HT FC Resosir G4o5qnh

Heat Transfer
 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

 fpfUgr iz'u nksgjkus ;ksX; iz'u gSA
PART - I : SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Hkkx - I : fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
Section (A) : Thermal conduction in linear conductors at steady state
[k.M (A) : js[kh; pkydksa esa LFkk;h voLFkk esa Å"eh; pkyu
A-1. A uniform slab of dimension 10cm × 10cm × 1cm is kept between two heat reservoirs at temperatures
10ºC and 90ºC. The larger surface areas touch the reservoirs. The thermal conductivity of the material
is 0.80 W/m–ºC. Find the amount of heat flowing through the slab per second.
foekvksa 10cm × 10cm × 1cm dh ,d le:i IysV] 10ºC o 90ºC ds nks Å"ek xzkgh ds e/; j[kh tkrh gs ftldk
vf/kdre {ks=kQy Å"ek xzkgh dks Li'kZ djrk gSA inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk 0.80 W/m–ºC gSA IysV ls izfr lSd.M
izokfgr Å"ek dh ek=kk Kkr dhft;sA
Ans. 64 J
Sol. A = 100 cm2

90 –10
iH = –2
×(0.8) (100 × 10–4)
(1 10 )
 = 1 cm
dq
= iH = 80 × 0.8 = 64 J/s
dt
Q = 64 × 1 = 64 J
A-2. One end of a steel rod (K = 42 J/m–s–ºC) of length 1.0 m is kept in ice at 0ºC and the other end is kept
in boiling water at 100ºC. The area of cross–section of the rod is 0.04cm2. Assuming no heat loss to the
atmosphere, find the mass of the ice melting per second. Latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg.
1.0 m yEckbZ dh LVhy dh NM+ (K = 42 J/m–s–ºC) dk ,d fljk 0ºC ij cQZ esa j[kk tkrk gS rFkk nwljk fljk
100°C ij mcyrs ty esa j[kk tkrk gSA NM+ dk vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy 0.04 cm2 gSA ;g ekurs gq;s fd okrkoj.k esa
Å"eh; gkfu ugha gksrh gS] rks izfr lsd.M fi?ky jgs cQZ dk nzO;eku Kkr dhft;sA cQZ ds xyu dh xqIr Å"ek =
3.36 × 105 J/kg gSA
Ans. 5 × 10–5 g/s
dQ
Sol. iH =
dt
T (100 – 0)  42  0.04
iH = = × 10–4 = 168 × 10–4
( L / KA) 1
Q mL  m  i 168  10–4 1
iH = =   = H = 5
= × 10–7 kg/s.
t t  t  L 3.36  10 2
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ADVHT - 1
Heat Transfer
A-3.# A rod CD of thermal resistance 5.0 K/W is joined at the middle of an identical rod AB as shown in figure.
The ends A, B and D are maintained at 100ºC, 0ºC and 25ºC respectively. Find the heat current in CD.
Å"eh; izfrjks/k 5.0 K/W dh ,d NM+ CD ,dleku NM+ AB ds e/; esa fp=kkuqlkj tksM+h tkrh gSA fljs A, B rFkk D
dk rki Øe'k% 100ºC, 0ºC o 25ºC gSaA CD esa Å"eh; /kkjk Kkr djksA
Ans. 4.0 W
Sol.
L
(Thermal resistance Å"eh; izfrjks/k) R = = 5.0 K/W
KA
TA – TC T – TC T – TC
 + D + B =0
R/2 R R/2
2TA – 2TC + TD – TC + 2TB – 2TC = 0
225
200 + 25 + 0 = 5TC TC = = 45
5
TC – TD 45 – 25
iCD = = =4W
R 5
A-4. A semicircular rod is joined at its ends to a straight rod of the same material and same cross-sectional
area. The straight rod forms a diameter of the other rod. The junctions are maintained at different
temperatures. Find the ratio of the heat transferred through a cross-section of the semicircular rod to
the heat transferred through a cross-section of the straight rod in a given time.
,d v)Zo`Ùkkdkj NM+ blds fljksa ij leku inkFkZ o leku vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy dh ,d lh/kh NM+ ls tksM+h tkrh
gSA lh/kh NM+ nwljh NM+ dk O;kl cukrh gsA laf/k;k¡ fHkUu&fHkUu rkiksa ij j[kh tkrh gSA v)Zo`Ùkkdkj NM+ ds vuqçLFk
dkV {ks=kQy ls o lh/kh NM+ ds vuqçLFk dkV {ks=kQy ls fn;s x;s le; esa ikfjr Å"ek dk vuqikr Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 2 : 
Sol.
i1 T / R1 R 2R 2
= = 2 = =
i2 T / R2 R1 R 
ADVHT - 2
Heat Transfer
A-5.# Three slabs of same surface area but different conductivities k1, k2, k3 and different thickness t1, t2, t3
are placed in close contact. After steady state this combination behaves as a single slab. Find its
effective thermal conductivity.
leku i`"Bh; {ks=kQy ijUrq fHkUu pkydrk k1, k2, k3 ,oa fHkUu eksVkbZ t1, t2, t3 dh rhu ifV~dk;sa fudV lEidZ esa j[kh
tkrh gSA LFkk;h voLFkk ds ckn ;g la;kstu ,d ifV~Vdk dh rjg O;ogkj djrk gSA bldh izHkkoh Å"eh; pkydrk
Kkr dhft;sA
t1  t 2  t 3
t1 t 2 t 3
 
k1 k 2 k 3
Ans.
Sol. Req = R1 + R2 + R3 (series combination Js.kh Øe la;kstu)

t1  t2  t3 t1 t2 t3
= + +
K eq A K1 A K 2 A K 3 A
t1  t2  t3 t t t
= 1 + 2 + 3
K eq K1 K2 K3
t1  t2  t3
Keq =
t1 t t
 2  3
K1 K 2 K 3
SECTION (B) : THERMAL CONDUCTION IN NONLINEAR CONDUCTORS AT STEADY
STATE
[k.M (B) : LFkk;h voLFkk ij vjs[kh; pkydksa esa Å"ek pkyu
B-1. A hollow metallic sphere of radius 20 cm surrounds a concentric metallic sphere of radius 5 cm. The
space between the two spheres is filled with a nonmetallic material. The inner and outer spheres are
maintained at 50°C and 10°C respectively and it is found that 160 Joule of heat passes radially from
the inner sphere to the outer sphere per second. Find the thermal conductivity of the material between
the spheres.
,d 5 lseh- f=kT;k ds /kkrq ds xksys ds pkjksa vksj 20 lseh f=kT;k dk /kkrq dk ladsUnzh; [kks[kyk xksyk gSA nksuksa xksyksa
ds e/; v/kkRoh; inkFkZ Hkjk gSA vkUrfjd ,oa ckg~; xksys Øe'k% 50°C o 10°C ij j[ks tkrs gS ,oa ;g ik;k tkrk gS
fd vkUrfjd xksys ls ckg~; xksys dh vksj 160  twy Å"ek izfr lsd.M f=kT;h; :i ls izokfgr gksrh gSA nksuksa xksyksa
ds e/; ds inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk Kkr dhft;sA
Ans. 15 W/m–°C
Sol.
T1= 50ºC Choose a element of width dr js[kh; nwjh r ij] dr pkSM+kbZ dk ,d vo;o p;u djrs gSA
T2 = 10ºC at a Radial distance r f=kT;h; nwjh r
dr
dR =
K4r 2
ADVHT - 3
Heat Transfer
20 20
1 dr 1  r –2 1  1 1 1 
Req = 5 =   = –
4 K r2 4 K  –1  5 4 K  5 20 
1 1 1  1 102  4 –1  3 102
=  – × =   =
4 K  5 20  10 –2 4 K  20  4 K 20
(4 K )20 16  30  10
i = 160 = 40 K= = 15
3  100 40  4  2
B-2. A hollow tube has a length , inner radius R1 and outer radius R2. The material has thermal conductivity
K. Find the heat flowing through the walls of the tube per second if the inside of the tube is maintained
at temperature T1 and the outside is maintained at T2 [assume T2 > T1]
,d [kks[kyh uyh dh yEckbZ ] vkUrfjd f=kT;k R1 ,oa ckg~; f=kT;k R2 gSA inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk K gSA ;fn
uyh ds vUnj rki T1 o ckgj T2 cuk jgrk gS rks uyh dh nhokjksa ls izfr lsd.M izokfgr Å"ek Kkr dhft;sA [ekuk
T2 > T1]
2 K (T2  T1 )
Ans.
In ( R2 / R1 )
Sol.
Let an element which is hollow cyl. of Radius r and width dr
,d r f=kT;k vkSj dr pkSM+kbZ dk ,d [kks[kyk csyu ekurs gSaA
R2
dr 1 dr 1 R R 
dR = R= 
=  ln r  R12 = ln  2 
K 2 r. 2 K 
R1
r 2 K   R1 
T2 – T1 2 K (T2 – T1 )
iH = =
1 n( R2 / R1 )
n( R2 / R1 )
2 K 
SECTION (C) : THERMAL CONDUCTION THROUGH CONDUCTORS WHICH HAVE NOT

ACHIEVED STEADY STATE
[k.M (C) : mu pkydks ds }kjk Å"ek pkyu ftUgksaus LFkk;h voLFkk izkIr ugha dh gSA
C-1. A metal rod of cross-sectional area 1.0 cm2 is being heated at one end. At one time, the temperature
gradient is 5.0°C/cm at cross-section A and is 2.6 °C/cm at cross-section B. Calculate the rate at which
the temperature is increasing in the part AB of the rod. The heat capacity of the part AB = 0.40 J/°C,
thermal conductivity of the material of the rod = 200 W/m–°C. Neglect any loss of heat to the
atmosphere.
vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy 1.0 cm2 dh ,d /kkrq dh NM+ ,d fljs ij xeZ dh tkrh gSA fdlh le; vuqizLFk dkV A ij
rki izo.krk 5.0°C/lseh ,oa vuqizLFk dkV B ij rki izo.krk 2.6 °C/lseh- gSA og nj Kkr dhft;s ftl ij NM+ ds
AB Hkkx esa rki c<+ jgk gSA Hkkx AB dh Å"eh; /kkfjrk 0.40 J/°C, NM+ ds inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk 200 W/m–
°C gSA okrkoj.k esa Å"ek gkfu dks ux.; ekfu;sA
Ans. 12 °C/s
dT
Sol. = 5ºC/Cm
dx
 dT   dT  T
  =5   = 2.6 i= (KA)
 dx  A  dx  L
ADVHT - 4
Heat Transfer
 dT   dT 
iA =   KA iB =   KA
 dx  A  dx  B
 dQ   dT   dT   d
i =   dx  –  dx   KA = ms dt
Absorbvo'kks"k.k =
 dt   A  B 
d
(5 – 2.6) × 200 × (1×10–2) = ms
dt
d
2.4 × 2 = ms = 4.8
dt
d 4.8
ms = 0.4 J/C = = 12ºC/s
dt 0.4
SECTION (D) : RADIATION, STEFEN’S LAW AND WEIN’S LAW

