir/Anicuts-16
lifts-9
Power House-24
17 Highest dam Pillur Dam - 88 m
18 longest dam lower Bhavani Dam- 8.797 km
19 Highest barrage Kolar barrage-18 m
20 longest barrage Nerunjipettai Barra_g_e-l.478km
21 Number of irrigation projects Major-16
Medium-42
ERM-3
22 Number of hydro-electric projects 15
23 Number of ground water observation wells 873
24 Number of hydro-observation sites 36
2S Water tourism sites 60
•GIS based colculaled oreo..fJS,626. 23 (Source: As peravoJloble /ndlo-WRIS record)
CAUVERY BASIN

Tern I Nedu 4750296 Sq km (55.8 Kemaiake 35018 11 SQ km (409 Q9)

%)
Puducneny- 154 98 Sq km (0 181110)
Kera8· 2948 4 Sq km (3 44 . )

Figure 1.State wise basin area

Elevation
o <!
1m) _10
-
50
50· 100
200·300
soe . 400
r 3(]0·150 _1.500-2.000
150 - I.DOO _ "1.000-3,000
D ~10 _ 100· 200 [:J 0100. !DO D l.OOO -1. !OO
Map 3. Bevation zcnes
 • • I.IXJ • 1 2l1li .? IlOO 1f/:11

.800 .~0G1;
a.lllt.ft I" "'~ •• »J - """ • 2!><lV J.lMI
(()Gee. •. 0 '000 ~OJO
(Q) •• roo 20'10
CAUVERY BASIN
1800
.-
.-'
1600

1400 ~
-
1200 I f.
-e E 1000
-s-
~

=
c aco :::
«I
0::
600
-;

400
'"
200

o
1~)11 "1'3 1$75 1$71' 1S7$ 1S1l1 1S1ll 1985 1S1ll' 1S1lS 1951 'SS3 19!iS 1957 1S9S 2001 2003
191':< 1914 19111 1915 I!tBD 1932 1934 I~ 19J5 1991) 1992 19!14 ,_ ,~ :rooD :002 :mo.
Figure 3. Trend of annual rainfall (1971-2004)
CAUVERY BASIN
Table 3. Length of rnejor rivers

S.No. River Nan1e length (km)

1 cauvery River 825.10
2 Amaravati River 215.15
3 Arkavati River 169.82
4 Bhavani River 234.98
5 Hemavati River 233.63
6 Kabini or Kapila River 237.61
7 Lakshmantirtha River 148.82
8 Noyil River 181.49
9 Perum PalJam 197.32
10 Shimsha River 204.23
As er avaifabre India-WRJs record}
Map 2l.)~tellite '-:ery of cauveryIIaSin 3
CAUVERY BASIN

Table 4.LRnd use/ land cover statistics f200s-06)

5.00. category Area (5q.km) Percentage of

Totdl Area
1 Built Up Land 3256.37 4.01
2 AgriculturaJ 53736.30 6621
3 Forest 16636.66 20.50
4 Grassland 1075.80 1.33
5 Wasteland 3133.94 3.86
6 Waterbod'ies 3315.92 4.09
*(.1;5 per ovojlotJte Irtdia-WR15 recanf)
 ea.-y M>dGICS> ub 8as~ 66 9 ~
• CfttWyUppersma-. 128...

rl5We 4. Sub-basins and Percent drainage

area

Table S. Sub-basin wise watersheds

S.No. Sub-basin Area Size range of watersheds No. of Watersheds

(Sq. km.] (Sq. km.]
1 Cauvery Lower Sub-basin 17386.45 320.70-979.20 28
2 Cauvery MiddJe Sub-basin 57280.98 377.45-934.52 86
3 Cauvery Upper Sub-basin 10958.80 362.94-991.25 18
·(As peravoiloblr lildja·WRJS record)
 -4p..
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j

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_ ForMI PIo.lnlon _ Y/t1AJ bodloti
L .Scrub forM<

Map 5. land use/land rover (2005-06)

.. c.o.r1c: future h'fdlum tetturt
_ 0... 001 ...... Iobl< _ Roc~yInd 00. ""
_ ""'I"lu...
Map 6. Soil texture
SO....e.
' ,01)

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B~.., 0 M'l..-Com.,.nd At.. ..001....... .., O ...'.d.adr..

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Diurlct-wi<e Populotlon Oen$iIV (Pe"""'/ Sq.lc:ml
~_ Slate 100 - 200 !500. 1000 1200- 1500
200-500 1000 - 1200
 KARNATAkA

, ~ - ~
C:aIN CO!

- ~ -
lfY 5oiCM
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Map 13(bl.Cauvery MiddleSU~
aodwatersheds
.-.- ~_
".f.'.'.,'_''1.>Ioruynd
wv
 I

KARNATAKA
KARNATAKA

\ \

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ARABIAN SEA \ \
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 CAUVERY BASIN WATERSHEDS
Table 6. Number and size of \wterbodies
~Nn_ Cillp RitnDP 'HAl Mn, of Waterbodies

•
41296
761
370

•2_ 155

Ii •
35
zoooo
11
1COO1i 7
a

-I
171]00 7
42642
10692

8000

864 2B8 101 56 4

o

T_k .•

Aq.,ACUnU'. pond
Type of \'i.UertlOt",,*,,"s
Fi&ure 5,T~ and
nurnoer ctwaterbodies
WATER RESOURCE PROJECTS - CAUVERY
BASIN

o Water resources schemes and projects are multi

disciplinary in nature and are implemented by several
departments and agencies of State Governments.
o Major and medium irrigation projects
o There are about 29 Major and Medium Irrigation
Projects in Karnataka and 25 Major and Medium
Irrigation Projects in Tamil Nadu. Besides the above,
there are series of 10 masonry Anicuts constructed
across the main Cauvery River and some of its
tributaries in Tamil Nadu. The areas getting benefited
from these channels in Karnataka lie mainly in Mysore,
Mandya and Hassan districts and to a small extent in
Kodagu and Bangalore districts.
CAUVERY BASIN (ALL STATES)
o Dams in Cauvery basin=100
o Major Medium Irrigation Projects in Cauvery
Basin= 57
o Barrages/Weirs in Cauvery Basin=81
o Lift Stations in Cauvery Basin=17
o Hydro Electric Projects in Cauvery Basin=14
RESERVOIRS
o Hemavathi Project: This project is located on the tributary
named Hemavathi. It is mainly an irrigation project. The gross
and dead storage of the reservoir is 1050.63 MCM and 37.63
MCM respectively. The total catchment area of the project is
2810 Sq km.
o Harangi Project: This project is located on the river Harangi
near the city of Somvarpet. It is a multipurpose project having
irrigation and power SJenerationfacilities. The total catchment
area of the reservoir IS 419.58 Sq km. The gross and dead
storage of the reservoir is 240.69 MCM and 12.09 MCM
respectively.
o Krishnaraj Sagar Irrigation Project: This project is located on
the river Cauvery. The catchment area of this reservoir is 10619
sq. km. The gross and dead storage of the reservoir is 1400.31
MCM and 124.62 MCM respectively. Mandya and Mysore
districts are main beneficiary of this project.
 ... • .
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WATER RESOURCES ASSETS

