An Existential Analysis of the Voluntary Immigration Experience of Iranians

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
1.1Research Aim............................................................................................................................4
1.2 Research Objective..................................................................................................................4
1.3 Research Question...................................................................................................................5
1.4 Scope of the study....................................................................................................................5
2. Literature Review..........................................................................................................................5
2.1 Voluntary immigration experience of Iranians with other countries.......................................5
2.1.2 Voluntary Immigration discrimination & social support experience caused to Iranians. .7
2.1.3 Voluntary Immigration experience of Iranians with Canada............................................9
2.1.4 Mental health outcomes subjected to voluntary immigration of Iranians to Australia...10
2.1.5 Acculturation of Iranian Immigrants in the U.S..............................................................10
2.1.6 Various experiences caused during Iranians voluntary migration to Sweden.................11
2.1.7 Existential Voluntary Immigration of Iranians...............................................................12
3. Methodology................................................................................................................................13
3.1Research Design......................................................................................................................13
3.2Data Collection.......................................................................................................................13
3.3Tool used.................................................................................................................................13
4. Conclusion...................................................................................................................................13
5. Reference.....................................................................................................................................14
1. Introduction

In many parts of the country, Iranians settled down around the world in different countries

like Australia, Canada, U.S.The research helps to predicate the challenges caused by humanitarian

and non-humanitarian problems were considered as experiences faced by the people of Iranians to

form a new society. The disengagement caused by migration from the host country and the barrier

factor that causes migration was integrated with the challenges of the people during migration.

The problem faced by Iranian people to maintain their identity during their settlement in other

countries impacted the lives of people. Additionally, the problem related to employment in a new

country during migration added to the existing problem caused during migration. Self-

categorization theory, Tajfel social identity theory, cross adaptation, and integrative theory of

communication were guidance for the solution provided to solve the challenges in-migration by

using theoretical framework by (Turner et al. 1987; Tajfel, 1982; Kims, 2001; Berry, 1997).

Perceived discrimination, identity, employment, the impact of demographic variables on

settlement, identity, barriers, and facilitators to initial settlement was challenges during migrating

to other countries from Iran.

The migrants was tend to adopt an acculturation strategy was considered as the integration

of Iranian people with other countries. The migrant felt difficult in maintaining the heritage

culture and the host society culture was considered a difficult task for migrated people. Depending

on various domains and spheres of life, the acculturation strategy helps the people in various ways

to address the issues caused by adopting the culture. Selective adaptation method of preferred by

migrants by (Navas et al. 2005). Loss of occupational status, a lengthy transition of the labour

market, lack of local networking and connections between the people cause numerous challenges

for Iranian migrants in different parts of the country in finding employment suitable for the skill

set. The participation of humanitarian visa holders was prevented due to a lack of English
language proficiency. Religious identity was considered as another challenging factor during

migration in other countries. Nearly three million people were migrated from Iran starting from

130,000 in the year 1970, increasing to 480,000 in the year 1978 and reaching the top in the year

1979 with migration of 830,000 people. Nearly 4,037,258 Iranian people were shifted to other

countries reported by the ministry of foreign affairs of Iran published new statistics in the year

2021.

The United States with the percentage of thirty-two percent of people, Germany with

eleven percent of people, United kingdom with six percent of the people, Turkey with five percent

of the people, Sweden with five percent of people, Canada with fourteen percent of the people

were migrated from Iran to other parts of the world. Predisposing, proximate, precipitating, and

mediating were considered as factors for the migration of people from Iran to other parts of the

world.

1.1Research Aim

The complex relationship of the Iranian with a homeland, various experiences caused

voluntary immigration to other countries of the world. The reproduction of the homeland culture

was affected with immigration had different experiences for Iranian people in different countries

based on language barriers, employment, lack of information about health and services and lack of

social support, sense of discrimination across different countries was discussed.

1.2 Research Objective

The uncovered challenging experiences of Iranian people during voluntary immigration to

other countries and to investigate the acculturation experiences of Iranian immigrants on

humanitarian and non-humanitarian experiences in other parts of the country.

1.3 Research Question

1. What are the challenging experiences faced by Iranian voluntary immigration to other countries

in the world?

2. What impacts the acculturation strategies adopted by Iranian migrants?

1.4 Scope of the study

Various social, economic, and political factors forced Iranian people to emigrate

voluntarily from their country. The analysis was based on various experiences of Iranian people

faced during their immigration to various countries. The integration of host societies in Iran was

integrated with migration-related challenges. The view of the health concept of Iranian people was

different from western concepts during immigration to other countries.