[k.M (D) : fofdj.k]LVhQu dk fu;e ,oa ohu dk fu;e
D-1. When q1 joules of radiation is incident on a body it reflects and transmits total of q2 joules. Find the
emissivity of the body.
tc fdlh oLrq ij fofdj.k ds q1 twy vkifrr gksrs gS rks ;g blesa ls dqy q2 twy ijkofrZr vkSj ikjxfer djrh
gSA oLrq dh mRltZdrk Kkr dhft;sA
q1  q2
Ans.
q1
Sol.
q1 – q2 Qa
Absorptive power vo'kks"kdrk = =
q1 Qi
q1 – q2
Emissivity mRltZdrk =
q1
Absorptive power vo'kks"kdrk = Emissivity mRltZdrk
D-2. A blackbody of surface area 1 cm2 is placed inside an enclosure. The enclosure has a constant
temperature 27ºC and the blackbody is maintained at 327ºC by heating it electrically. What electric
power is needed to maintain the temperature?  = 6.0 × 10–8 W/m2 –K4.
1 lseh2 i`"Bh; {ks=kQy dh ,d d`f".kdk ,d cUn ik=k esa j[kh gSA cUn ik=k dk fu;r rki 27ºC gS ,oa d`f".kdk dks
fo|qr }kjk Å"ek nsdj 327ºC ij j[kk tkrk gS rki dks cuk;s j[kus ds fy, fdruh fo|qr 'kfDr pkfg;s ? 
  = 6.0 × 10–8 W/m2 –K4.
Ans. 0.73 W.
Sol. A = 1cm2
Ts = 27ºC = 300 K
Tb = 327ºC = 600 K
P =  e A (6004 – 3004)
= 6 × 10–8 × 1 × 10–4 (64 – 34) × 108 = 0.73 W
D-3. Estimate the temperature at which a body may appear blue or red. The values of mean for these are
5000 Å and 7500Å respectively. [Given Wein’s constant b = 0.3 cm K]
ml rki dk vuqeku yxkb;s ftl ij oLrq uhyh ;k yky fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA buds fy;s ek/; Øe'k% 5000 Å ,oa 7500
Å gSA [ fn;k x;k gS ohu dk fu;rkad b = 0.3 cm K ]
Ans. 6 x 103 K; 4 x 103 K
ADVHT - 5
Heat Transfer
Sol. blue = 5000 Aº 
 m × T = constant fu;r = b
Red = 7500 Aº
b 0.3
Tblue = = = 6 × 103 K
blue 5 10 –5
b 0.3
Tred = = 4 × 103 K
Re d 7.5  10 –5
D-4 The temperature of a hot liquid in a container of negligible heat capacity falls at the rate of 3 K/min due
to heat emission to the surroundings, just before it begins to solidify. The temperature then remains
constant for 30 min, by the time the liquid has all solidified. Find the ratio of specific heat capacity of
liquid to specific latent heat of fusion.
ux.; Å"ek /kkfjrk ds ,d ik=k esa Hkjs xje nzo dk rki] okrkoj.k dks Å"ek mRltZu ds dkj.k 3 K /min dh nj ls
fxjrk gSSA Bksl voLFkk esa vkus ds Bhd iwoZ 30 min ds fy;s rki fu;r jgrk gSA bl le; esas lEiw.kZ nzo Bksl cu
tkrk gSA nzo dh fof'k"V Å"ek /kkfjrk rFkk teus dh fof'k"V xqqIr Å"ek dk vuqikr ..................... gksxk A
1
Ans.
90
P
Sol. P = ms × 3 ms =
3
mL = P × 30 mL = P × 30
ms P 1
= = .
mL 3  P  30 90
D-5. The earth receives at its surface radiation from the sun at the rate of 1400 Wm-2. The distance of the
centre of the sun from the surface of the earth is 1.5 × 1011 m and the radius of the sun is 7 × 108 m.
Treating the sun as a black body calculate temperature of sun.
i`Foh viuh lrg ij lw;Z ls 1400 Wm-2 fodhj.k izkIr djrh gSA lw;Z ds dsUnz ls i`Foh lrg ds chp dh nwjh
1.5 × 1011 m rFkk lw;Z dh f=kT;k 7 × 108 m gSA lw;Z dks Ñ".k oLrq ekurs gq, lw;Z dk rkieku Kkr djksA
Ans. 5803
Sol. Given fn;k gS :
R r
( T 4 ) (4 R 2 )
= 1400
(4 r 2 )
1/ 4
 1400  r 2 
 T = 2 
  R 
1/ 4
 1400  (1.5  1011 ) 2 
=  8 8 2 
 (5.67  10 )  (7 10 ) 
= 5803 K
D-6 A solid copper sphere (density  and specific heat c) of radius r at an initial temperature 200 K is
suspended inside a chamber whose walls are at almost 0 K. Calculte the time required for the
temperature of the sphere to drop to 100 K. (Assume sphere as a black body)
r f=kT;k dks Bksl rkacs dk xksyk ¼?kuRo  rFkk fof'k"V Å"ek c½ izkjEHk esa 200 K rki ij 0 K rki okys ik=k ds vUnj
yVdk gqvk gS] rks xksys dk rki 100 K gksus esa yxk le; Kkr djksA ¼xksys dks d`".k oLrq ekfu,½
Ans. 1.71 rc
ADVHT - 6
Heat Transfer
Sol. Area of sphere xksys dk {ks=kQy A = 4r2
4 
Mass of sphere xksys dk nzO;eku m =   r 3 
3 
Now, energy radiation per second = (AT4)
vc] ÅtkZ fofdj.k izfr lds.M = (AT4)
 dT 

mc 4
  = AT
 dt 
t   mc  100 4
or  0   A   200 T dT
dt =
mc  1 1 
or t= 
3 A  (100) (200)3 
 3
7 mc 7 mc  106
= × 10–6 =
3  8 A 24  A
Substituting the values eku j[kus ij
 4 3 6
 7  r  (c) 10
t=
 3  = 1.71 rc
3  8  5.67  108  4 r 2
SECTION (E) : NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e

E-1. A liquid cools from 70ºC to 60ºC in 5 minutes. Find the time in which it will further cool down to 50 ºC, if
its surrounding is held at a constant temperature of 30ºC.
,d nzo 70ºC ls 60ºC rd 5 feuV esa BaMk gksrk gSA og le; Kkr dhft;s ftlesa ;g vkSj 50ºC rd BaMk gksrk gSA
;fn blds ifjos'k ¼okrkoj.k½ dk rki 30ºC ij fu;r j[kk tkrk gSA
Ans. 7 minutes feuV
70 – 60  70  60 
Sol. = K – 30  
5  2 
10
   = K [65 – 30] ...(i)
5
60  50
Now vc = K [65 – 30] ...(ii)
t
Dividing equation (i) and (ii)
lehdj.k (i) es (ii) Hkkx nsus ij
t 35
=
5 25
7
t =  5  7 min
5
ADVHT - 7
Heat Transfer
PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE
Hkkx - II : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)
SECTION (A) : THERMAL CONDUCTION IN LINEAR CONDUCTORS AT STEADY STATE

A-1. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of different material. Both the layers have the same
thickness. The thermal conductivity for A is twice that of B. Under steady state, the temperature
difference across the whole wall is 36°C. Then the temperature difference across the layer A is
,d nhokj dh nks ijrsa A o B gSa izR;sd fHkUu inkFkZ dh cuh gSA nksuksa ijrksa dh eksVkbZ leku gSA A dh Å"ek
pkydrk] B ls nqxquh gSA LFkk;h voLFkk esa iwjh nhokj ij rkikUrj 36°C gS rks A nhokj ij rkikUrj gS &
(A) 6°C (B*) 12°C (C) 18°C (D) 24°C
Sol. 36º KA = 2KB = 2 K
 36 – T  T –0
 d  KAA =   KBA
   d 
(36 – T) 2 K = T K
72
T= = 24
3
T = temp diff rkikUrj = 36 – 24 = 12
A-2.# Two metal cubes with 3 cm-edges of copper and aluminium are arranged as shown in figure (assume
no loss of heat from open surfaces)
(KCU =385 W/m-K, KAL = 209 W/m-K)
3 lseh fdukjs ds nks /kkRoh; ?ku rkacs o ,sY;wfefu;e ds fp=kkuqlkj O;ofLFkr gS ¼ekuuk gS fd [kqyh lrg ls fdlh Hkh
Å"ek dh gkfu ugh gksxh½ (KCU =385 W/m-K, KAL = 209 W/m-K)
(a) The total thermal current from one reservoir to the other is :
,d dq.M (reservoir) ls nwljs dh vksj dqy rkih; /kkjk gS &
(A*) 1.42 × 103 W (B) 2.53 × 103 W

(C) 1.53 × 104 W (D) 2.53 × 104 W
(b) The ratio of the thermal current carried by the copper cube to that carried by the
aluminium cube is : –
rkacs ds ?ku }kjk ys tk;h xbZ o ,sY;wfefu;e ds ?ku }kjk ys tk;h xbZ Å"eh; /kkjk dk vuqikr gS&
(A) 1.79 (B) 1.69 (C) 1.54 (D*) 1.84
Sol.
(100 – 20)
i1 = (209) 9 × 10–4
3  10 –2
ADVHT - 8
Heat Transfer
100 – 20
i2 = –2
(385) 9 × 10–4
3  10
iT = i1 + i2 = 1.42 × 103 W
iCu i 385
= 2 =
iAl i1 209
A-3.# A wall consists of alternating blocks with length ‘d’ and coefficient of thermal conductivity k1 and k2. The
cross sectional area of the blocks are the same. The equivalent coefficient of thermal conductivity of the
wall between left and right is :-
,d nhokj esa ,d ds ckn ,d ‘d’ yEckbZ o Å"eh; pkydrk xq.kkad k1 o k2 ds xqVds ,dkUrj :i ls j[ksa gSaA xqVdksa
dk vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy leku gSA cka;h rFkk nk;h vksj ds e/; nhokj dk rqY; Å"ek pkydrk xq.kkad gS
( K1  K 2 ) K1 K 2 2 K1 K 2
(A) K1 + K2 (B*) (C) (D)
2 K1  K 2 K1  K 2
Sol. It`s a parallel Combination ;g lekUrj Øe la;kstu gSA
d d
R1 = R2 =
K1 A K2 A
1 1 1
= + + .................upto nth
Req R1 R2
1 n n n  R1  R2 
= + =  
Req 2 R1 2 R2 2  R1 R2 
 d  d
2 
2( R1 R2 ) d  K1 A  K 2 A
Req =  =
n( R1  R2 ) K eq (nA) d 1 1 
n   
A  K1 K 2 
K1  K 2
 Keq =
2
A-4. A boiler is made of a copper plate 2.4 mm thick with an inside coating of a 0.2 mm thick layer of tin. The
surface area exposed to gases at 700°C is 400 cm2. The amount of steam that could be generated per
hour at atmospheric pressure is (Kcu = 0.9 and Ktin = 0.15 cal/cm/s/°C and Lsteam = 540 cal/g)
,d ok"id (Boiler) 2.4 mm eksVh rkacs dh IysV ls cuk gS ftlds vUnj 0.2 mm eksVh fVu dh ijr gSA 400 cm2
dk i`?Bh; {ks=kQy 700°C dh xSlksa ds laidZ esa gSA ok;qe.Myh; nkc ij izfr ?k.Vk mRiUu ok"i dh vf/kdre ek=kk
gSA (Kcu = 0.9 vkSj Ktin = 0.15 cal/cm/s/°C vkSj Lsteam = 540 cal/g)
(A) 5000 Kg (B) 1000 kg (C*) 4000 kg (D) 200 kg
ADVHT - 9
Heat Transfer
Sol.
T 700 – 100 0.24 0.02
iH = = Where (tgk¡) Req = R1 + R2 = +
Req R1  R2 0.9  400 0.15  400
dQ Q m.L
iH = = =
dt t t
m iH
= where (tgk¡) L = 540 cal/gm ; t = 3600 sec.
t L
A-5. A lake surface is exposed to an atmosphere where the temperature is < 0°C. If the thickness of the ice
layer formed on the surface grows from 2 cm to 4 cm in 1 hour, The atmospheric temperature, Ta will
be-
(Thermal conductivity of ice K = 4 x 10-3 cal/cm/s/°C; density of ice = 0.9 gm/cc. Latent heat of fusion of
ice = 80 cal/gm. Neglect the change of density during the state change. Assume that the water below
the ice has 0º temperature every where)
,d >hy dh lrg okrkoj.k esa [kqyh gS tgk¡ rki < 0°C gSA lrg ij cuh cQZ dh ijr dh eksVkbZ 2 lseh ls 4 lseh-
rd c<+us esa 1 ?k.Vk yxrk gS rks, okrkoj.k dk rki Ta gksxk (cQZ dh Å"ek pkydrk K = 4 x 10-3 cal/cm/s/°C;
cQZ dk ?kuRo = 0.9 gm/cc. gSA cQZ ds xyu dh xqIr Å"ek = 80 cal/gm gSA voLFkk ifjorZu esa ?kuRo ifjorZu dks
ux.; ekfu;sA cQZ ds uhps ty dk rki izR;sd LFkku ij 0ºC ekfu;sA)
(A) – 20 °C (B) 0 °C (C*) – 30 °C (D) – 15 °C
0 – ( )  KA dQ
Sol. iH = = =
 y / KA  y dt
dQ dm  .A dy
=L = L
dt dt dt
KA dy
= AL
y dt
4 3600
 K 
 ydy =
2
0
  dt
 L 
4
 y2  K 3600 1 4  103    (3600  0)
  = (t)0   [16  4] =
 2 2 L 2 0.9  80
1 12  0.9  80
   = 30ºC
2 4  3600  103
  = – 30ºC Ans.
ADVHT - 10
Heat Transfer
STATE
[k.M (B) : LFkk;h voLFkk ij vjs[kh; pkydksa esa Å"ek pkyu
B-1. Heat flows radially outward through a spherical shell of outside radius R2 and inner radius R1. The
temperature of inner surface of shell is 1 and that of outer is . The radial distance from centre of shell
where the temperature is just half way between 1 and 2 is :
vkUrfjd f=kT;k R1 o ckg~; f=kT;k R2 ds ,d xksyh; dks'k ds }kjk Å"ek f=kT;h; ckgj dh vksj izokfgr gksrh gSA
;fn dks'k dh vkUrfjd lrg dk rki 1 rFkk ckgjh lrg dk 2 gSA dks'k ds dsUnz ls f=kT;h; nwjh tgk¡ rki 1 o 
dk ek/; gS&
R  R2 R1 R2 2 R1 R2 R2
(A) 1 (B) (C*) (D) R1 +
2 R1  R2 R1  R2 2
Sol.