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o

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 MIDDLE
REACHES -
CAUVERY
-
-

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• •

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Map 18. Ground water ~ fluctuation (Rechalie)
 +
•

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••

legend
0 ..·..
Map 19. Ground wat~level fluctuation (Oran)
 I

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•
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ft..... 0 Pr.".....t
 CAUVERY RIVER SYSTEM J

Name of the Catchment

SI.No.
Basin State area in Sq.kms

1 Karnataka 34,273
2 Kerala 2,866
3 Tamil nadu 43,868
4 Karaikkal region of 148
Pondicherry

Total 81,155
, -
THE PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARIES OF CAUVERY IN
KARNATAKA
Catchment
Sl. Name of the •
aream Sub-tributaries Name of the state
No. tributary
Sq.kms.
1 Harangi 717 - Karnataka
2 Hemavathy 5,410 - Karnataka
3 Kabini 7,040 Taraka,HebbaUa, Nugu, Karnataka, Kerala
Gundal & Tamiln Nadu
4 Suva rna va thy 1,787 - Karnataka &

Tamil Nadu
5 Lakshmanathirtha 1,690 Ramathirtha Karnataka
6 Shimsha 8,469 Veeravaishnavi, kanihalla, Karnataka
chickkhole, Hebbahalla,
MuUahalla & Kanva
7 Arkavathy 4351 Komaudavat-hy, Manihalla Karnataka & Tamil
& kuttehole, Vrishabhava- Nadu
thy
, -
WATERSHEDS IN TWO MAJOR BASINS

04 Krishna 391
47 1. Shima lower SHl 36 23652.70
48 2. Shima Upper SHU 71 44793.32
49 3. Krishna Lower KRl 59 39494.33
50 4. Krishna Middle KRM 36 22229.12
51 5. Krishna Upper KRU 85 54504.77
52 6. Tungabhadra lower TUl 59 41556.48
53 7. Tungabhadra Upper TUU 45 28519.41
05 cauvery 132
54 1. cauvery lower (CAL) CAL 28 17386.45
55 2. cauvery Middle (CAM) CAM 86 57280.98
56 3. Cauvery Upper (CAU) CAU 18 10958.80
GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM:
o The river Godavari rises in the Nasik district of
Maharastra about 80km from the shore of Arabian
sea, at an elevation of 1067m, after flowing for
about 1465km in a general south-easterly direction,
through Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh, Godavari
falls into the Bay of Bengal above Rajamundry.
o The Godavari has a drainage area of about
3,12,813 sq.kms.
GODAVARI RIVER SYSTEM
:~=

SI. Catchment area

Name of the Basin State
No. in Sq.kms. II

1 Maharastra 1,52,199
2 Madhya pradesh 26,168
3 Chhattisagarh 39,087
4 Karnataka 4,406
5 Andhra pradesh 73,201
6 Orissa 17,752
Total 3,12,813
, -
 THE PRINCIPAL TRIBUTARY OF GODAVARI

Name of Name of
SI. Origin Sub-
the Catchment area in Sq.kms. the
No. ,Altitude tributaries
tributary state
1 Manjra 15,667 Sq.kms - Bala ghat Tirina,Kara Maharas
Maharastra, •
range of nJa, tra,
4,406 Sq.kms - hills, Haldi,Lendi Karnatak
I
Karnataka,
823m & Mannar a
10,772 Sq.kms -Andhra Andhra
Pradesh
Pradesh
I
, -
I WEST FLOWING RIVER SYSTEM :
o The Western Ghats provides a principal geographical barrier
in the path of the Arabian Sea branch of the Southwest
monsoon, and is principally responsible for the heavy rainfall
over the western coastal belt.
o The Southwest monsoon season (june to september) is the
principal rainy season, over 90 % of annual rainfall is realised
In this period.
o The rivers in the Western Ghats region generally originate at
an elevation ranging from 400 meters to 1,600 meters above
the mean sea level, close to the Western Ghats ridge.
o The rivers generally flow westward and meet the Arabian Sea
after a short run varying from 50 kms to 300 kms. the rivers
are very steep in the upper reaches and fairly steep in the
middle reaches.
o It is only near the sea that they have relatively flat gradients
and some sort of flood plain. --
INDEPENDENT CATCHMENTS
o There are many independent catchment in the West Flowing River system, which are
indicated as below.
o a. Independent catchment between Sharavathi and Chakra river.
o There are numbers of independent streams joining the arabian seas. Kollur River,
Ghantihole, Venkatapur, Baindurhole, Shankargundi, Kumbarhole and Yedamavinahole are
the important streams in this reach.
o The entire catchment of the streams coming in this reach lies in the state of Karnataka.
o b. Independent catchment between Varahi and Netravathi river.
o The independent catchment comprises of streams namely Swarna, Seethanadhi, Mulki
river, Pavanje, Nadisalu, Gurpur,Yennehole and Madisalhole.
o The entire catchment of the streams coming in this reach lies in the state of Karnataka.
o c. Independent catchment between Netravathy and Chandragiri (Payaswani)
o The main streams draining are Chandragiri ( payaswani) and Shiriya river.
The Chandragiri rises west of Mercara in Coorg District of Karnataka State at an elevation
of about 600 Mts. Pyayaswani River originates from Patti Ghats reserve forest in Coorg
District of Karnataka at an elevation of 1350 Mts.
o The two river joins together at Machipana about 15 kms upstream of their out fall point into
Arabian sea near Kasaragud.
o It drains catchment area of 1406 Sq kms out of which 836 Sq kms lies in Karnataka state
and the balance portion in Kerala state.
THE LIST OF WEST FLOWING RIVERS, THEIR
IMPORTANT TRIBUTARIES
Catchment
•
SI.No. Name of the tributary aream Sub-tributaries Name of the state
Sq.kms,
1 Mahadayi/ Mandavi 2,032 Maderi Karnataka,Goa
2 Kalinadi 4,188 Pandhari, Tatti- Karnataka
halla and Nagi
3 Gangavalli(Bedthi) 3,574 - karnataka
4 Aghanashini (Tadri) 1,330 - Karnataka
5 Sharavathi 3,592 - Karnataka
6 Chakra Nadi 336 Kollur Karnataka
7 Varahi (Haladi) 759 - Karnataka
8 Netravathy 3,222 Gundiahole, Karnataka
Kumaradara and
Shisiahole.
9 Barapole 1,867 - Karnataka &
(Valapattanam) KeraJa
, -
'WATER OF WEST-FLOWING RIVERS OF
I KARNA~KA REMAINS UNUTILISEO'