2. Literature Review

2.1 Voluntary immigration experience of Iranians with other countries

Health factors were also considered as another of the factors of immigration by (De

Vroome et al. 2010; Gerristen et al. 2006).To seek a better future some people have migrated to

another country by themselves (Dastjerdi et al. 2012). Depression, anxiety, adverse health

consequences, health care access issues, loss of social network, and social marginalization

contribute to challenges caused by immigration (Lipsicas et al. 2012; Lipson and Meleis, 1983;

Bhugra, 2005; Norredam et al. 2006; Grove and Zwi, 2006; Merbach et al. 2008; Erim et al. 2011;

Bermejo 2010). Maintaining relationships with friends and relatives exists in their own country

during immigration was considered a major impact of immigration, added with challenges faced

by adapting to a new country was integrated with other problems during immigration (Schweitzer

et al. 2011).
 Nearly last years, Islamic revolution, war, political changes, and sanctions from the united

states of America make people of Iranians immigrate themselves to other countries from their host

country(Gholamshahi, 2009; Jafari, 2010). Most of the people from the Middle East were

compromised by immigration to face the challenges in the host country (Dastjerdi et al. 2012;

Martin 2009). Compared from the year 2006 the number of Iranian who immigrated to Canada

increased to one hundred and forty-seven percent. Iranian was found throughout the world in

many countries such as Australia, Europe, Canada, and Asia. The motivation for migration helps

to create an impact worldwide.

The mental health of Iranians was affected due to immigration from their host country.

Based on the research and analysis it was predicted that most of the people immigrated to

Germany was suffering from mental disorder (Haasen et al. 2008). But the reason affecting the

mental health of the people during migration to other countries was predictable. During social

engagement learning the host country language was considered the greatest challenge for Iranians

from their host country. Some of the analysis predicates that mental distress during migration may

be caused due to poor language skills of Iranian people and inability to understand English leads

to affect the mental health of most of the people in the host country (Steel et al. 2011). Social

isolation, depression, and anxiety were considered as adverse effects caused by immigration by

(Dasjerdi et al. 2012).

The other important stress experienced by Iranians starts with the problem in finding the

right employment in new shifted countries. Mental disorders, depression, anxiety, high-stress

levels lead to insecure economic conditions were experienced by the people of Iranians migrating

to other countries in finding employment for their survival. Iranian immigrants were suffered due

to underemployment and unemployment problems in their immigrated countries decreased the

self-confidence of the Iranian people. In the USA, even highly professional from Iranian was not

able to find a suitable job matching their skill set.

 Iranian women in Canada find the right job based on their skill set but suffer from the

separation of their children from their host country (Jafari et al. 2010). Migration pathway,

language barriers, employment, perceived discrimination, Iranian community, and inter-

community tensions was different kinds of challenges faced by Iranian people during

immigration.

2.1.1 Voluntary Immigration experience with health care service in different countries

From the host countries, not having enough knowledge about health care services leads to

the worst experience with Iranian immigrants. Health care seeking activities for needed people of

immigrants was delayed due to the unavailability of health-seeking professionals among Iranian

immigrants. Additionally, health care information and prevention activities related to health care

were available in the migrated country in their language was difficult to understand for Iranian

immigrants. Pamphlets and daily living needs were published in the Canadian language led to the

worst experience for Iranian immigrants in understanding their language. Instead of addressing the

health care problems accessing health care was critical for immigrants. The lack of access to

appropriate mental health services creates Iranian immigration to Germany with disorder

untreated for a long time (Haassen et al. 2008). The increased mental health of immigrants in

Australia from Iranian immigrants was caused by a lack of information and confusion (Neale et al.

2007).

2.1.2 Voluntary Immigration discrimination & social support experience caused to Iranians

The other common experience from the people during immigration from Iranian was

leaving their family, friends, and close relatives in the host country. The individual health of

immigrants was affected due to a lack of social support by other countries. The challenging

problems caused by immigration such as unemployment, stress, and problem-related to poor

language proficiency was considered to be diminished by support from family, friends, and social
networks. The Iranians were not frequently a part of the connected homogenous social network

due to multicultural, multi-language, and multi-region attitudes remaining naturally with them.

But nearly seventy-two percentage of Iranians in contrast had social network interconnection with

them was proved by the research and analysis held in Sweden during immigration. The remaining

twenty-eight percent of immigrant Iranians were affected with mental health problems due to poor

social network connections and social support experience in their shifted country.