1 –  1 –  2
 1 – 2 =  R
= R2
dr dr
 K 4 r
R1
2  K 4 r 2
R1
 / 2  2R1 R2
=   R=
1  1 1 1  1 1  R1  R2
–  – 
4 K1  R1 R  4 K1  R1 R2 
SECTION (C) : RADIATION AND STEFEN’S LAW

[k.M (C) : fofdj.k o LVhQu dk fu;e
C-1. A metallic sphere having radius 0.08 m and mass m = 10kg is heated to a temperature of 227°C and
suspended inside a box whose walls are at a temperature of 27°C. The maximum rate at which its
temperature will fall is :-
(Take e = 1, Stefan’s constant  = 5.8 x 10-8 Wm-2 K-4 and specific heat of the metal s = 90 cal/kg/deg
J = 4.2 Joules/Calorie)
0.08 m f=kT;k rFkk m = 10 kg nzO;eku ds ,d /kkrq ds xksys dks 227°C rd xeZ fd;k tkrk gS ,oa bls ,d cDls
ds vUnj yVdk;k tkrk gS ftldh nhokjksa dk rki 27°C gSA vf/kdre nj ftlls bldk rki fxjsxk (fn;k gS e = 1,
LVhQu fu;rkad  = 5.8 x 10-8 Wm-2 K-4 ,oa /kkrq dh fof'k"V Å"ek s = 90 cal/kg/fMxzh J = 4.2 twy/dsykjh
yhft;s)
(A) .055 °C/sec (B*) .066 °C/sec (C) .044 °C/sec (D) 0.03 °C/sec
 dT   eA
Sol.   = [T 4  TS4 ]
 dt  mS
Rate of temperature fall will be maximum when (T4 – TS4) has mass value i.e. T has max. value
rkieku fxjus dh nj vf/kdre gksxh] tc (T4 – TS4) dk eku vf/kdre gksxk vFkkZr~ T dk eku vf/kdre gksxkA
 dT   eA
  = [5004  3004 ] Put all values & get answer. lHkh ekuksa dks j[kus ij vkSj gy djus ij
 df max mS
ADVHT - 11
Heat Transfer
C-2. A solid spherical black body of radius r and uniform mass distribution is in free space. It emits power ‘P’
and its rate of colling is R then
,d Bksl xksyh; vkn'kZ d`f".kdk dh f=kT;k r gS rFkk eqDr vkdk'k essa nzO;eku forj.k leku gSA ;g ‘P’ 'kfä
mRlftZr djrh gS rFkk B.Ms gksus dh nj R gS rc &
(A) R P  r2 (B*) R P  r (C) R P  1/r2 (D) R P 
Sol. Rate of radiation per unit area is proportional to (T4)
,dkad {ks=kQy ij fofdj.k dh nj (T4) ds lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
 P  AT4
 P  r2 .
dT dT 1
Also (rFkk) ms  AT4  =R 
dt dt r
 (because D;ksafd m = (v)  r3 and vkSj A  r2)
C-3._ Three separate segments of equal area A1, A2 and A3 are shown in the energy distribution curve of a
blackbody radiation. If n1, n2 and n3 are number of photons emitted per unit time corresponding to each
area segment respectively then :
rhu fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkx A1, A2 rFkk A3 ftuds {ks=kQy leku gSa] dks d`f".kdk ds ÅtkZ forj.k oØ ij fp=kkuqlkj
fn[kk;k x;k gSA vxj n1, n2 rFkk n3 Øe'k% izfr ,dkad le; esa izR;sd {ks=kQy Hkkx ls mRlftZr QksVkWu gSa rks&
E
A1 A2 A3 
(A) n2 > n1 > n3 (B) n3 > n1 > n2 (C) n1 = n2 = n3 (D*) n3 > n2 > n1
Sol. Equal area means equal power output. A3 area pertains to highest wavelength range, thus photons with
minimum range of frequency. Thus maximum number of photons are required from this segment to
keep the power same.
leku {ks=kQy vFkkZr~ leku fuxZr 'kfDr gksrh gSA A3 {ks=kQy mPp ijkl ls lEcfU/kr gS vr% QksVksu U;wure vko`rhZ
ijkl ls gksxsaA vr% leku 'kfDr ds fy, bl vUr%[k.M ls vf/kdre QksVkWuksa dh la[;k dh vko';drk gSA
SECTION (D) : NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

[k.M (D) : U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e
D-1. Which of the law can be understood in terms of Stefan's law
(A) Wien’s displacement law (B) Kirchoff’s law
(C*) Newton’s law of cooling (D) Planck’s law
LVhQu ds fu;e }kjk dkSulk fu;e le>k;k tk ldrk gS
(A) ohu dk foLFkkiu fu;e (B) fdjpkWQ dk fu;e
(C*) U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e (D) Iykad dk fu;e
Sol. For small temperature difference, Stefan's law can written as
vYi rkikUrj ds fy, LVhQu dk fu;e
u = eA[(T + T)4 – T4]
  T  4 
or ;k u = eAT4  1   1
  T  
T
or ;k u = eAT4 × 4 × or ;k u T
T
Hence Newton's law of cooling is a special case of stefan's law.
vFkkZr~ U;wVu dk 'khryu fu;e LVhQu fu;e dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr gSA
ADVHT - 12
Heat Transfer
D-2#. A hot liquid is kept in a big room. According to Newton's law of cooling rate of cooling of liquid
(represented as y) is plotted against its temperature T. Which of the following curves may represent the
plot ?
,d xeZ nzo fdlh cM+s dejs esa j[kk gqvk gSA U;wVu ds 'khryu fu;e ds vuqlkj 'khryu dh nj y ,oa rki T ds
e/; lEcU/k dks dkSulk oØ iznf'kZr djrk gSA
(A) (B*) (C) (D)
Sol.  Rate of cooling, y = (T – T0) k (from Newton's law of cooling)

T0 : surrounding temperature
k : +ve constant
 graph is straight line with +ve slope
 'khryu dh nj , y = (T – T0) k (U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e)
T0 : ifjos'k dk rkieku
k : /kukRed vpj
 xzkQ /kukRed <+ky okyh ljy js[kk gksxh
PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN
Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )
1.# A copper rod (initially at room temperature 20°C) of non-uniform cross section is placed between a
steam chamber at 100°C and ice-water chamber at 0°C.
 dQ 
(A) Initially rate of heat flow
  will be (p) maximum at section A
 dt 
 dQ 
(B) At steady state rate of heat flow   will be (q) maximum at section B
 dt 
 dT 
(C) At steady state temperature gradient   will be (r) minimum at section A
 dx 
(D) At steady state rate of change of (s) minimum at section B
 dT 
temperature
  at a certain point will be (t) same for all section
 dt 
vle:i vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy dh ,d rkacsa dh NM+ ¼izkjEHk esa dejs ds rkieku 20°C ij) dks Hkki ds dks"B ¼100°C
ij½ rFkk cQZ&ikuh dks"B (0°C ij) ds chp j[kk x;k gS %&
ADVHT - 13
Heat Transfer
 dQ 
(A) izkjfEHkdÅ"ek izokg dh nj   gksxh (p) Hkkx A ij vf/kdre
 dt 
 dQ 
(B) LFkk;h voLFkk esa Å"ek izokg dh   nj gksxh (q) Hkkx B ij vf/kdre
 dt 
 dT 
(C) LFkk;h voLFkk esa rkieku izo.krk  gksxk (r) Hkkx A ij U;wure
 dx 
(D) LFkk;h voLFkk ij rkieku esa ifjorZu dh nj (s) Hkkx B ij U;wure
 dT 
fdlh   fcUnq ij gksxh (t) lHkh Hkkxksa ds fy, leku
 dt 
Ans. (a) p, s , (b) t (c) q , r (d) t
Sol. (a) Initially more heat will enter through section A due to temperature difference and no heat will flow
through section B because initially there is no temperature difference.
 dQ 
(b) At steady state rate of heat flow   is same for all sections
 dt 
dQ dT dT 1  dQ 
(c) At steady state = kA or =  
dt dx dx kA  dt 
dT
is inversely proportional to area of cross-section. Hence is maximum at B and minimum at A
dx
(d) At steady state heat accumulation = 0
dT
So = 0 for any section.
dt
Sol. (a) izkjEHk esa Hkkx A ls T;knk Å"ek izos'k djsxh ijUrq /kkrq dqN Å"ek vo'kksf"kr dj ysxh rFkk Hkkx A ls de Å"ek
ckgj fudysxh -
(b) fu;r voLFkk ij Å"ek izokg dh nj
dQ
lHkh Hkkxksa ds fy, leku
dt
dQ dT dT 1  dQ 
(c) fu;r voLFkk ij = kA ;k =  
dt dx dx kA  dt 
dT
, vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy ds O;qRØekuqikrh gSA vr% vf/kdre B ij rFkk U;wure A ij gSA
dx
(d) fu;r voLFkk ij Å"ek izokg = 0
dT
vr% = 0 fdlh Hkh dkV {ks=k ds fy,
dt
ADVHT - 14
Heat Transfer

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.
PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx-I : dsoy ,d lgh fodYi çdkj (ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE)
Section (A) : Thermal conduction through conductors at steady state
[k.M (A) : pkydksa esa LFkk;h voLFkk esa Å"eh; pkyu
1.# Two identical square rods of metal are welded end to end as shown in figure (a). Assume that 10 cal of
heat flows through the rods in 2 min. Now the rods are welded as shown in figure, (b). The time it would
take for 10 cal to flow through the rods now, is
/kkrq dh nks oxkZdkj NM+sa fljs ls fljs }kjk (a). fp=kkuqlkj tksM+h tkrh gS] ;g ekfu;s fd NM+ksa }kjk 2 feuV esa
10 dSyksjh Å"ek izokfgr gksrh gSA tc NM+sa (b) fp=kkuqlkj tksM+h tkrh gS rks NM+ksa }kjk 10 dSyksjh Å"ek izokfgr gksus
esa le; yxsxkA
100°C
0°C
(a)
(A) 0.75 min (B*) 0.5 min (C) 1.5 min (D) 1 min
Sol.
Q1 100  0 50 100 200 Q
= iH1 = = iH = = = 2
t1 2R R R/2 R t2
Q1 = Q2 = 10 cal.
50 200 1
 (2) =  t2 t2 = min.
R R 2
2.# Three metal rods made of copper, aluminium and brass, each 20 cm long and 4 cm in diameter, are
placed end to end with aluminium between the other two. The free ends of copper and brass are
maintained at 100 and 0°C respectively. Assume that the thermal conductivity of copper is twice that of
aluminium and four times that of brass. The approximately equilibrium temperatures of the copper-
aluminium and aluminium-brass junctions are respectively.
rkacs] ,sY;wfefu;e o ihry ls cuh /kkrq dh rhu NM+ksa dks fljs ls fljs }kjk tksM+dj ,sY;wfefu;e dks vU; nks ds e/;
j[kk tkrk gSA çR;sd dh yEckbZ 20 lseh rFkk O;kl 4 lseh gSA rkacs o ihry ds eqDr fljksa ds rki Øe'k% 100°C o
0°C j[ks tkrs gaSA ;g ekfu;s fd rkacs dh Å"eh; pkydrk ,sY;wfefu;e dh nqxquh o ihry dh pkj xquh gSA
rkack&,sY;qfefu;e o ,sY;wfefu;e&ihry laf/k;ksa ds rki lkE;koLFkk esa Øe'k% gS ¼yxHkx½ &
ADVHT - 1
Heat Transfer
(A) 68 °C and 75 °C (B) 75 °C and 68 °C (C) 57 °C and 86 °C (D*) 86 °C and 57 °C
(A) 68 °C rFkk 75 °C (B) 75 °C rFkk 68 °C (C) 57 °C rFkk 86 °C (D*) 86 °C rFkk 57 °C
Sol.
  
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 where tgk¡ R1 = , R2 = , R3
(2k ) A kA k
 A
2
100  0 100  T1 100  T2 T 0
= = = 2
Req R1 R1  R2 R3
3.# A closed cubical box is made of a perfectly insulating material walls of thickness 8 cm and the only way
for heat to enter or leave the box is through two solid metallic cylindrical plugs, each of cross-sectional
area 12 cm2 and length 8 cm, fixed in the opposite walls of the box. The outer surface A on one plug is
maintained at 100°C while the outer surface B of the other plug is maintained at 4°C. The thermal
conductivity of the material of each plug is 0.5 cal/°C/cm. A source of energy generating 36 cal/s is
enclosed inside the box. Assuming the temperature to be the same at all points on the inner surface,
the equilibrium temperature of the inner surface of the box is
A Source B
100°C of 4°C
Energy
8 cm
Insulating
Walls
,d ?kukdkj cUn cDlk iw.kZ :i ls dqpkyd inkFkZ dh 8 lseh eksVh nhokjksa ls cuk gS ,oa Å"ek ds vUnj tkus ;k
ckgj fudyus ds fy, /kkrq ds nks Bksl csyukdkj /kkfRod Iyx vkeus lkeus dh nhokjksa ij yxsa gS izR;sd dk vuqizLFk
dkV {ks=kQy 12 lseh2 o yEckbZ 8 lseh gSA ,d Iyx dh ckg~; lrg A, 100°C ij j[kh tkrh gS tcfd nwljs Iyx
dh ckg~; lrg B, 4°C ij j[kh tkrh gSA izR;sd Iyx ds inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk 0.5 cal/°C/cm gSA 36 cal/s
ÅtkZ mRiUu dj jgk ,d L=kksr cDls ds vUnj cUn gSA vkUrfjd lrg ds lHkh fcUnqvksa dk rki leku ekurs gq,
cDls dh vkUrfjd lrg dk lkE;koLFkk rki gS &
A ÅtkZ B
100°C dk lzksr 4°C
8 cm
dqpkyd
nhokj
(A) 62 °C (B) 46 °C (C*) 76 °C (D) 52 °C

Sol.
 T  100  T 4
36 =   kA    kA
 8   8 
K = 0.5 cal/ºc/cm
A = 12 cm2 .
ADVHT - 2
Heat Transfer
4. Two models of a windowpane are made. In one model, two identical glass panes of thickness 3 mm are
separated with an air gap of 3 mm. This composite system is fixed in the window of a room. The other
model consists of a single glass pane of thickness 6 mm, the temperature difference being the same as
for the first model. The ratio of the heat flow for the double pane to that for the single pane is
(Kglass = 2.5 × 10–4 cal/s.m. °C and Kair = 6.2 × 10–6 cal/s.m.°C)
,d f[kM+dh ds njokts ds nks uewus (Model) cuk;s tkrs gSA ,d uewus esa 3 mm eksVs ,d tSls nks dkap 3 mm ds
ok;q vUrjky }kjk vyx djds yxk;s tkrs gSa ;g iwjk fudk; dejs dh ,d f[kM+dh esa yxk;k tkrk gSA nwljs uewus esa
dsoy 6 mm eksVk ,d dkap yxk;k tkrk gSA blds o izFke uewus nksuksa esa rkikUrj leku gS rks nksgjs dkap o bdgjs
dkap okys njokts ls Å"ek izokg dk vuqikr gS (Kglass = 2.5 × 10–4 cal/s.m. °C and Kair = 6.2 × 10–6
cal/s.m.°C)
(A) 1/20 (B) 1/70 (C) 31/1312 (D*) 31/656
Sol.
3 mm
Rg Rair Rg
3 mm 3 mm
(A)
2 (3 mm) (3 mm)
Req = 2 Rg + Rair = +
kg A kair A
6 mm
R=
kg . A
6 mm 1
T
iA Req R Kg . A Kg 2 K air
= T
= = = =
iB R Req 2 (3 mm)  3 mm  2 K air  K g Kg  2 K air
 