o As much as 2,000 tmcft runs off into the Arabian

Sea from Karnataka of which "50 per cent to 75 per
cent is wasted into the sea."
o The total availability of water in Karnataka because
of its seven basins is 3,475 tmcft.
o Of that, the 13 west-flowing rivers, including Kali,
Sharavathi, Chakra, Nethravathi, Varahi, Mahadayi,
Bedthi, Aghanashini, and Barapole and the areas
lying in among these rivers contribute to total 2,000
tmcft.
o Of them, the rivers that flow close to the Cauvery
basin contribute 923 tmcft.
GROUNDWATER
I GROUNDWATER IS THE MAJOR SOURCE
o Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in
Karnataka.
o Over 90 percent of the drinking water supply schemes in
the rural areas of the state are based on ground water.
o This over exploitation is causing the fast decline of
ground water resources in the state.
o The result is the scarcity of safe drinking water across
many parts of Karnataka.
o In order to cater to the water requirement of the
expanding population, the existing water resources must
be conserved and prevented from
further degradation and depletion.
o Judicious and economic use of water resources for
agricultural, industrial and domestic purposes can help
in solving the problem to a large extent.
o Karnataka state depends on groundwater for
irrigation to the extent of 51 percent.
o Thus the State depends almost equally on
groundwater and surface water for irrigation.
STRESSFUL SITUATION OF WATER RESOURCES IN
KARNATAKA
L.--iMough Karnataka enjoys-a-Stlbstantial amount of
rainfall and has a significant quantity of water
resources, it is not enough to meet the ever
increasing water requirement of the state.
o Karnataka suffers repetitive droughts.
o In spite of the availability of water from the river
systems and tanks, Karnataka faces the serious
issue of 67 percent of its land marked for irrigation
falling under dry tracts.
PRESSURE ON THE WATER RESOURCES

o With a rapidly increasing population and improved living

standards, the pressure on the water resources is
constantly on the rise.
o The per capita availability of water resources is reducing
day by day.
o The erratic behaviour of rainfall and the Inter-State River
Water disputes aggravate the problem.
o The impact of climate change on the water resources
also cannot be ignored.
o Siltation of water bodies, misuse of resources, poor
management of catchment area, all add to the stressful
water resource situation in the state.
 TABLE 3: Ground\vater Resources of Kaluataka as 0112004 and 2009 (HA11)
Sl. NoParticulars As on200-l As on 1009
1 Net Anllual Ground \Vater Arailability 1519659 .• 1-l81015
-
'
Existine.. Ground waer draft for Irrie..atio 9 -l 31 900il2
3 Existing Ground \rater draft for domestic
n and industrial \rater supply 96581 999 5
4 Existing Ground \rater draft for all uses
10 1311 100068i
5 Prorision for domestic and industrial requiremellt supply for 2025 140693 116380
6 Ket Annual Ground \Valer Arailability for future irrigation derelopmenl 64 580 6180il
i Stage of Grollnd \rater derelopluent (%) 0 68
Sources: Government of Kal'nataka (2011)
TABLE 4: Assesslnent of Dyuallllc GrOlUldWater Resources of Kru'nataka State (2008-09)
SI.No Category Watersheds Taluks
1 Safe 123 70
2 Semi Critical 13 10
3 Critical 2 3
~ Over Exploited 64 35
5 Mixed Category 32 58
6 Total 234 176
Stage of Ground water development (0-0) 70 68
Sources: Government of Kamataka (2011)
 R-9-l-NJ E>-WA-TE R LEV-E-L5-
IN--------;
KARNATAKA(2013)
o The Obs network comprises 1385 stations-CGWB+ 382
piezometers drilled under Hydrology Project
o Depth to Water Level - May 2013-A total of 402
stations were found to be dry during the period.
o Depth to Water Level - August 2013- A total of 158
stations were found to be dry during the period.
o Depth to Water Level - November 2013- A total of 94
stations were found to be dry during the period.
o Depth to Water Level - January 2014- A total of 173
stations were found to be dry during the period.
FIG 3.1:DEPnf TO WATER LEVEL MAP OF KARNATAKA (2013 MAV, FIG 3.2:0SP'TH TO WATER L EVEL MAP OF ,OIJAUG)
, .. , 1-i.

KARNATAI(A Q
.

.......
-S>..-,

c::J U1;(I:t
c.tn;QJ!5 ~,kV)

,•.<•
I~'O
1',. ::II)
.",

,.
nc 3.3:DEf'TIofTO WATER ~eveL MN' Of KARNATAKA (2013NOV) FIG3.4:IlEPTH TO WATER ~EVE\.MAP OF KARNATAKA (2014 JAN)

u
- ~~.
(jO>d

c::J=
.
f:~t:;ttn.~g

,.,
1;. II)
!C,"
.",
FIG.3.5:WATER L.EVEL flUCTUATION MAf>OF KARNATAI<A FIG.:l.S:WATER LEVEL flUCTUATION MAP OF KARtlATAKA
(201~ MAY- 2013 NOVEMBERI (2013 MAY·1014 JANUARYI

l'I'M u!!O'Ci
-0.,... - !i,.e..
•• •• ".",'"r.
,.

7 _ .....~
I ) _3 lt Ite

.. ....
~

....: r... t.1 r....

' ..II~ 1.0 (ti

I· ~4ff:t"
•• "
 FIG.3,7:WATER Lev~L FLUCTU"110NMAP OF KARNATAKII

'" ...
(2012I11AY- ~()IS MAY)
.. fIG.3.a:Wil.TER LEVEl'LUcTlJATION MAP Of KARt"'T~K.t.
42012AUGUST- 2013 A~$T)

.....,.
, _ ,
". "4~
"~.2f.••
'.f) #""
'-''-'','.' , _ .
" ". ,r.
...0;
o·: - 1't~
, ."
4·ft"
',III ,..

., . .
,., Il
~~ li"ll:c
l. '.1 1 «

-
 FIG~.10:WATER LSVEL FLUC11JATIONM~ OF
FIG..J..9;WATER LE:.rSL FLUCTUATfON MAP KAANATAKA
OFKAANATAKA lao13JANUARY.~4JANUAR~
(2012 NOVEMBER. 1013 tJOVEUBER)
'" n' • • .'
'"

- P~b

:j.
..~ tel
I.) (.1
2-1l r.
0.1 t."

~I ~
 fIG :111 WAlllR U;VEL FUJCTU~110N M~P OF KARNAT.lI<A ftG.S.IZ: WAlllR UVEL FLUCTUAl10N MAPOF K"'ltIATAI<A
T<'
(OECAOAL UEAI'tMAY 2003 TO 2012.j,tAY 2013)
n" It· <;'T" 1W'
". ~
(OEC A O.oLMEAN AUCUST 2003 TO 201Z....UGVST

2013)

\ 00 -'
- c:::J
- ......
Cfll1lo1Jli jn'()
34 ,fI.
f."U
1.0F.
t.? a ••
I.e ,,~
., ~'M
FIG 1U- WATER lE";CFWC1\JATION..w> OF MARNA'''''' FIG1,,:WATEJll£1Ia flUCTIJATlOII loW> OF IWIUATAI(A
(DECADAl_,wL1AR'l2!lOJ TO 21)13. JA>II.IARI'lOIA,
..
(DECIoDAll.lE.&tl NOYEI.&aER 2D03 TO lOU. NDVEMOOR 2013,

-,_
CJ ""..