The discrimination problem experience was considered as another important issue faced

by Iranians due to immigration. The depression and mental health problem of migrated Iranians

has impacted due to discrimination was evident by research and analysis conducted by(Lipson,

1992; Saechao et al. 2012; Tinghog et al. 2010; Dossa, 2002; Bayard et al. 2001; Lay and Safdar,

2003; Wiking et al. 2004; Martin, 2012). Ethnic discrimination was experienced by the people

who shifted to Sweden (Wiking et al. 2004). The adverse psychological side effects were caused

to Iranian people due to immigration fear. The mental health problem faced by a group of

immigrated Iranian people was reflected by a conceptual framework that represents social and

cultural problems in the country.

The health of Iranian immigrants was severely affected due to experiences caused due to

discrimination, lack of information about health care services, unemployment, lack of social

support, and language problems. The psychological problem of the people raised due to intimate

partner violence is considered the biggest cultural issue faced by Iranian immigrants. Apart from

most of the problems faced by Iranian immigrants, the mental disorder was experienced by most

people. The mental health of the Iranians was adversely affected in host countries due to the

Islamic revolution of Iran, recent economic sanctions against the country, and the eight-year

continuous Iran-Iraq war. Based on the analysis it was evident the lack of health care services

problems caused by Iranian immigrants in other countries was caused mainly due to language

barriers and effective communication (Steel et al. 2011).

 But researchers based on the analysis stated that cultural misunderstanding and lack of

health care knowledge in them leads to health care problems with Iranian immigrants not by

language problem (Dossa, 2002). The problem caused due to employment impacts most of the

mental health of Iranian immigrants. The reduced self-esteem and self-confidence, depression,

and anxiety among the people force them to experience negative effects of employment problems

that adversely affect the mental health of the people. Compared with other country's migration

problems unemployment problem experience occupies the first place in causing the health hazards

associated with mental disorders with them. In a new shifted country lack of social support was

experienced by most of the people who immigrated. Researchers stated that the people who

immigrated to the USA was not have the ability to develop a connected organized network with

them. Immigrants' new life in other countries was affected due to political, cultural, religious, and

political issues integrated with diversities of Iranian culture by (Lipson, 1992).

2.1.3 Voluntary Immigration experience of Iranians with Canada

The problem caused by language and communication was considered a major problem of

Iranian immigrants with Canada by(Emami et al. 2000; Karimi, 2003; Dossa, 2004; Dastjerdi,

2007).To use health care services persistently in Canada, immigrants expect the health care

providers from the same community leads away to a problem in health care services prevented in

migrated countries. The people speaking other than English and French were welcomed by the

people of Canadian countries. By the year 2006-2008, it was estimated that nearly ninety-five

thousand four hundred twenty people were Iranian was settled down in Canada. Nearly forty

thousand Iranians were settled down in major parts of Canada like the greater Toronto area. Lack

of trust in Canadian health care services, lack of knowledge in Canadian health care services,

financial limitation, and fear of disclosure was different kinds of psychological experience was

experienced by immigrants of Iranians in Canada.

2.1.4 Mental health outcomes subjected to voluntary immigration of Iranians to Australia

The migratory moments of Iranians to Australia were huge in number for the past few

decades. Based on two major components Australia develops the immigration program based on

two components. Migration and humanitarianism were the two components that played a

significant role in migration. The program related to humanitarianism concentrated mainly on

discrimination solutions to the people coming from outside the country to help to solve the

discrimination problems of Iranians due to voluntary migration from their country.

In Australia, it was estimated that the ten biggest national groups belonging to Iranian

groups were stated by the department of immigration and citizenship (Temple, 2018). By using

boats numerous amount of Iranians migrated to Australia. The people come to Australia through

boats was considered as illegal maritime arrivals and was detained by asylum seekers to protect

Australia immigration borders policies was considered one of the worst experience faced by

Iranians during Migration to Australia.

2.1.5 Acculturation of Iranian Immigrants in the U.S

For the past fifteen years, many people have been migrated voluntarily to the United States. Most

people from Iran migrated to other parts of the country such as Asia, Europe. The home culture of

Iranians was different from American culture experienced so many difficulties in accepting the

culture. The United States and Iran were different in many aspects such as America was an

industrial nation following Judeo Christian heritage with a history of democracy having young

people but Iranians were based on Moslem heritage with a history of the monarchy following

preindustrial nation stated by (Brown and Landreth 1983). Acculturation to American culture for

Iranian migrants was considered a challenging experience for them. The immigrants try to adapt

to the newly moved culture. Based on various components behavioral, social, language

acculturation of the Iranian immigrants with the United States was measured by (Mendoza, 1989;
Szapocznik et al. 1978). The emotional and psychological problems were caused by adapting to a

new culture. Inventory, lifestyle, and culture were three components used to measure

acculturation. By numerous researchers, the relationship between acculturation and mental health

was analyzed. To retain the native culture the immigrants of Iranians experience more adjustment

difficulties by (Griffith 1983; Szapocznik et al. 1980).