Kg A  K air A  2 K g . K air
5. Heat is flowing through two cylindrical rods made of same materials whose ends are maintained at
similar temperatures. If diameters of the rods are in ratio 1 : 2 and lengths in ratio 2 : 1, then the ratio of
thermal current through them in steady state is :
leku inkFkksZ ls cuh nks csyukdkj NM+ksa ls Å"ek izokfgr gks jgh gS] ftuds fljs ,d tSls rki ij j[ks tkrs gSA ;fn
NM+ksa ds O;kl dk vuqikr 1 : 2 o mudh yEckbZ;ksa dk vuqikr 2 : 1 gS rks LFkk;h voLFkk esa muls ikfjr Å"eh; /kkjk
dk vuqikr Kkr dhft;sA
(A*) 1 : 8 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 1 : 6 (D) 4 : 1

Sol. Thermal resistance rkih; izfrjks/k R =
KA
1
for same temperature difference, thermal current leku rkikUrj ds fy,]rki /kkjk 
R
i1 R 2 1  A1 K1
 = 2 = / = 2
i2 R1 K 2 A2 K1 A1 1 A2 K 2
1 12 1
= x x = 1/8
2 22 1
ADVHT - 3
Heat Transfer
6. The ends of a metre stick are maintained at 100ºC and 0ºC. One end of a rod is maintained at 25ºC.
Where should its other end be touched on the metre stick so that there is no heat current in the rod in
steady state?
(A) 25 cm from the hot end (B) 40 cm from the cold end
(C*) 25 cm from the cold end (D) 60 cm from the cold end
,d ehVj dh NM+ ds fljs 100°C rFkk 0°C ij j[ks tkrs gSA fdlh NM+ dk ,d fljk 25°C ij j[kk tkrk gSA bl
NM+ dk nwljk fljk ehVj NM+ ij dgka j[kk tkuk pkfg, rkfd NM+ esa LFkk;h voLFkk esa dksbZ Å"eh; /kkjk izokfgr u
gks\
(A) xeZ fljs ls 25 cm (B) B.Ms fljs ls 40 cm
(C*) B.Ms fljs ls 25 cm (D) B.Ms fljs ls 60 cm
Ans. 25 cm from cold end is at 25°C (since temperature gradient is 1°C/cm)
 rod shound be touched at this point to ensure no heat transfer.
B.Ms fljs ls 25 cm ij rki 25°C gSA (rki izo.krk 1°C/cm gS)
 NM+ ds bl fcUnw ij Li'kZ djkus ij Å"ek izokg ugha gksxkA
SECTION (B) : RADIATION AND STEFEN’S LAW

[k.M (B) : fofdj.k ,oae~ LVhQu dk fu;e
7. A spherical solid black body of radius ‘r’ radiates power ‘H’ and its rate of cooling is ‘C’. If density is
constant then which of the following is/are true.
,d xksyh; d`f".kdk ftldh f=kT;k r gS] H 'kfDr fofdfjr djrh gS ,oa bldh 'khryu dh nj C gS ;fn ?kuRo fu;r
gS rks fuEu esa dkSulk lR; gS & STaRT-2012
1 1
(A) H  r and c  r2 (B*) H  r2 and c  (C) H  r and c  (D) H  r2 and c  r2
r r2
1 1
(A) H  r rFkk c  r2 (B*) H  r2 rFkk c  (C) H  r rFkk c  (D) H  r2 rFkk c  r2
r r2
Sol. H =  e A T4 H  A  r2
 e A A r2
C= (4TS3 T) C  3 r
ms m r
8. The earth is getting energy from the sun whose surface temperature is Ts and radius is R. Let the
radius of the earth the r and the distance from the sun be d. Assume the earth and the sun both to
behave as perfect black bodies and the earth is in thermal equilibrium at a constant temperature Te.
Therefore, the temperature Ts of the sun is xTe where x is
i`Foh lw;Z ls ÅtkZ izkIr djrh gS] lw;Z dk rkieku Ts rFkk f=kT;k R gSA ekuk i`Foh dh f=kT;k r rFkk bldh lw;Z ls
nwjh d gSA i`Foh rFkk lw;Z nksuksa ,d vkn'kZ Ñ".k oLrq dh rjg O;ogkj djrh gS] rFkk i`Foh Te rkieku ij rkih;
lkE;koLFkk esa gSA ;fn lw;Z dk rkieku Ts = xTe gks rks x dk eku D;k gksxkA
2d 2R 4d d
(A*) (B) (C) (D)
R r r r
Sol. (a)
  4R 2 .Ts 4
2
 r 2    4r 2  Te 4
4 d
ADVHT - 4
Heat Transfer
R 2 Ts 4
  4Te 4
d2
2d
Ts = Te
R
9._ The plots of intensity vs. wavelength for three black bodies at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 respectively
are as shown. Their temperatures are such that-
rhu dkyh oLrqvksa ds fy, Øe'k% T1, T2 rFkk T3 rki ij rhozrk rjaxnS/;Z oØ fp=k esa fn[kk;s x;s gSA muds rki bl
izdkj gS &
 T3
T2
T1

(A) T1 > T2 > T3 (B*) T1 > T3 > T2 (C) T2 > T3 > T1 (D) T3 > T2 > T1
Ans. B
Sol. (2)
Wein’s displacement law for a perfectly black body is -
m T = constant = Wein’s constant b
Here m is the minimum wavelength corresponding to maximum intensity .
or
From the figure
(m)1 < (m)3 < (m)2
Therefore T1 > T 3 > T 2
 objective questions based on Wein’s displacement law are usually asked in IIT-JEE. Question number
34 of section I of JEE-1998 is also based on Wein’s displacement law.
iw.kZr;k dkyh oLrq ds fy;s ohu foLFkkiu fu;ekuqlkj
m T = fu;rkad = ohu fu;rkad b
;gk¡ m ] mPpre rhozrk ds laxr U;wure rjaxnS/;Z gSA .
;k
fp=kkuqlkj
(m)1 < (m)3 < (m)2
vr% T1 > T 3 > T 2
 IIT-JEE esa lkekU;r;k ohu ds foLFkkiu ds fu;e ij loky iwNs tkrs gS JEE vH;kl esa ç'u la[;k 34 JEE 1998
esa iwNk x;k gS tks ohu foLFkkiu fu;e ij vk/kkfjr gSA
10._ The temperature of bodies X and Y vary with time as shown in the figure. If emissivity of bodies X and Y
are eX & eY and absorptive powers are AX and AY, (assume other conditions are identical for both):then:
X o Y oLrqvksa ds rki le; ds lkFk fp=kkuqlkj cnyrs gSaA ;fn X o Y oLrqvksa dh mRltZdrk eX o eY rFkk vo'kks"k.k
{kerk AX o AY, gS (ekuk nksauks ds fy, lHkh voLFkk ,dleku gS) rks :
(A*) eY > eX , AY > AX (B) eY < eX , AY < AX (C) eY > eX , AY < AX (D) eY < eX , AY > AX
Ans. A
ADVHT - 5
Heat Transfer
 dT 
Sol. Rate of cooling     emissivity (e)
 dt 
From the graph,
 dT   dT 
  dt     dt   ex > ey
 x  y
Further emissivity (e)  absorptive power (1) (good absorbers are good emitters also)
 ax > ay
Hence the correct answer is (3).
Note : Emissivity is a pure ratio (dimensionless) while the emissive power has a unit J/s or watt.
 dT 
Sol. 'khryu nj     mRltZdrk (e)
 dt 
xzkQ ls,
 dT   dT 
  dt     dt   ex > ey
 x  y
iqu% mRltZdrk (e)  vo'kks"k.k {kerk (1) (vPNk vo'kks"kd] vPNk mRltZd Hkh gksrk gS)
 ax > ay
vr% lgh fodYi (3) gSA
uksV : mRltZdrk ,d 'kq) fu;rkad ¼foekghu½ gS] tcfd mRltZd {kerk dh bdkbZ J/s ;k okV gSA
11._ Three discs of same material A, B, C of radii 2 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm respectively are coated with carbon
black. Their wavelengths corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy are 300, 400 and 500 nm
respectively then maximum power will be emitted by
leku inkFkZ dh rhu pdfr;k¡ A, B, C Øe'k% 2 cm, 4 cm o 6 cm dh f=kT;k dh gSa] mu ij dkcZu dh dkfy[k
(Carbon Black) dh ijr p<+kbZ tkrh gSA vf/kdre LisDVªeh fofdjdrk (spectral radiancy) ds laxr mudh
rjaxnS/;Z Øe'k% 300, 400 o 500 nm gS] rks fdlds }kjk vf/kdre 'kfDr mRlftZr dh tk;sxhA
(A) A (B*) B (C) C (D) same for all lHkh }kjk leku
Ans. B
Sol. Q  AT4 and m = T = constant. Hence,
Q  AT4 vkSj m = T = fu;rkad vr%,
A r2
Q or Q
(  m )4 (  m )4
(2)2 (4)2 (6)2
Q A : QB : QC = : :
(3)4 (4)4 (5)4
4 1 36
= : :
81 16 625
= 0.05 : 0.0625 : 0.0576
i.e. QB is maximum.
Hence, the correct option is (2).
vr% QB mPpre gSA
vr% fodYi (2) lgh gSA
12._ Three graphs marked as 1, 2, 3 representing the variation of maximum emissive power and wavelength
of radiation of the sun, a welding arc and a tungsten filament. Which of the following combination is
correct
ADVHT - 6
Heat Transfer
(A*) 1- bulb, 2  welding arc, 3  sun (B) 2- bulb, 3  welding arc, 1  sun
(C) 3- bulb, 1  welding arc, 2  sun (D) 2- bulb, 1  welding arc, 3  sun
iznf'kZr fp=k esa vf/kdre mRltZu {kerk ,oa lw;Z ds fodhj.kksa dh rjaxnS/;Z welding Tokyk dh
rjaxnS/;Z ,oa VaxLVd
rUrq }kjk mRlftZr rjaxnS/;ksZ ds e/; xzkQ iznf'kZr fd;k x;k gS fuEu esa ls dkSulk fodYi lgh xzkQ dks iznf'kZr
djrk gSA
(A*) 1- VaxLVd rUrq, 2  welding Tokyk, 3  sun
(B) 2- VaxLVd rUrq, 3  welding Tokyk, 1  sun
(C) 3- VaxLVd rUrq, 1  welding Tokyk, 2  sun
(D) 2- VaxLVd rUrq, 1  welding Tokyk, 3  sun
Sol. (1) According to Wien’s displacement law ohu foLFkkiu fu;e ls
mT = constant fu;rkad
1
 T
max
from graph xzkQ ls max(1) > max(2) > max(3)
 T1 < T 2 < T3
the material having law temperature has the graph having lower peak.
xzkQ esa fuEu pksVh (peak) j[kus okyh /kkrq dk de rkieku gksrk gSA
10._ A small pond of depth 0.5 m deep is exposed to a cold winter with outside temperature of 263 K.
Thermal conductivity of ice is K = 2.2 W m–1 K–1, latent heat L = 3.4 × 105 Jkg–1 and density
 = 0.9 × 103 kgm–3. Take the temperature of the pond to be 273 K. The time taken for the whole pond
to freeze is about.
263K ds ckgjh rkieku ds lkFk ,d B.Mh lnhZ ls ,d 0.5 m xgjkbZ dk NksVk rkykc fn[kk;k x;k gSA cQZ dh
rkih; pkydrk K = 2.2 W m–1 K–1 gS, xqIr Å"ek L = 3.4 × 105 Jkg–1 rFkk ?kuRo  = 0.9 × 103 kgm–3 rkykc dk
rkieku 273 K ysaA lEiw.kZ rkykc dks teus esa yxus okyk le; yxHkx gS
(A*) 20 days (B) 25 days (C) 30 days (D) 35 days
Sol.
263K
273K
KA(10) d
 L (Ax)
x dt
2.2  (10) dx
 3.4  105  0.9  103
x dt
t 0.5
22
3.4  0.9  108 
0
dt   x dx
0
22 1
6
t  (0.5)2
306  10 2
(0.5)2  306  106 306 306000  103
t sec   106 sec   20 days
44 44  4 44  4  24  3600
ADVHT - 7
Heat Transfer
PART - II : INTEGER (SINGLE OR DOUBLE DIGIT) TYPE

Hkkx - II : iw.kkZd eku ¼,dy ;k f}&iw.kk±d½ izdkj ¼INTEGER (SINGLE OR DOUBLE DIGIT)
TYPE
Section (A) : Thermal conduction in linear conductors at steady state