.
.., c ..
• •1 , _
I
-,_
! _I.I,.
• rH
HYDROCHEMISTRY
o The water samples from 794 shallow aquifers of NHNS from
30 districts were collected in the month of May 2012.
c Distribution of Electrical Conductivity= electrical
conductivity in the State shown wide variations (60-7320
j..JS/cmat 25° C). The maximum value for the parameter was
recorded in the sample collected from Belavanki, Gadag
district.
o Distribution of Chloride.
o The distribution of chloride followed similar trend as that of EC
and the values were in the range of 4 to 5085 mg/I, the
highest value recorded is for the sample collected from
o Bannikoppa, Koppal district which showed a value of 5085
mg/I.
DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE

o The distribution of nitrate in the State indicated that

the val ues are in the range of 1 to 350 mg/I and
the highest value was recorded in the sample
collected from Hirekoppa, Gadag district.
o A significant percentage of samples collected from
Bagalkot, Bangalore, Gulbarga, Bijapur,
Chamarajanagar, Chitradurga, Davanagere,
Dharwar, Gadag, Hassan, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore
and Tumkur districts showed nitrate concentration
greater than 45 mg/I rendering them unsuitable for
drinking
DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORIDE

o The occurrence of fluoride in ground water in the

State exhibited wide variations from 0.01 mg/I to 5.3
mg/I.
o The sample collected from Revanur, Gulbarga
district recorded thehighest value of 5.3 mg/I.
o In the State, 88% of the samples collected were
found to contain fluoride concentration in the
'desirable' limit (1.0 mg/I) for drinking followed by 95
0/0 in the 'permissible' (1.5 mg/I) range.

o Thus, about 5 % of the analysed samples are in the

'unsuitable' range.
 FlG4.2
FIG 4.2: DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDE IN KARNATAKA
DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIllE IN KARNATAKA (MAY 20121
,... STATE (MAY 2013)
". It"

•
t
". ". ". ,.. ...

ltg ... ltg'lld

CN."dO(m9'1)
-- ""',
C=:J _ .2tO
ltg,,.,jJ
.'....
".
r:=J -"".1000
c:::J •"'"

....
SJ).IOOO
,.ocq_l@

• "
 DISTRIBUTION OF ec IN I<AANATAKA (l;IAY
... W12)
FIG 4.1 Fig 4.1: DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN KARNATAKA
(MAY 2013)
• ,.. ,..
r n' ".

-~

-Stelilft legelld
CJ ""..'
1.>1If"'" <500
.s:o
" " .""'I"I>
500-150

. ,. ,.
i'=""j 'SO. ,."

.
IOCO.,,~ 1000·2000
."",
,;oo~~
""'--

-
 DlSTRIBIJT10N OF NITRATE IN KARNATAKA (MAY 2012) FIG FIG 4.3: DISTRIBUTION OF NITRATE IN KARNATAKA STATE
,. ". ".
4.3
(MAY 2013)
It· If'
". ,..

t:=J_
"-01
- sal.,
I.egsla.
_
l."oI111

ll~I.(mg I f )
".,
c=I .5·103
. "tee
r::::::::;J . ~. c::::J • 1(I)
I
_=:.J, . . , (I) !dO

. btu,.""
...

-
 OISTRIBUTlON OF FLUORloe IN KARNATAKA (MAY 2012) FIG 4.4 FIG4.4: DISTRIBUTION OF FLUORIDE IN KARNATAKA STATE

". ,.. ". ".

(MAY 2013)

". "'. ,.. ".

legend
- S t t e em
c : ::: :: J _ ..
_.
Legend
6uo,ide(mgll)

I j1-1.5
Legends I 1:.1,5

t- :::l <.
t , 1$
r=:-t .1 ~

."

-
 Percent of Ground \Vater Quality Affected Rural Habitations in Karnataka

Excess Iron 11.7

E.-.:cess~Itratf 7.19

Brackishness 7.87

Excess Iluortde 10.3

-
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Percent of Habitatrous
FIGl.TRE 1: Ground Water Quality Affected Rllral Habitation in Karuataka (%)
Sources: Government of Karnaraka (1011)
 Fig. 8A : PerC€ntage of villages having higher TH content In Karnataka

f
51 !O)
e

1
~
70.00 ~
'i f
i g t'"
I
J:l
i§ 12 ~
60.00 ~
"> ~
~

f i
~

I
- ... f
~ ~

..-
01 ~ -
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SO.OO ~ l!l
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....

.. COo ....
a:
.s; ~

!
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1 40.00 t
c. • j!j
E
:I ~

r
'0
30.00
8.
. I
Iif -
~

9 :--<
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20.00 ~ 51 ~ ...
n
ii
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I I ' '" i

3
t f.
is ~
!9

Iii to
10.00
!'>
!'>
i. '"'"
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"

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? ?

i
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t a

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~ ~ L1 ~ .:::t

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
2 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
"
I 4

Distrlct8

Page 32 01 364
 Fig. 11: Bacterial incidence In Karnakata f ..c : .
&!

1(/().(/()
(Percentage of affected villages)
!II
e
IQ
i t'" ~

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CD ..!
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2J J CD
:-a Q

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90.00

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en
s 60.00
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D.(/()
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2'1 22 23 24 25 26 27

