Chapter 1:

Lingua franca
TESOL
General English
EAP (English for Academic Purposes)
mother tongue
second language
foreign language
Mutual intelligibility
Standard Southern English (SSE)
General American (GA)
ELF (English as a lingua franca)
EIL (English as an international language)
ESL vs. EFL
EST (English for Science and Technology): part of ESP
BE (Business English)
CBLT (Content-based language teaching) vs. GE
CLIL (Content and language integrated learning): a European variant of CBLT
CLIL vs. GE (trang 6)
NEST = native-English-speaker teachers
NNEST = non-native-English-speaker teachers
Native-speakerism (Adrian Holliday)
NEST superiority

Chapter 5: Being learners

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Leo Vygotsky (Trang 81)
Scaffolding
Young learners (3 years old - 12 years old)
Learner styles
Learner preferences
 Braj Kachru proposed a 'three circle' view of English

(trang 5)

US equivalent of SSE
cle' view of English
QUIZZES
Chapter 1: The world of English language teaching
(The Practice of English Language Teaching - Jeremy Harmer)
1 How many circles are there in Braj Kachru's view of English? 3
2 Which circle has the most speakers of English? Expanding circle
3 Australia is included in what circle? Inner Circle
4 Vietnam is included in what circle? Expanding circle
5 The Philippines is included in what circle? Outer Circle
6 What does 'SSE' stand for? Standard southern English
7 What does 'GA' stand for? General English
8 In what way are SSE and GA different from each other? Grammar/ Vocabulary/ Pronunciation/

Chapter 5: Being learners

CHILDREN
1 What is Critical Period Hypothesis? (Trang 81)
2 What is Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
3 What are characteristics of younger children (from 5 upwards)? (Trang 82)
4 What are characteristics of older children (from ten and above)?
5 What should a classroom for young children look like? (Trang 83)

TEENAGERS
1 What advantages do adults as language learners have? (Trang 84)
2 What disadvantages do adults as language learners have? (Trang 85)

LEARNER STYLES
1 What do learner styles refer to? (Trang 86)
2 What are the purposes of metacognitive strategies? (Trang 86)
3 What are the purposes of social strategies?
4 What are the purposes of affective strategies?
5 What are perceptual preferences? (sensory input) (Trang 87)
6 What are personality factors? (Trang 87)
7 What are multiple intelligences? (Trang 87)
8 Who are global learners? (Trang 87)
9 Who are analytic learners (Trang 87)
10 Who are field-sensitive learners?
11 Who are field-insensitive learners?
12 Who are inductive learners?
13 Who are deductive learners?
14 Why do language teachers need to identify individual learner characteristics? (Trang 88)

MOTIVATION
1 What is intrinsic motivation? What is extrinsic motivation?
2 What is instrumental motivation? What is integrative motivation?
3 What affects motivation? (students' attitudes, families' attitudes to language learning)
4 What does affect refer to?
5 What does Achievemen refer to?
6 What can language teachers do to sustain student motivation? (Trang 93)
7 How should language teachers do to make students have confidence in the teacher? (Trang 93)

LEVELS
1 How much time is needed to finish one level of English proficiency? (Trang 94)
2 How many levels of English proficiency are there? (Trang 94)
 1
2
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rd southern English 5
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ar/ Vocabulary/ Pronunciation/ Spelling 7
8

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 12
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r? (Trang 93)

1
CHAPTER 1
English is spoken only by native speakers like Americans and British people.
Lingua franca refers to
Many language varieties coexist.
English is becoming a language of inter-country communication.
In the vast majority of contexts, English is taught by native-English-speaker teachers.
The best teachers of a language are native speakers.
In some situations, people still seem to believe that NESTs are the ideal.
Sometimes, unqualified NESTs are still preferred over NNET colleagues.

CHAPTER 5: Being learners

CHILDREN
Older children can be effective language learners.
Pronunciation must have international intelligibility.
Children like discovering things.
For children, play and learning should be mixed in an atmosphere of cheerful ansd supportive harmony.

TEENAGERS
Teenagers are not often influenced by their peers.
Teenagers do not often want to have short and fast-paced activities.

ADULTS
Adults have many advantages as language learners.
Older learners sometimes react more slowly than their younger counterparts.
Learners as language learners are always the same.

LEARNER DIFFERENCES
It is necessary to describe the strategies that students use in language learning.
Language teachers can ignore learner styles and preferences.

MOTIVATION
If all our students were highly motivated, life would be considerably easier.
Students' motivation (or 'unmotivation') is affected by the people and places around them.
Many young people fail to see the importance of learning another language.
We need both to provoke positive motivation and, more importantly, help to nurture and sustain it.
MOTIVATION
 OPEN QUESTIONS
Chapter 1
F 1 To whom is ESL applied? (Trang 4)
2 What is General English? (Trang 5)
T 3 What is English for Specific Purposes (ESP)? (Trang 5)
T 4 Do you think NESTs are all qualified English teachers? Why or Why not?
F 5 Explain the statement: "More attention will be given to what teachers do rather than where t
F
T
T

T
T
T
T

F
F

T
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F

T
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achers do rather than where they come from" (Hall 2011: 228).