1. Two rods of same dimensions, but made of different materials are joined end to end with their free ends
being maintained at 100ºC and 0ºC respectively. The temperature of the junction is 70ºC. Then the
temperature of the junction if the rods are interchanged will be equal to T °C Find T :
leku foekvksa ijUrq fHkUu inkFkksZa ls cuh nks NM+sa fljs ls fljs }kjk tksM+h tkrh gSA rFkk muds eqä fljksa ds rki
Øe'k% 100ºC o 0ºC gSa rFkk laf/k dk rki 70ºC gSA ;fn NM+ksa dks vkil esa cny fn;k tk;sa rks laf/k dk rki T °C
gksxkA T Kkr dhft,
Ans. 30
K1 K2
Ans. 0°C 70°C 100°C
70  0 100  70 R2 K1
Heat current is same iH rkih; /kkjk iH ds leku gS = =  = 3/7  = 3/7
R1 R2 R1 K2
0°C K2 T K1 100°C
T 0 100  T
Heat current is same iH rkih; /kkjk iH ds leku gS = =
R2 R1
100  T R1 K 2
 = = = 7/3
T R2 K1
 300 – 3 T = 7T  T = 30°C Ans.
2.# Figure shows a steel rod joined to a brass rod. Each of the rods has length of 31 cm and area of
cross-section 0.20 cm2. The junction is maintained at a constant temperature 50°C and the two ends
are maintained at 100°C. The amount of heat taken out from the cold junction in 10 minutes after the
steady state is reached in n × 102 J. Find ‘n’. The thermal conductivities are Ksteel = 46 W/m–°C and
Kbrass = 109 W/m–°C.
fp=k esa ,d LVhy dh NM+ ihry dh NM+ ls tqM+h gSA izR;sd NM+ dh yEckbZ 31 lseh- ,oa vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy 0.20
lseh-2 gSA laf/k dk rki 50°C fu;r o fljksa dk rki 100°C j[kk tkrk gSA LFkk;h voLFkk vkus ds ckn B.Mh laf/k ij
10 feuV esa ckgj fudkyh xbZ Å"ek dh ek=kk n × 102 J gksxhA ‘n’ Kkr dhft;sA rkfi; pkydrk,sa gS Ksteel = 46
W/m–°C rFkk Kbrass = 109 W/m–°C.
Ans. 3
Sol. Let ekuk T = 100º C
& T0 = 50ºC
A
Heat m"ek = (T – T0) (KS + KB) × 10 × 60

 0.2 10 –4 
= (100 – 50) ×  –2 
× (46 + 109) × 10 × 60 = 300 J
 31 10 
ADVHT - 8
Heat Transfer
3.# Consider the situation shown in figure. The frame is made of the same material and has a uniform
cross-sectional area everywhere. If amount of heat flowing per second through a cross-section of part A
is
60 J. The amount of total heat taken out per second from the end at 50°C is 0.132 × 10n J/s. Find ‘n’.
fp=k esa nh xbZ fLFkfr ij fopkj dhft,A Ýse ,d gh inkFkZ dk cuk gS o lHkh txg vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy le:i
gSA ;fn Hkkx A ds vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy ls izfr lsd.M izokfgr Å"ek dh ek=kk 60 J gks] rks 50°C okys fljs ls izfr
lSd.M ckgj fudyus okyh Å"ek dh ek=kk 0.132 × 10n J/s gksxhA n Kkr dhft,A
Ans. 3
Sol.
60 50
R1 = thermal resistance of bent part eqM+s gq, Hkkx dk rkih; izfrjks/k = , R2 =
K A KA
 R2 
  Q = 60 J/s  Q = 132 j/s
 R1  R2 
4.# Four thin identical rods AB, AC, BD and EF made of the same material are joined as shown. The
free-ends C, D and F are maintained at temperatures T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Assuming that there is
1
no loss of heat to the surroundings, the temperature at joint E when the steady state is attained is
K
(2T1 + 2T2 + 3T3) . Find K (E is mid point of AB)
pkj iryh ,d leku NM+s AB, AC, BD o EF leku inkFkZ dh gS] fp=kkuqlkj tksM+h tkrh gSA eqDr fljs C, D o F
Øe'k% T1, T2 o T3 ij gSaA okrkoj.k esa Å"ek gkfu ugha gksrh ;g ekurs gq,] LFkk;h voLFkk izkIr gksus ds ckn laf/k E
1
dk rki (2T1 + 2T2 + 3T3) gksxkA K Kkr dhft;sA (E, AB dk e/; fcUnq gS)
K
Ans. 7
Sol.
by KCL at junction we can find T.
KCL }kjk taD'ku ij T izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
i1 + i2 + i3 = 0
T2  T T3  T T T
+ + 1 =0.
R R R
R R
2 2
ADVHT - 9
Heat Transfer
5. One end of copper rod of uniform cross-section and of length 1.45 m is in contact with ice at 0ºC and
the other end with water at 100°C. The position of point along its length where a temperature of 200°C
should be maintained so that in steady state the mass of ice melting is equal to that of steam produced
in the same interval of time is x cm from hotter end of rod. Find x [Assume that the whole system is
insulated from surroundings]. (take Lv = 540 cal/g Lf = 80 cal/g)
le:i vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy o 1.45 eh- yEckbZ dh ,d rkacs dh NM+ dk ,d fljk 0ºC ij cQZ ds o nwljk fljk
100°C ij ty ds lEidZ esa j[kk tkrk gSA bldh yEckbZ ds vuqfn'k 100°C okys ds lkis{k ml fcUnq dh fLFkfr x
cm gksxh rks x Kkr dhft;s] tgka 200°C dk rki j[kk tk;s rkfd LFkk;h voLFkk esa fi?ky jgh cQZ dk nzO;eku
leku le;kUrjky esa mRiUu ok"i ds cjkcj gksA [lEiw.kZ fudk; dks okrkoj.k ;k ifjos'k ls vo:) ekfu;s]. (Lv =
540 cal/g Lf = 80 cal/g)
Ans. 10
Sol.
dQ1 (200  100)kA dmsteam
i1 = = = LV
dt x dt
dQ2 (200  0) kA dm fusion
i2 = = = Lf
dt (  x ) dt
According to problem, iz'ukuqlkj
dmsteam dm fusion
=
dt dt
100kA 200kA 2
= .  x= = 0.1 m = 10 cm
x Lv ( –x)Lf 29

STATE
[k.M (B) : vjs[kh; pkydksa esa LFkk;h voLFkk esa Å"eh; pkyu
6. A hollow spherical conducting shell of inner radius R1 = 0.25 m and outer radius R2 = 0.50 m is placed
inside a heat reservoir of temperature T0 = 1000 ºC. The shell is initially filled with water at 0ºC. The
102
thermal conductivity of the material is k = W/m-K and its heat capacity is negligible. The time
4
10
required to raise the temperature of water to 100ºC is 1100 K n sec. Find K. Take specific heat of
9
22
water s = 4.2 kJ/kg.°C, density of water dw = 1000 kg/m3 ,  =
7
vkUrfjd f=kT;k R1 = 0.25 eh- o ckg~; f=kT;k R2 = 0.50 eh- dk [kks[kyk pkyd xksyk T0 = 1000 ºC rki ds
Å"eh; dq.M (reservoir) ds vUnj j[kk tkrk gSA izkjEHk esa xksyh; dks'k esa 0ºC ij ty Hkjk tkrk gSA inkFkZ dh
102
Å"eh; pkydrk k = W/m-K gS bldh Å"eh; /kkfjrk ux.; gSA ty dk rki 100ºC rd c<+us es yxk le;
4
10
1100 K n sec gS rks K Kkr dhft;sA ty dh fof'k"V Å"ek s = 4.2 kJ/kg.°C, ty dk ?kuRo dw = 1000
9
22
kg/m3 ]  = gS
7
ADVHT - 10
Heat Transfer
ter
K Wa Reservoir K ty dq.M
R1 R1
T0 = 1000ºC T0 = 1000ºC
0ºC 0ºC
R2 R2
Ans. 5
Sol. For any general moment 1000ºC.
fdlh ,d lkekU; {k.k 1000ºC ds fy;s
1000  T dQ
iH = =
Req dt
R2
dx 1  x 21 
where tgk¡ Req =  =  
k (4 x 2 ) 4 k  2  1  R
1
1 1 1  1
Req =    =
4 k  R1 R2  50
Now, mass of water inside cavity vc] xqgk ds vUnj fLFkr ty dk nzO;eku
4
M=× R13
3
dQ d 1000  T
= MS = (d = dT)
dt dt Req
100º t
dT 1
 dt
(1000  T ) ( Req MS ) 0
=
0º
  1000  
t = Req MS × n  
  900  
SECTION (C) : RADIATION AND STEFEN’S LAW

[k.M (C) : fofdj.k ,oae~ LVhQu dk fu;e
7.# A cylindrical rod of length 1 m is fitted between a large ice chamber at 0°C and an evacuated chamber
maintained at 27°C as shown in figure. Only small portions of the rod are inside the chambers and the
rest is thermally insulated from the surrounding. The cross-section going into the evacuated chamber is
blackened so that it completely absorbs any radiation falling on it. The temperature of the blackened
end is 17°C when steady state is reached. Stefan constant  = 6 × 10–8W/m2–K4. The thermal
conductivity of the material of the rod is 1.2 P (W/m – °C). Find P (294 = 707281)
yEckbZ 1 eh dh ,d csyukdkj NM+ 0°C ij cQZ ds ,d cM+s d{k o 27°C ij ,d fuokZfrr d{k ds e/; fp=kkuqlkj
tksM+h tkrh gSA NM+ ds dsoy NksVs ls Hkkx d{kksa ds vUnj gSa o 'ks"k Hkkx okrkoj.k ls Å"eh; :i ls foyfxr gSA
fuokZfrr d{k ds vUnj dk vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy dkyk fd;k x;k gS rkfd ;g bl ij vkifrr fdlh Hkh fofdj.k dks
iw.kZ :i ls vo'kksf"kr dj ysA LFkk;hvoLFkk ds ckn dkys fljs dk rki 17°C gSA LVhQu fu;rkad  = 6 × 10–
8W/m2–K4. gSA NM+ ds inkFkZ dh Å"ek pkydrk 1.2 P (W/m – °C) gS rks P Kkr dhft;sA (294 = 707281)
ADVHT - 11
Heat Transfer
Ans. 3
Sol.
Blackened portion will absorbs heat energy by radiation and delivered to 0ºC chamber by conduction
process.
dkyk Hkkx fofdj.k }kjk m"ek ÅtkZ vo'kksf"kr djrk gS vkSj pkyd izfØ;k }kjk 0ºC okys d{k dks mRlftZr djrk
gSA
(17) 17  0
kA = = eA {(300)4 – (290)4}  k = 3.6 W/m–ºC
1 R
e = 1 for blackwened object. dkys Hkkx ds fy;s e = 1
8. A spherical tungsten piece of radius 1.0 cm is suspended in an evacuated chamber maintained at 300
K. The piece is maintained at 1000 K by heating it electrically.The rate at which the electrical energy
must be supplied P Watt. Find P. The emissivity of tungsten is 0.30 and the stefan constant  is
6.0 × 10–8 W/m2–K4.
1.0 lseh f=kT;k dk ,d VaxLVu dk xksyk ,d fuokZfrr d{k esa yVdk gS ftl d{k dk rki 300 K gSA xksys dks
fo|qr Å"ek }kjk 1000 K ij j[kk tkrk gSA fo|qr ÅtkZ iznku djus dh nj P okWV gS rks P Kkr dhft;sA VaxLVu
dh mRltZdrk 0.30 ,oa LVhQu fu;rkad  = 6.0 × 10–8 W/m2–K4.
Ans. 22
Sol. E=  eA (1000) 4  (300)4 
where tgk¡ A = 4r2 & r = 0.01 m.
PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