Districts
Classified areas in India
SI.N States I Union Total No. of Safe Semi-critical Critical Remarks
o. Territories Assessed
Units Nos. "10 Nos. 0", Nos. 0", Nos. %
States
84 8
o o
3 Assam 23 23 100 0 0 0 Q_
4 ,. 5:3 5: 99 4 1 0
5 ~~~ ~ +-~1~~9~0+-~1~4-+~10~0~~~0~~~0~_~0+- ~
1~'K5 27 2 7 5 ~ 0 L .s
11 11 100 0 0 0 0
8 ~~ ~
~~~3~_1~1~~_~70+-~20~7-9+-~6~~3+-2~7~1~2~~114~-~~AH.~
9 ~ 116 18 16 21 18 _§~ ~
10 8 6 75 0 _1 ~ 1 1
11! I u& 14 14 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
1~ ~ zoo _962121 2_
1 .dl 271~-r~1~~+-~5~~~~~~~~~r-~~~~~4~+-~/1~~2~6-r------------~
14 K 152 126 83 22 14 3 2 1
15 3'13 224 72 6' 19 4 1 24
16 353 324 92 1~ 5 1 0 9 3
1!:!lm!r 8 8 100 0 0 0 _Q_ 0
1t! Mpr 7 7 100 0 0 0 0 0
19~ 22 22 100 0 0 0 0 0 0
~~nd-----+--~8~~~8~~~1110~O~0~-~o+-~7-+-_Q_7-~0~~~----------~
01 3'14 308 98 0 0 0 0 0
16_S~""""-------i zz IpuQ.@]?, 138 23 17 2 _1 ~ 11_q
23 :';,,,n 239 31 13 16 7 25 10 ~ 1-~ .,.

28 ~ 17 11 Ji_5 5 29 1 _Q_
29 West 269 231 86 38 14 _Q 0
Total States 5792 4235 73 518 9 169 3 800 14
-
 "_;, I

~&.!:! 33 33 100 0 0 0
1 1 100 0 0 0
3
4 i~& 1
2
1
0
JOQ
( 1
- -
50 0
- -
0
-I -
!,0
-
5 9 5 56 4 M_ 0 0 0
6 ~ 4 2 50 _0 0 0 1 ~ 11~
~
73 523 ~ 169 ~ 802 14 71 - c:: I_lY_
CLASSIFIED AREAS IN KARNATAKA
 CATEGORIZATION OF TALUKAS IN KARNATAKA
SINo Districts semt-crmcal Critical Over.Exploited
1 Bagalkot 1 Mudhol (C ) 1 Jamkhandl (NC) 1 Badami (C+NC)
2 Bagalkote (C+NC)
3 Bilgi (NC)
4 Hungund (NC)
5 Mudhol(NC)
2 Bangalore Rural 1 Devenhalli
2 Dodaballapur
3 Hoskote
4 Nelamangala
2 Bangalore Urban 1 Anekal
2 Bangalore East
3 Bangalore North
4 Bangalore South
4 Belgaum 1 Belgaum (NC) 1 Athanl (C+NC)
2 Chikodi (C) 2 Ballahongal (C+NC)
3 Gokak (C ) 3 Chikodi (NC)
4 Raibagh(C) 4 Gokak (NC)
5 Hukkeri (NC)
6 Ramdurg (C+NC)
7 Ralbagh(NC)
8 Saundatti (C+NC)
5 Bellary 1 Kudligi 1 Bellary (NC) 1 H.B. Halli
2 Hadagalli
6 Bidar 1 Basavana Bagevadi
1 Bidar
NC) 1 Bhalkl (NC)
7 Bijapur 1 Bijapur (NC) 1 Indi (NC)
2 Muddebihal (NC)
3 Sindgi (NC)
8 Chamrajnagara Chamrajnagara
1
(NC) 1 Gundiupet (NC)
9 Chikballapur 1 Bagepalil 1 Chikballapur
2 Chintamani
3 Gauribidalur
4 Gudibanda
5 Sidlaghata
10 Chikmagalur 1 Tarikere (NC) 1 Kadur
11 Chitradurga 1 Challakere (NC) 1 Chitradurga
2 Hosadurga 2 Hiriyur (NC)
3 Holalkere
12 Dakshin Kannada 1 Bantval
2 Puttur
13 Davangere 1 Harihar NC) 1 Channagiri (NC)
2 Davangere (NC)
3 Harpanahalll (NC)
4 Jagalur
 · .. -.-J -. _.

14 Dharwad 1 Dharwad
2 Navalgund (NC)
15 Gadag 1 Mundargi 1 Gadag (NC)
2 Nargund 2 Ron (NC)
16 Gulbarga 1 Afzalpur
17 Hassan 1 Belur (NC) 1 Arslkere (NC)
2 C R Petne (NC)
., u_ ....... I~I,....\

CATEGORIZATION OF TAlUKAS IN KARNATAKA

SINo Districts Semi-critical Critical Ove Ited
- 4 Holenarslpur (NC)
18 Haven 1 Haverl (NC) 1 Byadgl (NC)
2 Hirekerur (NC) 2 Ranibennur (NC)
19 Kolar 1 Bangarpet
2 Kolar
3 Malur
4 Mulbagal
5 Srlnlvaspur
20 Koppal 1 Kushtagl (NC) 1 Gangawati (NC)
2 Koppal (NC)
3 Yelberga
21 Mandya 1 Maddur (NC) 1 KrlshnaraJpet (NC)
2 Melavalll (NC) 2 Mandye (NC)
3 Nagamangala (NC) 3 Pandavapura (NC)
22 Mysore Tlrumakudal Narslpur
1 Mysore (NC)
1 (NC)
2 Nanjangud (NC)
23 Ralchur 1 Lingsugur (NC)
 - - . .
24 Ramanagaram 1 Channapatana (NC) 1 Magadi 1 Kanakapura (NC)
2 Ranmanagaram
3 Chlcknayakanhalll
25 Tumkur 1 Kunigal (NC) 1 Gubbi (NC)
2 Pavagada 2 Koratagere
3 Madhugiri
4 Sira (NC)
5 Tlptur (NC)
6 Tumkur (NC)
7 Turuvekere (NC)
26 Yad Ir 1 Yad Ir
I GROUNDWATER RESOURCES OF KARNATAKA

o Karnataka has groundwater resources estimated to

be around 485 TMC.
o Ground water resources have not been exploited
evenly across the state.
o In areas where adequate surface water is available,
exploitation of ground water resources is minimum.
o Exploitation of ground water in the dry taluks of
North and South interior Karnataka is higher as
compared to Coastal, Malnad and irrigation
com mand areas of the state.
ENERGY SUBSIDIES AND GROUND WATER
EXTRACTION

o The practice of providing power subsidies for agriculture has

played a major role in the decline of water levels in India. In
2009, of the total amount of ground water extracted, 89% was
for irrigation, and 11% was for domestic and industrial uses.
o Since power is a main component of the cost of ground water
extraction, the availability of cheap/subsidised power in many
states adds to the greater extraction of this resource.
o Moreover, electricity supply is not metered and a flat tariff is
charged depending on the horsepower of the pump.
o The Draft National Water Framework Bill, 2013
alsobbsuggested that over extraction of ground water should
be curtailed by regulating the use of electricity needed for its
extraction.
o The challenge is to find a balance between the needs of
farmers and the need to ensure sustainable use of ground
water
I INADEQUATE ~EGULATION OF GROUND WATER
LAW
o The government, from time to time has stated that ground
water needs to be managed as a community resource.
However, Section 7(g) of the Easement Act, 1882 states that
every owner of land has the right to collect and dispose within
his own limits all water under the land and on its surface
which does not pass in a defined channel.
o The legal consequence of this law is that the owner of the
land ncan dig wells in his land and extract water based on
availability and his discretion.
o Additionally, landowners are not legally liable for any damage
caused to the water resources as a result of over-extraction.
o The lack of regulation for over-extraction of this resource
further worsens the situation and has made private ownership
of ground water common in most urban and rural areas.
LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER

o The phenomena of local water users successfully managing their

water resources has been observed in only a few areas. The
Planning Commission recommended that local planners take the
following steps while planning for ground water management:
o ] Determining the relationship between surface hydrological
units such as watershed or river basins, and hydrological units
below the ground such as aquifers,
o 0 Identification of ground water recharge areas,
o IJ Maintaining ground water balance at the level of the village or
the watershed, and
o 0 Creating regulatory options at the community level such as
panchayat. Examples of activities that could be regulated at the
local level include drilling depth, distance between wells,
cropping patterns to ensure sustainability of aquifers and
participatory ground water management.
How MUCH WATER DOES AN URBAN CITIZEN
NEED?

o For communities with a population of between 20,000 to

100,000 - 100 to 150 litres per head per day
o For communities with a population of over 100,000 - 150 to
200 Iitres per head per day.
o 135 litres per person per day.
o The break-up was as follows:
o Bathing: 55 litres
o Toilet flushing: 30 litres
o Washing of clothes: 20 litres
o Washing the house: 10 litres