2.1.6 Various experiences caused during Iranians voluntary migration to Sweden

Employment, marriage, promoting education after immigration, divorce, satisfaction of

life, and attitude of immigrant forces Iranian to move from Sweden to their host country. The host

and immigrant communities face both the advantages and problems were caused due to migration

were evident from the 21st century. Nearly two hundred million people were living outside the

country were started in the UN report. The element of globalization was achieved by immigration.

Compared with the population of Iran, the number of people who migrated to other countries was

large in number. Different characteristics and different times nearly for past hundred years

Iranians were migrated from their host to other countries. All over the world, Iranian of different

social classes migrated. Sending students for sephslar and Qajar era was considered as the first

wave of voluntary immigration starts. Later former Soviet Union forced the people of Iranian to

migrate to other countries starts with runaway communists. Some paradoxes arrived with Iranian

immigrations. Iran has a problematic relationship with UAE and US, on the other hand, the most

number of Iran people migrated to these two countries in large numbers. Most of the Iranian

people migrated to Sweden due to its geographical distance from Iran. Additionally before and

after the revolution, the economies of both countries Iran and Sweden remain active and constant.

In Europe, Sweden was considered as the fourth largest biggest country among Scandinavian

countries (Abbasi et al. 2008).

2.1.7 Existential Voluntary Immigration of Iranians

The growing migration of the Afghan population in Iran was caused by the story of an Afghan

martyr. The story starts with most of the Iranian border police by themselves moved to Hari Rud

Frontier River, provoked to abroad due to disappearance of fifty Afghan workers in the month

May 2020. The discovery of remaining Afghan soldiers was founded to be sacrificed their lives in

the war between Iraq-Iran news was published in the new agency Tasnim and Farsnews by June

2020 due to international and domestic pressure in a diplomatic exchange between Iran and

Afghanistan (Moghadam and Jadali, 2022). The recognition of Afghan migrants in Iran by Nasim

Afghani became the symbol of Iran towards the recognition of Afghan. The incident forces most

people to move from their own country. Another major reason for migration was the bill proposed

by the government for Iranian mothers and foreign fathers by the Iranian parliament by

Mr.Arghchi. Mixed marriage between Iranian women was considered as another reason for

people's Immigration to other countries. Political and social conditions in Iran forced people

voluntarily to immigrate to other countries of the world (Esfahani and Hosseini, 2018). The

interplay between political power and social phenomena forced most people in Iran to immigrants

to the US. For the development of Iranian society, most of the people voluntarily emigrated from

Iran (Moghadam and Weber et al. 2015). Both domestically and internationally people

immigrated from Iran to other parts of the country for development. But Iranian people faced

severe challenges was caused by international norms and obligations by other countries during

immigration. Three million Afghans from Iran immigrated by Iran due to the deputy foreign

minister tightening US sanctions on May 09, 2019 (Moghadam and Jadali, 2022).
3. Methodology

3.1Research Design

The participant was asked to sign consent at the end of answering the question provided in

the information sheet inappropriate language detailing the aims of the study appears collecting the

information both online and offline. By applying T-square and chi-squared analysis demographic

details were examined. Age, gender, educational level, marital status, religion, English proficient

employment status in a migrated country, city of origin in Iran such demographic data was

collected by each participant before answering the questionnaire.

3.2Data Collection

By close-ended questions, cross-sectional data were collected. By using web-based survey

data was collected from different countries like the US, UK, Canada, Netherland, Switzerland.

The other technique used for data collection was conducting a telephonic interview. The questions

were based on the problem of Iranians faced during immigration to other countries.

3.3Tool used

SPSS software was used to process the data collected. Questionnaire to a participant will

be based on barriers and facilitators to initial settlement from IRAN, discrimination factors

influenced in the migrated country to Iranian, and Acculturation strategies followed by people,

issues faced in search of employment and based on issues in cultural and regional identity.

4. Conclusion

The impact of resettlement in host countries of Iranians and their experiences during

migration was discussed. Iranian immigrant new life was partially related to existing diversities of

Iranian culture. In Sweden, Iranians were considered too well-organized people. On the other
hand in the USA, research shows that Iranians do have not the capacity of a cohesive organized

community. Different methodologies and timings predicate the inconsistency findings was based

on the experience of Iranians in different countries. After several generations, Iranians united

together to form and decided to form a new country by themselves. Without giving up their own

customs Iranians people was adapt to their host countries based on the requirements.

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