Hkkx - III : ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi çdkj¼ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTION
CORRECT TYPE½
1. Assume transmitivity t  0 for all the cases :

izR;sd fLFkfr esa ikjxE;rk t  0 ekfu;s &
(A*) bad absorber is bad emitter (B*) bad absorber is good reflector
(C*) bad reflector is good emitter (D) bad emitter is good absorber
(A*) [kjkc ¼cqjk½ vo'kks"kd [kjkc mRltZd gSA (B*) [kjkc ¼cqjk½ vo'kks"kd vPNk ijkorZd gSA
(C*) [kjkc ¼cqjk½ ijkorZd vPNk mRltZd gSA (D) [kjkc ¼cqjk½ mRltZd vPNk vo'kks"kd gSA
Sol. Bad absober is a bad emitter and good reflector. Bad reflector is a good emitter.
,d cqjk vo'kks"kd ,d cqjk mRltZd rFkk vPNk ijkorZd gksrk gS rFkk cqjk ijkorZd vPNk mRltZd gksrk gSA
2. A hollow and a solid sphere of same material and having identical outer surface are heated under
identical condition to the same temperature at the same time (both have same e, a) :
leku inkFkZ o ,d tSlh ckg~; lrg ds ,d [kks[kyk o ,d Bksl xksyk leku rki rd vkn'kZ voLFkk esa xeZ fd;s
tkrs (nksauks dk e, a leku gS) gS &
(A*) in the beginning both will emit equal amount of radiation per unit time
(B*) in the beginning both will absorb equal amount of radiation per unit time
(C) both spheres will have same rate of fall of temperature (dT/dt)
(D) both spheres will have equal temperatures at any moment
(A*) izkjEHk esa nksuksa izfr bdkbZ le; esa fofdj.k dh leku ek=kk mRlftZr djsaxsA
(B*) izkjEHk esa nksuksa izfr bdkbZ le; esa fofdj.k dh leku ek=kk vo'kksf"kr djsaxsA
(C) nksuksa xksyksa ds rki gkl dh nj (dT/dt) leku gksxh
(D) fdlh le; nksuksa xksyksa dk rki leku gksxkA
ADVHT - 12
Heat Transfer
Sol.
Pemitte =  eAT4 since T1 = T2
Pabsorb =  eATS4 So P1 = P2 at t = 0
 dT   eA
cooling rate B.Mk gksus dh nj    = [T 4  TS4 ]
 dt  mS
since MH < MS , so cooling rate will be different since cooling rate is not same so both will not have
same temp at any instant t (except t = 0)
D;ksafd MH < MS , vr% B.Mk gksus dh nj vyx&vyx gksxhA D;ksafd B.Mk gksus dh nj leku ugha gS] vr% nksuksa
fdlh Hkh {k.k leku rki ij ugha gksaxsA (dsoy t = 0 ij leku rki ij gksaxs)
3. Two bodies A and B have thermal emissivities of 0.01 and 0.81 respectively. The surface areas of the
two bodies are the same. The two bodies emit total radiant power at the same rate. The wavelength B
corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from B is shifted from the wavelength
corresponding to maximum spectral radiancy in the radiation from A by 1.00 m. If the temperature of
A is 5802 K,
(A*) the temperature of B is 1934 K (B*) B = 1.5 m
(C) the temperature of B is 11604 K (D) the temperature of B is 2901 K
nks oLrqvksa A o B dh Å"eh; mRltZdrk Øe'k% 0.01 o 0.81 gSA nksuksa oLrqvksa dk ckg~; i`"Bh; {ks=kQy leku gSA
nksuksa oLrq,sa dqy fofdj.k 'kfDr leku nj ls mRlftZr djrh gSA B ls fofdj.k esa vf/kdre LisDVeh fofdjdrk ds
laxr rjaxnS/;Z B, A ls fofdj.k esa vf/kdre LisDVªeh fofdjdrk ds laxr rjaxnS/;Z A ls 1.00 µm ls foLFkkfir
gksrh gSA ;fn A dk rki 5802 K gS rks &
(A*) B dk rki 1934 K gSA (B*) B = 1.5 m
(C) B dk rki 11604 K gSA (D) B dk rki 2901 K gSA
Sol. P1 = P2 T A A = T B B
 eA ATA4 =  eB ATB4 TA = TB ( + 1)
1/ 4
TA  0.81  1
=   =3  = m
TB  0.01  2
T 5802
TB = A = = 1934 K B =  + 1 = 1.5 m
3 3
4. The solar constant is the amount of heat energy received per second per unit area of a perfectly black
surface placed at a mean distance of the Earth from the Sun, in the absence of Earth's atmosphere, the
surface being held perpendicular to the direction of Sun's rays. Its value is 1388 W/m2 .
If the solar constant for the earth is ‘s’. The surface temperature of the sun is TK, D is the diameter of
the Sun, R is the mean distance of the Earth from the Sun . The sun subtends a small angle ‘’ at the
earth. Then correct options is/are :–
lkSj fu;rkad iw.kZr;k d`f".kdk lrg tksfd i`Foh rFkk lw;Z ds ek/; nwjh ij j[kh xbZ gS] ds ,dkad {ks=kQy ij
ok;qe.My dh vuqifLFkfr esa çdk'k dh fdj.kksa ds yEcor~ çfr lSd.M çkIr dh xbZ Å"ek dh ek=kk gSA bldk eku
1388 W/m2 gSA ;fn i`Foh dk lkSj fu;rkad ‘s’ gSA lw;Z dh lrg dk rki TK gSA lw;Z dk O;kl D gS rFkk R lw;Z ls
i`Foh dh ek/; nwjh gSA lw;Z] i`Foh ij ‘’ dks.k ¼vYi½ cukrk gS] lgh fodYi gS] gS&
2 2 2
D T 4  D  T 4 T 4  R 
(A) s = T4   (B*) s =   (C*) s = 2 (D) s =  
R 4 R 4 4 D
ADVHT - 13
Heat Transfer
Sol.
D
i`Foh
lw;Z R
Let the diameter of the sun be D and its distance from the earth be R.
ekuk lw;Z dk O;kl D rFkk lw;Z dh i`Foh ls nwjh R gSA
D
=
R
The radiation emitted by the surface of the sun per unit time is
lw;Z dh lrg }kjk çfr lSd.M mRlftZr fofdj.k
2
D
4   T4 = D2 T4.
2
At distance R, this radiation falls on an area 4R2 in unit time. The radiation received at the earth’s
surface per unit time per unit area is, therefore.
;g fofdj.k R nwjh ij 4R2 {ks=kQy esa QSy tkrs gSA i`Foh dh lrg ij çfr lSd.M çfr ,dakd {ks=kQy mRlftZr
fofdj.kksa dh ek=kkA
2
 D 2 T 4  T 4  D 
s=    .
4 R 2 4 R
Thus blfy,, s  T4 and rFkk s 2
5. A heated body emits radiation which has maximum intensity at frequency m. If the temperature of the
body is doubled:
(A*) the maximum intensity radiation will be at frequency 2 m
(B) the maximum intensity radiation will be at frequency m.
(C*) the total emitted power will increase by a factor 16
(D) the total emitted power will increase by a factor 2.
,d xeZ oLrq fofdj.k mRlftZr djrh gS ftldh rhozrk m vko`fr ij vf/kdre gSA ;fn oLrq dk rki nqxquk fd;k
tkrk gS rks
(A*) vf/kdre rhozrk dh fofdj.k] 2 m vko`fr ij gksxhA
(B) vf/kdre rhozrk dh fofdj.k] m vko`fr ij gksxhA
(C*) mRlftZr dqy 'kfDr 16 xquk gks tk;sxhA
(D) mRlftZr dqy 'kfDr 2 xquk gks tk;sxhA
Sol. T  = Constant fu;rkad  m= C

max
T
= Constant fu;rkad
 max
T1 T2 T2 2 T
 2 = . 1 = . 1 = 21
1 2 T1 T
E =  e A T4
E2
E  T4 = (2)4 = 16
E1
ADVHT - 14
Heat Transfer
6._ Two identical rods made of two different metals A and B with thermal conductivities KA and KB
respectively are joined end to end. The free end of A is kept at a temperature T1 while the free end of B
is kept at a temperature T2 (< T1). Therefore, in the steady state
(A) the temperature of the junction will be determined only by KA and KB
(B*) if the lengths of the rods are doubled the rate of heat flow will be halved.
(C*) if the temperature at the two free ends are interchanged the junction temperature will change
2K A K B
(D*) the composite rod has an equivalent thermal conductivity of
K A  KB
nks le:i NM+sa nks vyx /kkrqvksa A rFkk B dh cuh gqbZ Øe'k% KA rFkk KB Å"eh; pkydrk ds lkFk fljs ls fljs ij
tksM+h xbZ gSA A dk eqDr fljs ij rkieku T1 gS tcfd B ds eqDr fljs ij rkieku T2 (< T1) gSA blfy, lkE;koLFkk
dh fLFkfr esa
(A) lfU/k dk rkieku dsoy KA rFkk KB }kjk fu/kkZfjr gksxkA
(B*) ;fn NM+ dh yEckbZ dks nqxquk dj nsa rks Å"ek izokg dh nj vk/kh gksxh
(C*) ;fn nksuksa eqDr fljks ij rkieku vkil esa cny nsa] rks lfU/k dk rkieku cnysxk
2K A K B
(D*) la;qDr NM+ dh rqY; rkih; pkydrk gSA
K A  KB
Ans. (BCD)
T1  Tj T2  Tj
Sol. 
L L
kA A kB A
 (T1 – Tj)kA = (T2 – Tj)kB
So Tj depends on kA, kB & T1, T2
L L 2L 2k A kB
   keq =
k A A kB A k eq A k A  kB
B, C, D are correct.
PART - IV : COMPREHENSION
Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)

Comprehension # 1#
vuqPNsn # 1
Figure shows in cross section a wall consisting of four layers with thermal conductivities K1 = 0.06
W/mK; K3 = 0.04 W/mK and K4 = 0.10 W/mK. The layer thicknesses are L1 = 1.5 cm ; L3 = 2.8 cm and
L4 = 3.5 cm. The temperature of interfaces is as shown in figure. Energy transfer through the wall is
steady.
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4
K1 K2 K3 K4
30°C 25°C -10°C
L1 L2 L3 L4
pkj ijrks okyh nhokj dh vuqçLFk dkV fp=k esa çnf'kZr gSA ftudh Å"eh; pkydrk K1 = 0.06 W/mK;
K3 = 0.04 W/mK rFkk K4 = 0.10 W/mK gSA laidZ lrgksa dk rkieku fp=k esa iznf'kZr gSA ijrks dh eksVkbZ
L1 = 1.5 cm; L3 = 2.8 cm rFkk L4 = 3.5 cm gSA nhokj ls ÅtkZ çokg fu;r gSA
ADVHT - 15
Heat Transfer
Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4
K1 K2 K3 K4
30°C 25°C -10°C
L1 L2 L3 L4
1. The temperature of the interface between layers 3 and 4 is :

ijr 3 vkSj 4 dh lEifdZr lrg ij rkieku gS :
(A) – 1°C (B*) – 3°C (C) 2°C (D) 0°C
Q Q
Sol. In steady state 
t layer 1 t layer 4
Q Q
LFkk;h voLFkk esa] 
0.06  A  (30  25) 0.10  A  T

 2
=  T =7°C
1.5  10 3.5  10 2
T3 = (– 10 + 7)°C = – 3°C
2. The temperature of the interface between layers 2 and 3 is :

ijr 2 o 3 ds e/; lEifdZr lrg dk rkieku gS :
(A*) 11°C (B) 8°C (C) 7.2°C (D) 5.4°C
Q Q
Sol. 
Q Q

t ijr 1 t ijr 3
0.06  A  5 0.04  A  T
 =  T = 14°C
1.5  10 2 2.8  10 2
T3 = (– 3 + 14)°C = 11°C
3. If layer thickness L2 is 1.4 cm, then its thermal conductivity K2 will have value (in W/mK) :
;fn L2 ijr dh eksVkbZ 1.4 lseh0 gks rks bldh Å"eh; pkydrk K2 dk eku (W/mK esa) gksxk :
(A*) 2 × 10–2 (B) 2 × 10–3 (C) 4 × 10–2 (D) 4 × 10–3
Q Q Q Q
Sol.   
t layer 1 t layer 2 t ijr 1 t ijr 2
0.06  A  5 K 2  A  14
  =  
1.5  10 2 1.4  10 2
  K2 = 0.02 W/mK
Comprehension # 2
A body cools in a surrounding of constant temperature 30 ºC. Its heat capacity is 2J/ºC. Initial
temperature of the body is 40ºC. Assume Newton’s law of cooling is valid. The body cools to 38ºC in 10
minutes.
30 ºC fu;r rkieku ds okrkoj.k esa ,d oLrq B.Mh gksrh gSA Å"ek /kkfjrk 2J/ºC gSA oLrq dk çkjfEHkd rkieku
40ºC gSA ekuk fd U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e ;gk¡ ekU; gksrk gSA oLrq 10 feuV esa 38ºC rd B.Mh gksrh gSA
4. In further 10 minutes it will cool from 38ºC to :

vxys 10 feuV esa ;g 38ºC ls fuEu rki rd B.Mh gks tk,xh &
(A) 36ºC (B*) 36.4ºC (C) 37ºC (D) 37.5ºC
Sol. We have  – s = ( – s) e–kt
where  = Initial temperature of body = 40°C
 = temperature of body after time t.
Since body cools from 40 to 38 in 10min, we have
ADVHT - 16
Heat Transfer
38 – 30 = (40 – 30) e– k 10 .... (1)
Let after 10 min, The body temp. be 
 – 30 = (38 – 30) e–k 10 .... (2)
(1) 8 10
gives  ,  – 30 = 6.4   = 36.4 °C
(2)   30 8
gy. ge tkurs gS  – s = ( – s ) e–kt
tgk¡ = oLrq dk izkjfEHkd rkieku = 40°C
 = oLrq dk t le; i'pkr~ rkieku
pwafd oLrq 40 ls 38°C rd 10 feuV esa B.Mh gksrh gS, vr%
38 – 30 = (40 – 30) e– k 10 .... (1)
ekuk 10 feuV i'pkr~, oLrq dk rkieku gks tkrk gS
 – 30 = (38 – 30) e–k 10 .... (2)
(1) 8 10
ls  ,  – 30 = 6.4   = 36.4 °C
(2)   30 8
5.# The temperature of the body in ºC denoted by  the variation of versus time t is best denoted as
oLrq dk ºC esa rkieku  }kjk çnf'kZr gS dk le; t ds lkFk ifjorZu dk lgh çn'kZu gS
0 0
0
0
40 C 40 C 40 C
40 C
  0
 0 
0
30 C 30 C
(A*) 30 C (B) (C) (D)
t t t (0,0) t
Sol. Temperature decreases exponentially.
rki pj ?kkrkadh ?kVrk gSA
6. When the body temperature has reached 38 ºC, it is heated again so that it reaches to 40ºC in 10
minutes .The total heat required from a heater by the body is:
tc oLrq dk rki 38 ºC igq¡prk gS rks bldks nqckjk bl çdkj xeZ djrs gS fd bldk rkieku 10 feuV esa 40ºC gks
tkrk gS rks oLrq ds fy, ghVj ls çkIr dqy Å"ek gksxh &
(A) 3.6J (B) 7J (C*) 8 J (D) 4 J
Sol. During heating process from 38 to 40 in 10 min. The body will lose heat in the surrounding which will be
exactly equal to the heat lost when it is cooled from 40 to 38 in 10 min, which is equal to ms  = 2 × 2
= 4 J.
During heating process heat required by the body = m s  = 4 J.
 Total heat required = 8 J.
gy 38 ls 40°C rd 10 feuV esa xeZ djus ds nkSjku, oLrq okrkoj.k esa Å"ek {k; djsxh tks fd 10 feuV esa 40 ls 38°C
rd B.Mh gkus esa mRlftZr Å"ek ds cjkcj gksxh] tks fd ms  = 2 × 2 = 4 J ds cjkcj gSA
xeZ djus ds nkSjku oLrq ds fy, vko';d Å"ek = m s  = 4 J.
 dqy vko';d Å"ek = 8 J.
Comprehension # 3
A metal ball of mass 2 kg is heated by means of a 40 W heater in a room at 25°C. The temperature of
the ball becomes steady at 60°C.
7. Find the rate of loss of heat to the surrounding when the ball is at 60°C.
(A*) 40 W (B) 16W (C) 96W (D) 100 W
8. Assuming Newton’s law of cooling, calculate the rate of loss of heat to the surrounding when the ball is
at 39°C.
(A) 40 W (B*) 16W (C) 96W (D) 100 W
ADVHT - 17
Heat Transfer
9. Assume that the temperature of the ball rises uniformly from 25°C to 39°C in 2 minutes. Find the total
loss of heat to the surrounding during this period.
(A) 900 J (B) 940 J (C*) 960 J (D) 1000 J
fdlh dejs esa 2 fdxzk nzO;eku okyh /kkrq dh ,d xsan 25°C rki ij 40 okWV ds fo|qr ghVj }kjk xeZ dh tkrh gSA
xsan dk rki 60°C ij fLFkj gks tkrk gSA
7. tc xsan 60°C ij gS rks okrkoj.k esa Å"ek gkfu dh nj Kkr dhft;sA