o Washing utensils: 10 litres
o Cooking: 5 litres
o Drinking: 5 litres.
o There are 80 reservoirs in Karnataka irrigating 12,91 ,110
hectares.
o There are 33217 minor irrigation tanks of all dimensions
irrigating a meagre 2,34,276 hectares.
o Other sources irrigate 160162 hectares.
o The area irrigated by major irrigation forms 77 percent of
the total surface irrigated area and that by minor irrigation
(tanks of all dimensions) and other sources form the rest
(23 percent).
o However, both the major irrigation reservoirs and minor
irrigation (tanks) receive water from rainfall and hence
the variation in rainfall has the greatest impact on the
surface irrigation.
Table 7: Groundwater supply in Karnataka
Groundwater structures Number Total gross irrigated area in ha
1. Dug wells (or Open wells) 456463 483074
2. Tube wells 619099 1288639
All Wells 1075562 1771713
Total surface and groundwater irrigated area 3457231
Source: Annual Season and Crop Statistics Report, 2007-08, Directorate of Economics and Statistics,
Government of Karnataka, Bangalore
YIELD IS GIVEN IN THE FOLLOWING
TABLE:

SI. No. River System Estimated average yield in

m.cum TMC Percentag
1 Krishna 27,451 969. 27.9()
2 ~auvery 12,03 . 425.0() 12.23
3 ~odavari 1,41~ 49.97 1.~
4 lWest Flowing river 56,60() 1998.83 57.51
5 North Pennar 90E 32.0() 0.92
6 ISouth Pennar
7
Palar
TOTAL 9840E 3475.241 10()
However, the economically utilisable water potential for Irrigation is about
48,000 Mcum (1695 TMC).
TOTAL
A-TER RESOURCES O-P-K-ARNA-IA
KA
o The average annual yield of the rivers of
the Karnataka has been roughly
estimated as 98406 m.cum.
0(3475 Tmc).
 THUMB RULE

o As a thumb rule, usually 1 TMC of water can irrigate 4000

ha of semi dry crops or 1000 ha of paddy or 1600 ha of
sugarcane.

Table 15. Estimated Water Supply and demand in TMC (thousand million cubic feet)
Items Current year 2020
Estimated Supply 1695 TMC of surface water 1975 TMC of surface water
485 TMC of groundwater 364 TMC of_g_roundwater
Estimated Demand A. Irrigation: 1362 TMC
B. Industrial use 33.24 TMC
C. Livestock: 57.64 TMC
D. Domestic: 93.72 TMC
Total: 1547 TMC
Estimated Supply - + 633 TMC + 316
Demand gap
Source: http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/statewaterpolicy-2002.htm.
1 TMC = 1 thousand million cubic foot;
I COST AND PRICING OF WATER

o Cost of surface water in Rs/cu.m reservoir &

tank)
o The crop wise cost of surface water for reservoir /
tank indicates that it ranges from Rs. 86 to Rs. 988
per ha depending upon the water use intensity of
the crop.
o For instance
o for paddy the surface water cost is Rs 247 per ha,
o for sugarcane it is Rs. 988 per ha,
o for horticulture crops it is Rs. 148 per ha and
o for semi dry crops it is Rs. 87 per ha.
COST OF GROUNDWATER

o Cost of groundwater in Rs/cu.m (open & tube wells)

including pricing of Electricity in the state
o The electricity tariff for pumping groundwater (during
2005, the latest) are as under:
o I. Till electric meters are fixed -
o For I.P. Sets Up to and inclusive of 10 HP,the
farmers are to pay Rs. 20 per HP per month and 40
paise per unit(1 unit = 1 Kilo watt hour);
o II. where electric meters are already fixed, farmers
are to pay Rs 10 per HP per month and 40 paise per
unit;
o III. for Coconut and Areca nut plantations, Lift
Irrigation Schemes / Community Irrigation Schemes
of all capacities.
o the tariff is Rs. 20 per HP per month and one rupee
(or 100 paise) per unit;
o IV. for I.P. Sets above 10 HP, and for Private
Horticultural Nurseries and Coffee and Tea
plantations irrespective of sanctioned load.
o the tariff is Rs 30 per HP per month, and one rupee
per unit.
Table 18: Cost of groundwater
SI. Irrigation water Irrigation cost (Rs/ha) Irrigation cost (Rs/ha)
Crops
No use in mm @ Rs. 6.33/mm @ Rs.l0/mm
1 Maize 600 3798 6000
2 Onion 600 3798 6000
3 Paddy 1150 7280 11500
4 Potato 650 4115 6500
5 Sugarcane 2000 12660 20000
6 Tomato 600 3798 6000
7 Wheat 600 3798 6000
8 Cotton 700 4431 7000
9 Banana 1000 6330 10000
10 Pomegranate 600 3798 6000
11 Carrot 700 4431 7000
12 Mango 500 3165 5000
13 Coconuts( no.) 1000 6330 10000
14 Arecanut (Chali) 800 5064 8000
SEVERAL ISSUES IN WATER USE
KRISHNA WATER DISPUTES TRIBUNAL

o On the 10-4-1969, the Government of India

constituted the Krishna Water Disputes Tribunal for
adjudication the water dispute regarding the inter
state river Krishna and the river valley thereof.
o The tribunal gave it's report on 24- 12 - 1973.
o The tribunal gave it's further reports on 27 -5- 1976.
o The water allocated to the state of Karnataka is 700
TMC.
I KRISHNA RIVER WATER ACCORD
o The Bachawat commission (KWDT I) went over the
matter in detail and gave its final award in 1973.
o The award contended based on 75% dependability that
the total quantum of water available for distribution was
2060 TMC.
o This was divided between the three states in the
following manner.
o Maharashtra 560 TMC
o Karnataka 700 TMC
o Andhra Pradesh 800 TMC
THE CAUVERY WATER DISPUTE

o The Cauvery Water Dispute has given an Interim

Order directing Karnataka to release water from
it's reservoirs in Karnataka so as to ensure that
205 TMC of water is available in Tamil Nadu 's
Mettur Reservoir in a Water year.
o Karnataka shall not increase it's area under
irrigation by the waters of river Cauvery beyond
existing 11.2 Lakh Acres.
A REPORT SAYS:

o "There will be no harm to any of the basins like

Hemavathi and Lakhmana Theertha by diverting the
flows. Besides, the diversion of 300 tmcft to 400 tmcft
water would help irrigate substantial land in the basins of
the Cauvery, Hemavathi, Herangi and Krishnaraja Sagar
(estimated to be 11 lakh acres) that are crying for water."
o Of the 48 taluks of nine districts in Karnataka, lying
wholly or partly in Cauvery basin, 28 taluks are identified
drought-prone.
 ~ ~

ROCK BOTTOM- UMAKURU,

MARCH 25, 2015, DHNS:

o Efforts to get ground water

ground have failed in most
br digging deep into the
the places.
0
o Only a few parts in Gubbi, Turuvekere, Kunigal and Tiptur in
the jurisdiction of Hemavathi canal are getting ground water at
a depth of 1200 foot.
o Still, borewells are being sunk up to 1800 foot for water in
Chelur hobli in Gubbi taluk.
o Madhugiri,Chikkanayakanahalii and Koratagere taluks were
found to be using ground water to the maximum limit in a joint
survey conducted by Central and State ground water
authorities in 2009.
o The ground water level has gone down by 650 foot in these
taluks while it is 350 in other taluks.
 WI L BANGALORE HAVE TO BE EVACUATED BY 2023?
~"'-I-he Government of Ka-fflata-ka-wll-I-Aav-teo ------
i;-i-

evacuate half of Bangalore in the next ten years,

due to water scarcity, contamination of water and
diseases. "
o It is corroborated by the lab results at the Public
Health Institute, and the Department of Mines and