(A*) 40 W (B) 16W (C) 96W (D) 100 W
8. eku yhft;s fd U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e ykxw jgrk gS] tc xsan 39°C rki ij gS] okrkoj.k esa gksus okyh Å"ek
gkfu dh nj dh x.kuk dhft;sA
(A) 40 W (B*) 16W (C) 96W (D) 100 W
9. eku yhft;s fd 2 fefuV esa xsan dk rki ,d leku :i ls c<+dj 25°C ls 39°C gks tkrk gS] bl dky esa okrkoj.k
esa gksus okyh Å"ek gkfu Kkr dhft;sA
(A) 900 J (B) 940 J (C*) 960 J (D) 1000 J
Sol. (a) At steady state LFkk;h voLFkk ij
heat gained per unit time = heat lost per unit time
çfr lSd.M çkIr dh xbZ Å"ek = çfr lSd.M R;kxh xbZ Å"ek
40W = heat lost R;kxh xbZ Å"ek
(b) from Newton's law of cooling, U;wVu ds 'khryu ds fu;e ls
dQ dQ
 (T – T0)   = k (T – T0)
dt dt
40
 at 60º Cij k (60 – 25) = 40  k=
35
Now, at 39º C, rate of heat loss 39ºC ij Å"ek gkfu dh nj = k (39 – 25) = 16 W
(c) 40 = k (60 – 25)
= k (T – 25)
dT (39 – 25) T – 25
and rFkk = = 
dt 2  60 t
7t
   T – 25 =
60
dQ T – 25
Further blizdkj = (T – 25) k = × 40
dt 35
 dQ 
Q =   dt
 dt 
2 60
2
Q=   t dt
0
15
2 2 60
Q=  t 2   Q = 960 J
15  2 0
ADVHT - 18
Heat Transfer
* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

* fpfUgr iz'u ,d ls vf/kd lgh fodYi okys iz'u gS - 
PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

1. A metal rod AB of length 10 x has its one end A in ice at 0ºC and the other end B in water at 100ºC. If a
point P on the rod is maintained at 400ºC, then it is found that equal amounts of water and ice
evaporate and melt per unit time. The latent heat of evaporation of water is 540 cal/g and latent heat of
melting of ice is 80 cal/g. If the point P is at a distance of x from the ice end A, find the value of .
[Neglect any heat loss to the surrounding] [JEE, 2009, 4,/160, –1]
/kkrq dh 10x yEckbZ okyh NM+ AB dk ,d Nksj A 0ºC ij j[kh cQZ esa rFkk nwljk Nksj B 100ºC ij j[ks ikuh esa
j[kk x;k gSA bl NM+ ds ,d vU; fcUnq P dks 400ºC ds fLFkj rkieku ij j[kk tkrk gSA ik;k tkrk gS fd A Nksj
ij çfr bdkbZ le; esa fi?kyus okyh cQZ dk nzO;eku rFkk B Nksj ij çfr bdkbZ le; esa okf"ir gksus okys ty dk
nzO;eku cjkcj gSA ikuh ds ok"ihdj.k rFkk cQZ ds fi?kyus dh xqIr Å"ek,¡] Øe'k% 540 cal/g rFkk 80 cal/g gSA ;fn
P dh nwjh cQZ okys Nksj ls x gks] rks  dk eku fudkysaA [ okrkoj.k esa gksus okyh Å"ek dh gkfu dks ux.; ekusaA ]
Ans. 9
Sol.
400  0 400  100

i1 = , i2 =
(x / kA) (10   )x / kA
 dm 
L
i1  dt  f L f
 
i2  dm  Lv
 dt  L v
 
400 / x 80
  =9
300 /(10   )x 540
2. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B (radius 18 cm) are at temperature T1 and T2 respectively.
The maximum intensity in the emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in that of B is at 1500 nm.
Considering them to be black bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate of total energy radiated by A to
that of B ?
nks xksykdkj fi.M A (f=kT;k 6 cm) rFkk B, (f=kT;k 18 cm) Øe'k% T1 rFkk T2 rkieku ij gSaA muls mRlftZr
LisDVªe dh vf/kdre rhozrk A ds fy, 500 nm ij rFkk B ds fy, 1500 nm ij gSaA bu fi.Mksa dks d`f".kdk;sa ekurs
gq,] A rFkk B ls dqy ÅtkZ mRltZu dk vuqikr D;k gksxk \ [JEE, 2010, 3,/163 ]
Ans. 9
Sol. (m)B = 3(m)A
 TA = 3TB
E1 = 4 (6)2 TA4 = 4(6)2 (3TB)4
E2 = 4 (18)2  TB4
E1
= 9.
E2
ADVHT - 1
Heat Transfer
3.#* A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D and E of different thermal conductivities (given in terms
of a constant K) and sizes (given in terms of length, L) as shown in the figure. All slabs are of same
width. Heat ‘Q’ flows only from left to right through the blocks. Then in steady state [JEE, 2011, 4,/160 ]
(A*) heat flow through A and E slabs are same

(B) heat flow through slab E is maximum
(C*) temperature difference across slab E is smallest
(D*) heat flow through C = heat flow through B + heat flow through D.
vyx&vyx rki pkydrkvksa (K ds ek=kd esa) rFkk vyx&vyx lkbtksa (L ds ek=kd esa) ds A, B, C, D o E LyScksa
(slabs) dks fp=k esa n'kkZ;s vuqlkj tksM+k x;k gSA lc LyScksa dh pkSM+kbZ leku gSA Å"ek 'Q' dk pkyu flQZ A ls E
dh fn'kk esa gSA rc lkE;koLFkk esa [JEE, 2011, 4,/160 ]
(A*) A o E LyScksa esa ls pkfyr Å"ek cjkcj gSA

(B) vf/kdre Å"ek pkyu LySc E esa ls gSA
(C*) U;wure rkieku&vUrj E LySc ds Qydksa ds chp gSA
(D*) C esa ls Å"ek pkyu = B esa ls Å"ek pkyu + D esa ls Å"ek pkyu
Ans. (A), (C), (D)
Sol. A: At steady state, heat flow through A and E are same.
C: T = i × R
‘i’ is same for A and E but R is smallest for E.
T
D: iB =
RB
T
iC =
RC
T
iD =
RD
if ic = iB + iD
1 1 1
Hence  
RC RB RD
8 KA 3KA 5kA
  
  
Sol. (A), (C), (D)
A: LFkk;h voLFkk esa A rFkk E ls Å"ek izokg leku gSA
C: T = i × R
A rFkk E ds fy, ‘i’ leku gksxk fdUrq E ds fy, R U;wure gksxk
ADVHT - 2
Heat Transfer
T
D: iB =
RB
T
iC =
RC
T
iD =
RD
;fn ic = iB + iD
1 1 1 8 KA 3KA 5kA
vr%     
RC RB RD   
4. Three very large plates of same area are kept parallel and close to each other. They are considered as
ideal black surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. The first and third plates are maintained
at temperatures 2T and 3T respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e. second) plate under steady
state condition is
rhu cgqr cM+h IysVsa] ftudk {ks=kQy cjkcj gS] lekarj o ,d nwljs ds ikl j[kh x;h gSaA mudks vkn'kZ &d`".k &lrg
ekusa vkSj mudh Å"ek pkydrk cgqr vf/kd gSA igyh vkSj rhljh IysVksa dks Øe'k% 2T vkSj 3T rkieku ij j[kk
tkrk gSA LFkkbZ voLFkk esa chp dh ¼vFkkZr nwljh½ IysV dk rkieku gSA [IIT-JEE-2012, Paper-1; 3/70, –1]
1 1 1
1
 65  4  97  4  97  4
(A)   T (B)   T (C*)   T (D)  97  4 T
 2   4   2 
Sol.
In steady state energy absorbed by middle plate is equal to energy released by middle plate.
LFkk;h voLFkk ij ek/; ifêdk }kjk vo'kksf"kr Å"ek dh nj] mRlftZr Å"ek dh nj ds rqY; gS
A(3T)4 – A(T’)4 = A(T’)4 – A(2T)4
(3T)4 – (T’)4 = (T’)4 – (2T)4
(2T’)4 = (16 + 81) T4
1/ 4
 97 
T’ =   T
 2 
5.# Two rectangular blocks, having indentical dimensions, can be arranged either in configuration  or in
configuration  as shown in the figure, On of the blocks has thermal conductivity k and the other 2k.
The temperature difference between the ends along the x-axis is the same in both the configurations. It
takes 9s to transport a certain amount of heat from the hot end to the cold end in the configuration .
The time to transport the same amount of heat in the configuration  is :
[JEE(Advanced)-2013,3/60,–1]
nks le:ih vk;rkdkj xqVdksa dks n'kkZ;s fp=kkuqlkj nks foU;klksa I vkSj II esa O;ofLFkr fd;k x;k gSA xqVdkssa dh Å"ek
pkydrk k o 2k gSA nksauks foU;klksa esa x–v{k ds nksauks Nksjksa ij rkieku dk vUrj leku gSA foU;kl I esa] Å"ek dh
,d fuf'pr ek=kk xje Nksj ls B.Ms Nksj rd vfHkxeu esa 9s ysrh gSA foU;kl II esa] leku ek=kk dh Å"ek ds
vfHkxeu ds fy, le; gS :
ADVHT - 3
Heat Transfer
(A*) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s

Ans. (A)
3R
Sol. In configuration 1 equivalent thermal resistance is
2
R
In configuration 2 equivalent thermal resistance is
3
Thermal Resistance  time taken by heat flow from high temperature to low temperature
3R
Hindi. foU;kl 1 esa rqY; rkih; izfrjks/k gS
2
R
foU;kl 2 esa rqY; rkih; izfrjks/k gS
3
rkih; izfrjks/k  mPp rki ls fuEu rki dh vksj Å"ek izokg esa fy;k x;k le;
6. Parallel rays of light of intensity  = 912 Wm–2 are incident on a spherical balck body kept in
surroundings of temperature 300 K. Take Stefan-Biltzmann constant  = 5.7 × 10–8 Wm–2 K–4 and
assume that the energy exchange with the surroundings is only through radiation. Then final steady
state temperature of the black body is close to: [JEE (Advanced)-2014, 3/60, –1]
,d xksykdkj Ñf".kdk(black body) dks 300 K rkieku okys okrkoj.k esa j[kk x;k gSA bl ij izd'k ds lekUrj
fdj.ksa] ftudh rhozrk  = 912 Wm–2 gS] vkifrr gSaA LVhQu oksYVt~eku fu;rkad  = 5.7 × 10–8 Wm–2 K–4 dk
eku ysdj ;g ekurs gq, fd ÅtkZ dk vknku iznku flQZ fofdj.k }kjk gh gks jgk gS] Ñf".kdk dk LFkk;h voLFkk esa
rkieku yxHkx gS %
(A*) 330 K (B) 660 K (C) 990 K (D) 1550 K
Ans. (A)
Sol. In steady state LFkk;h voLFkk esa
R  (T  T )4R 2 
2 4 4
0
  (T4 – T04 ) 4