Geology of the Karnataka government.
o The results reveal that 52 per cent of the borewell
water, and 59 per cent of tap water in Bangalore, is
not potable and contain 8.4 per cent and 19 per
cent E.coli bacteria respectively.
o The reason: the groundwater in at least half of Bangalore
is contaminated with sewage water.
o In 1790, a British captain had described Bangalore as the
land of a thousand lakes.
o Today less than 200 of those 1000 lakes remain and are
no more than sewage tanks.
o The sewage water contaminates the ground water and
percolates into the borewells.
o For those wondering where the 800-odd lakes
disappeared
o The 850 km of storm water drains meant to carry surplus
water from higher elevation lakes to lower levels in a
cascading system of natural rainwater harvesting, now
instead carry the city's sewage into these existi ng so
called lakes.
o A report says: Only 30 per cent of the sewage is treated
by the sewage treatment plants and the rest flows into
the existing lakes.
o An estimated 35 percent of water meant for the city is
wasted in leakages.
o This means of the 1400 million litres per day (MLD) that
Bangalore draws, nearly 500 MLD is lost as leakage, and
with 150 MLD allotted to industries, one crore
Bangaloreans will have to make do with 750 MLD
everyday in 2016.
o This will work out to 75 litres per capita per day (LPCD)
while the Government of India norm for metro cities is
150 LPCD.
o Clearly there is a huge mismatch between demand and
supply of water from the Cauvery.
o Bangalore gets an annual rainfall of 900 mm.
o But the use of over 3 lakh borewells in the city to draw
ground water amounts to almost three and a half times
water drawn than the amount received to recharge it.
c Hence, it comes as no surprise then that most borewells
have gone deeper, even up to 1000 feet and the ones
which aren't as deep have run dry.
o The greater fear is that even this polluted water may not
be available after 2018.
o And rainwater harvesting is merely symbolic in the
Garden city.
o Out of 18 lakh properties, only 44,000 houses have
rainwater harvesting structures.
c Most residential properties then rely on water supplied
through tankers, that have emerged as one of the most
powerful lobbies in Bangalore.
o It is such a booming business, that there have been
instances of the water tanker mafia using force to prevent
residential societies from digging borewells to reduce
their expenditure on water supplied by them.
o In its report in January 2010, the Agenda for Bengaluru
Infrastructure and Development (ABIDe) Task Force
suggested rejuvenating the lakes in the region, as part a
Bangalore Water 2020 blueprint.
o It also asked for focus on recycling of water, adding "a
specific target should be set for the quantity of water that
can be supplied from lakes by 2012.
o The goal for obtaining 500 MLD from the Integrated
Water Management project may be set as the initial
target."
lUSE OF DEMAND MANAGEMENT
-----~
o Experts have suggested the use of demand
management in agriculture to address excessive
ground water exploitation.
o This will reduce dependence of agriculture on
groundwater.
o These measures include:
o Dry-season crop planning for a specific area
depending on the aquifer type, ground water
extraction, monsoonal rainfall and the water table
level.
o This would include some degree of shift towards
higher-value and less-water consumption crops.
o Adoption of modern precision irrigation
technologies such as drip and sprinkler
systems which will help reduce evaporation
and other non-beneficial, non-recoverable
fractions of water use in agriculture.
o Restrictions to control ground water
abstraction or use through regulatory
measures.
o These may include restricting the depth of
irrigation water wells, establishing and
enforcing minimum distances between
irrigation.
I STATE WATER POLICY-2002
o As per Entry 56 of the list I of the Constitution,
development and management of Water is primarily
a "State Subject", with legislation and
administration substantially framed within the
context of State boundaries.
OBJECTIVES
o 4.1 Provide drinking water at t e rate of 55 litres per person per day
in the rural areas, 70 litres per person per day in towns and 100 litres
per person per day in the city municipal council areas and 135 litres
per person per day in city corporation areas.
o 4.2 Create an ultimate irrigation potential of 45 lakh hectares under
major, medium and minor irrigation projects.
o Facilitate creation of an additional irrigation potential of 16 lakh
hectares by individual farmers using ground water.
o 4.3 Improve performance of all water resources projects.
o 4.4 Improve productivity of irrigated agriculture by involving users in
irrigation management.
o 4.5 Harness the hydropower potential of the State.
o 4.6 Provide a legislative, administrative and infrastructural
environment, which will ensure fair, just and equitable distribution
and utilization of the water resources of the State to benefit all the
people of the State.
KEY/SSUES
o Present Institutional Arrangements
o Past Investments
o Utilization
o Tanks
o Operation & Maintenance Expenditure
o Drinking Water Demand
o Water Quality
o Irrigation Management.
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN
KARNATAKA:
o Agriculture being the main occupation of the state,
Irrigation place utmost significant part in obtaining
increased yields from the land.
o The development of Irrigation in the state was slow
and unsystematic during the pre independence era.
o However, there were some notable Irrigation works
undertaken and completed during the pre
independence.
o There were more than 25,000 tanks scattered over
erstwhile Mysore state.
'-"'- ANGIA ~ A-N-B-PII V-st-GA ~P R9S-A---l
N1
AMME
o KARNATAKA NEERAVARI NIGAM LIMITED
o KRISHNA BHAGYA JALA NIGAM LIMITED
o ACCELERATED IRRIGATION BENEFIT
PROGRAMME (AIBP)
o NABARD ASSISTED PROJECTS
o WATER AND LAND MANAGEMENT INSTITUTE
(WALMI)
WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT

o The Water Resources Department is one of

the major department in the Government of
Karnataka.
o The Department harnesses Surface Water for
Irrigation and Drinking Water Purposes.
o The Irrigation projects are classified under two
categories, as indicated below depending upon
the extent of culturable command area (CCA).
ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDERED:
o Institutional Arrangement
o Allocation Priorities
o Expenditure Prioritization
o Participatory Approach to
Water Resources Management
o Improving Agricultural
Production & Farm Incomes
o Restructuring of Water
Resources Department
o Water Rights
o Governance
o Private Sector Participation
o Water Rates
o Removal & Prevention of
Encroachments
o Catchment & Command Area
Treatment
0 Ground Water Recharge
0 Coastal Management Plan
0 Rainwater Harvesting and
Water Conservation
0 Ecology
0 Disaster Management
0 Mini Hydel Schemes
0 Monitoring
0 Training
0 Research
0 Eco- Tourism
.-F=t-I·-RMl:J-b-A-TE-AN-Q IMP L [ MEN T P RGd-EG-T-S-AN-t-I-
D-------;
SCHEMES

o Formulate and implement projects and schemes of

rainwater harvesting and recharging of underground
water sources, with community participation.
o Review existing legislative framework, draft new
legislation and propose amendments to existing
legislative framework
o Complete all on-going and committed water resource
development projects
o Undertake and complete rehabilitation and development
of all Minor Irrigation Tanks on the basis of participation
by water-users including farmer, within period of 10 years
and entrust these works and also subsequent Operation
& Maintenance with Tank Users Associations which will
themselves regulate water use, cropping pattern, levy
and collection of water-user charges.
o Establish Water Resource Data Information Center
RESTRUCTURE THE WATER RESOURCES
DEPARTMENT
o Restructure the Water Resources Department to improve planning
and management capabilities, eliminate multiplicity of functions,
increase efficiency of plan and non-plan expenditure, train and
redeploy staff based on needs, change operating rules to ensure
transparency and accountability and make the Department
responsive to user needs.
o Assess overall water resource availability, current and future
problems and conflicts and identify drought and flood risk zones in
each river basin.
o Mobilize community and stakeholder participation through Users
Organizations, empower them, provide training, technical support
and create public awareness.
o Develop integrated, conjunctive basin management plan using
participatory approach.
o Develop plans for modernization and rehabilitation
of water resources projects as well as reclamation
of water logged and salt affected lands and
implement them.
o Restructure and strengthen Training, Research and
Development Institutions in the water sector to
meet technology requirements to support basin
planning, participatory approaches and render
technical assistance to users organizations.
ACT ONLY ON PAPER

o The Government of Karnataka implemented the

Karnataka Ground Water (Development and
Maintenance Rules and Control) Act in 2011 to
prevent the overuse of ground water.
o But this Act is not being followed properly, the green
activists said.
IRRIGATION THROUGH GROUND WATER-INDIA

o The largest component of ground water use is the

water extracted for irrigation. The main means of
irrigation in the country are canals, tanks and wells,
including tube-wells. Of all these sources, ground
water constitutes the largest share. Wells, including
dug wells, shallow tube-wells and deep tube wells
provide about 61.6% of water for irrigation, followed
by canals with 24.5%.
GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION

o Ground water contamination is the presence of certain pollutants in

ground water that are in excess of the limits prescribed for drinking
water.
o The commonly observed contaminants include arsenic, fluoride,
nitrate and iron, which are geogenic in nature.
o Other contaminants include bacteria, phosphates and heavy metals
which are a result of human activities including domestic sewage,
agricultural practices and industrial effluents.
o The sources of contamination include pollution by landfills, septic
tanks, leaky underground gas tanks, and from overuse of fertilizers
and pesticides.
o It has been pointed out that nearly 60% of all districts in the country
have issues related to either availability of ground water, or quality of
ground water, or both.
, ..I

, -
I\JUIVlt:5t:.ti ur- ~ IAI t:.~ AI\lU UI~I til\._, I o
AFFECTED BY GEOGENIC
CONTAMINANTS AS ON JULY 2014.
o States and districts affected by geogenic contamination in
groundwater
o Geogenic contaminants /Number of affected states/ Number
of affected districts
o Arsenic 10 68
o Fluoride 20 276
o Nitrate 21 387
o Iron 24 297
o Source: Central Ground Water Board; PRS.
o The Committee on Estimates 2014-15 that reviewed the
occurrence of high arsenic content in ground water observed that
68 districts in 10 states are affected by high arsenic
contamination in groundwater.
o These states are Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal, Assam, Manipur and
Karnataka.
LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY FRAMEWORK

o Currently, the Easement Act, 1882 provides every landowner

with the right to collect and dispose, within his own limits, all
water under the land and on the surface.
o This makes it difficult to regulate extraction of ground water as
it is owned by the person to whom the land belongs.
o This gives landowners significant power over ground water.
o Further the law excludes landless ground water users from its
•
purview.
o Water falls under the State List of the Constitution.
o This implies that state legislative assemblies can make laws
on the subject.
LEGISLATIVE AND POLICY FRAMEWORK
o In order to provide broad guidelines to state
governments to frame their own laws relating to
sustainable water usage, the central government has
published certain framework laws or model Bills.
o In 2011, the government published a Model Bill for
Ground Water Management based on which states
could choose to enact their laws.
o In addition, it outlined a National Water Policy in 2012
articulating key principles relating to demand
management, usage efficiencies,
o infrastructure and pricing aspects of water. As
recommended in this policy, the government published a
National Water Framework Bill in 2013.
AGRICULTURAL CROP PRICING AND WATER
INTENSIVE CROPS

o In the last four decades, roughly 84% of the total

addition to the net irrigated area has come through
ground water.
o The primary cause of over-exploitation has been
the rising demand for ground water from
agriculture.
o Further, decisions such as cropping pattern and
cropping intensity are taken independent of the
ground water availability in most areas.
rablr ~: \Vatrr lI~rfor crop pro~lIctionin ~iffrrrnt countlir~ (in cubic Inrtl'r~/tounr)
~ro~s an~~ro~ ~ro~ucts ,
Avera~eamountof water nee~eato ~row cro~s in
i i

~rali In~ia C~in~ ~nite

Rire J,~~L L,~~~ 1,JL1 ~t~les
1JL/o

~~~~r~~e 100 10~ 111 1~J

W~eat 1,010 1JOo~ o~~ ~~

Co~on L,III ~,LO~ 1,~1~ L,OJO

~oUl~es:National \Valer Fool~rilllAccount. UNE~CO·lllstinltefOf 'Vater Eoucatioll,May 1~11;PRS,
ESTIMATION OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES

o The current assessment methodology uses 15,640

observation wells for over 30 million ground water
structures, which makes the available data
indicative and not representative.
o The rate of siltation in Tunga 8adra Reservoir is
5.27 Hectare Meter per 100 Sq Km per year
which has reduced the capacity of Reservoir by
11 TMC from 1953 to 1985 .
THANK YOU