 T4 – T04 = 40 × 108
 T4 – 81 × 108 = 40 ×108
 T4 = 121 ×108
 T  330 K
7. Two spherical stars A and B emit blackbody radiation. The radius of A is 400 times that of B and A
 
emits 104 times the power emitted from B. The ratio  A  of their wavelengths A and B at which the
 B 
peaks occur in their respective radiation curves is :
nks xksykdj rkjksa A rFkk B }kjk d`f".dk (CySd ckWMh) fofdj.k mRlftZr fd;k tk jgk gSA A dh f=kT;k B dh f=kT;k
dh 400 xquk gS rFkk A ls mRlftZr ÅtkZ B ls mRlftZr ÅtkZ dh 104 xquk gSA mudh mu rjaxnS/;ksZ A vkSj B, ftu
 
ij muds fofdj.k oØ mPpre~ gSa]  A  ds vuqikr dk eku gSA [JEE(Advanced) 2015 ; P-1, 4/88]
 B 
Ans. 2
ADVHT - 4
Heat Transfer
Sol. According to Wien's displacement law  
 mA TA = mB TB
Ratio of energy radiated per unit time
EA TA4 A A

EB TB4 AB
10 4 E ()(4 )(400r)2 TA4
 C
E ()(4)(r)2 TB4
4 4
 B  2  A  A
  .(400) = 104    = 24  = 2
 A   B  B
8.* An incandescent bulb has a thin filament of tungsten that is heated to high temperature by passing an
electric current. The hot filament emits black-body radiation. The filament is observed to break up at
random locations after a sufficiently long time of operation due to non-uniform evaporation of tungsten
from the filament. If the bulb is powered at constant voltage, which of the following statement(s) is
(are)true? [JEE Advanced 2016 ; P-1, 4/62, –2]
(A) The temperature distribution over the filament is uniform
(B) The resistance over small sections of the filament decreases with time
(C*) The filament emits more light at higher band of frequencies before it breaks up
(D*) The filament consumes less electrical power towards the end of the life of the bulb
,d rkinhIr cYc ds VaxLVu rUrq dks fo|qr /kkjk ds izokg ls mPp rkieku ij xje djus ij VaXLVu rUrq d`f".kdk
fofdj.k (black-body radiation) mRlftZr djrk gSA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd yacs le; ds iz;ksx ds ckn VaXLVu rUrq esa
vleku ok"ihdj.k ds dkj.k rUrq fdlh Hkh txg ls VwV tkrk gSA ;fn cYc dks fo|qr 'kfDr ,d fLFkj oksYVrk ij
nh x;h gS rks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSulk@dkSuls dFku lR; gS@ gSa ?
(A) rUrq ij rkieku dk forj.k ,d leku gS
(B) rUrq ds NksVs Hkkxksa dk izfrjks/k le; ds lkFk de gksrk tkrk gS
(C*) VwVus ls igys rUrq mPp vko`rh iV~Vh (high frequency band) dk izdk'k igys ls T;knk mRlftZr djrk gS
(D*) rUrq viuh vk;q ds vk[kjh le; esa de fo|qr 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gS
Ans. (CD)
Sol. Towards the end of the life filament will become thinner. Resistance will increase and so consumed
power will be less, so it will emit less light. Temperature distribution will be non uniform. At the position
where temperature is maximum, filament will break. Black body radiation curve will become flat so the
filament consumes less electrical power towards the end of the life of the bulb.
fQykesaV fljksa dh rjQ iryk gks tkrk gSA bl dkj.k izfrjks/k c<+rk gS rFkk 'kfDr O;; de gksrk gSA vr% ;g de
izdk'k mRlftZr djrk gSA rkieku forj.k vle:i gksrk gSA og fLFkfr tgk¡ ij rkieku vf/kdre gksrk gSA ogk¡ ls
fQykesaV VwV tkrk gSA d`f".kdk fofdj.k oØ leery gks tkrk gSA blfy;s cYc ds vafre le; esa fQykesaV de
fo|qr 'kfDr O;; djrk gSA
9. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is kept above the metal surface to read the power
radiated (P) by the metal. the sensor has scale that displays log2 (P / P0), where P0 is a constant. When
the metal surface is at a temperature of 487 ºC, the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that the emissivity
of the metallic surface remains constant. What is the value displayed by the sensor when the
temperature of the metal surface is raised to 2767 ºC. [JEE Advanced 2016 ; P-1, 3/62]
,d /kkrq ds HkV~Vh esa xje djrs gq, mldh fofdj.k 'kfDr (P) dks /kkrq ds Åij j[ks gq, ,d laosnd (sensor) ls
i<+rs gSA laosnd dk log2 (P / P0) dks i<rk gS] ;gk¡ P0 ,d fLFkjkad gSA tc /kkrq dk rkieku 487 ºC gS rks laosnd
dk iBu 1 gSA eku yhft;s fd /kkrq dh lrg dh mRltZdrk fLFkj gSA /kkrq dh lrg dk rkieku 2767 ºC rd
c<kus ij laosnd dk iBu D;k gksxk \
ADVHT - 5
Heat Transfer
Ans. 9
P1
Sol. log2 =1
P0
P1
therefore blfy;s, =2
P0
according to steffan's law LVhQu ds fu;e }kjk
4 4
P2  T2   2767  273  4
  
P1  T1  487  273  4
 
P2 P2
= = 44
P1 2 P0
P2
= 2 × 44
P0
P2
log2 = log2 2  4 4 
P0
= log2 2 + log2 44
= 1 + log2 28
=1+8=9
10. A human body has surface area of approximately 1m2. The normal body temperature is 10 K above the
surrounding room temperature T0. Take the room temperature to be T0 = 300 K. For T0 = 300K, the
value of T04 = 460 Wm–2 (where  is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant). Which of the following options
is/are correct ? [JEE (Advanced) 2017 ; P-1, 4/61, –2]
(A) If the surrounding temperature reduces by a small amount T0 << T0, then to maintain the same
body temperature the same (living) human being needs to radiate W = 4T03 T0 more energy per
unit time.
(B*) Reducing the exposed surface area of the body (e.g. by curling up) allows humans to maintain the
same body temperature while reducing the energy lost by radiation
(C) If the body temperature rises significantly then the peak in the spectrum of electromagnetic
radiation emitted by the body would shift to longer wavelengths
(D) The amount of energy radiated by the body in 1 second is close to 60 joules
ekuoh; i`"Bh; {ks=kQy yxHkx 1m2 gksrk gSa ekuo 'kjhj dk rkieku ifjos'k ds rkieku ls 10 K vf/kd gksrk gSA
ifjos'k rkieku T0 = 300 K gS] bl ifjos'k rkieku ds fy, T04 = 460 Wm–2 gS tgk¡ LVhQku&cksYV~teku
fu;rkad (Stefan-Boltzmann constant) gSA fuEu esa dkSu lk (ls) dFku lgh gS@gSa ?
(A) ifjos'k rkieku vxj T0 ls ?kVrk gS (T0 << T0) rc ekuo 'kjhj dks rkieku dk vuqj{k.k djus ds fy,
W = 4T03 T0 vf/kd ÅtkZ fofdfjr djuh iMrh gSA
(B*) i`"Bh; {ks=kQy ?kVkus (tSls % fldqMus ls) ls ekuo vius 'kjhj ls fofdfjr ÅtkZ ?kVkrs gS ,oa vius 'kjhj dk
rkieku vuqjf{kr djrs gSA
(C) ekuoh; 'kjhj ds rkieku eas vxj lkFkZd o`f) gks rc izdk'k pqEcdh; fofdj.k LisDVªe dh f'k[kj rjax nS/;Z (the
electromagnetic spectrum) nh?kZ rjax nS/;Z dh vksj foLFkkfir gksrh gSA
(D) ekuoh; 'kjhj ls 1 lSd.M esa fudVre fofdfjr ÅtkZ 60 twy (60 joules) gSA
ADVHT - 6
Heat Transfer
Ans. (B)
Sol. (A) Since the temperature of the body remains same, therefore heat radiated by the body is same
as before. (W 1 = aT4 = a(310)4)
(B) W  Area
If exposed area decreases, energy radiated also decreases.
(C)  mT = b  T  m 
(D) (W 1 = aT4 = a(310)4)
Since it is given that T04 = 460 Wm–2
Hence, a(310)4  460 Wm–2
So (D) option is wrong
(A) pqafd ekuoh; 'kjhj ds rkieku esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugh gSA blfy, 'kjhj ds }kjk fodflr ÅtkZ leku jgsxh
(W 1 = aT4 = a(310)4)
(B) W  {ks=kQy
blfy, vxj i`"Bh; {ks=kQy ?kVsxk] rks ekuo ds 'kjhj ls fodflr ÅtkZ ?kVsxhA
(C)  mT = b  T  m 
(D) (W 1 = aT4 = a(310)4)
pqafd ;g fn;k x;k gS T04 = 460 Wm–2
vr% a(310)4  460 Wm–2
blfy, (D) fodYi xyr gSA
11. Two conducting cylinders of equal length but different radii are connected in series between two heat
baths kept at temperatures T1 = 300K and T2 = 100K, as shown in the figure. The radius of the bigger
cylinder is twice that of the smaller one and the thermal conductivities of the materials of the smaller
and the larger cylinders are K1 and K2 respectively. If the temperature at the junction of the two
cylinders in the steady state is 200K, then K1/K2 =__________.
leku yEckbZ ijUrq vyx&vyx f=kT;kvksa okys nks csyukdkj pkyd (cylinders conductors) Js.khØe eas (in series)
nks Å"ek'k;ksa (heat baths) ds chp esa tksM+s x, gS] tSlk fd fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bu Å"ek'k;vksa dk rkieku
T1 = 300K vkSj T2 = 100K gSA cM+s pkyd dh f=kT;k NksVs pkyd dh f=kT;k dh nksxquh gSA NksVs pkyd dh Å"ek
pkydrk (thermal conductivities) K1 gS vkSj cM+s pkyd dh Å"ek K2 gSA ;fn LFkk;h voLFkk (steady state) esa]
csyuksa ds laf/k (junction) dk rkieku 200K gks] rc K1/K2 dk eku __________ gksxkA
[JEE (Advanced) 2018 ; P-1, 3/60]
Ans. 4.00
Sol. since rate of heat flow is same, we can say
pqfd Å"ek izokg dh nj leku gS vr%
ADVHT - 7
Heat Transfer
300 – 200 200 – 100
=
R1 R2
R1 = R 2
L1 L2
 =
K1A1 K2A 2
K1 A
 = 2 =4
K2 A1
PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)
Hkkx - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

1. Assuming the sun to be a spherical body of radius R at a temperature of T K, evaluate the total radiant
power, incident on Earth, at a distance r from the Sun. (earth radius = r0) [AIEEE-2006; 3/180]
lw;Z dks TK rkieku ij R f=kT;k dh ,d xksyh; oLrq ekudj, lw;Z ls r nwjh ij i`Foh ij vkifrr lEiw.kZ fofdfjr
'kfDr dh x.kuk dhft,A (i`Foh dh f=kT;k = r0)
R2 T 4 4r02R2 T 4 r02R2 T 4 r02R2 T 4
(1) (2) (3*) (4)
r2 r2 r2 4r 2
Sol.
 (4R 2 )T 4  2
Total radiant power incident of earth i`Foh ij vkifrr dqy fofdj.k 'kfDr =  2   r0
 4 r 
(Taking sun as a block body lw;Z dks d`".k oLrq ekuk x;k gS)
2.# One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a temperature T1 and the other at T2. The rod is
composed of two sections of lengths L1 and L2 and thermal conductivities k1 and k2 respectively. The
temperature at the interface of the sections is
,d Å"ekjks/kh NM dk ,d fljk T1 rki ij vkSj nwljk fljk T2 rki ij gSA NM+ Øe'k% L1 vkSj L2 yEckbZ vkSj k1 vkSj
k2 Å"ek pkydrkvksa dh NM+ks dks la;ksx gS nksuksa Hkkxksa dh lfU/k dk rki gSA [AIEEE-2007; 3/120]
(K 2L 2 T1  K1L1T2 ) (K 2L1T1  K1L 2 T2 ) (K1L 2 T1  K 2L1T2 ) (K1L1T1  K 2L2 T2 )

(1) (2) (3*) (4)
(K1L1  K 2L 2 ) (K 2L1  K1L 2 ) (K1L 2  K 2L1 ) (K1L1  K 2L2 )
Sol. Let temperature of the interface ekuk lfU/k dk rki = T
T1 – T T – T2
=
 L1   L2 
   
 AK 1   K2 A 
L L  TL TL
 T 1  2  = 1 2 + 2 1
 K1 K 2  K2 K1
T K L  T2L1K 2
 T= 1 1 2
L1K 2  L 2K1
ADVHT - 8
Heat Transfer
3.# A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of its ends to the other end under steady-state. The
variation of temperature  along the length x of the bar from its hot end is best described by which of
the following figures
,d yEch ?kkrq dh NM+ esa ,d fljs ls nwljs fljs rd fLFkj voLFkk esa Å"ek izokfgr gks jgh gSA rkieku  dk NM+ ds
xeZ fljs ls yEckbZ x ls ifjorZu fuEufyf[kr fp=kksa esa ls fdlds }kjk loksZÙke iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS\
[AIEEE-2009, 4/144]
(1*) (2) (3) (4)
Sol. Ans. (1)

dQ d
 –kA
dt dx
dQ
at steady state = constant.
dt
dQ
fLFkj voLFkk esa = fu;rkad
dt
d – dx
 x
 d  –k  dx
0 0
 = 0 – kx
4.# If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  and then allowed to cool ina room which is at temperature
0, the graph between the temperature T of the metal and time t will be closest to :
;fn /kkrq ds ,d VqdM+s dks rkieku  rd xeZ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fQj ,d dejs esa] ftldk rkieku 0 gS] BaMk gksus
fn;k tkrk gS] rc /kkrq ds rkieku T vkSj le; t ds chp xzkQ blds vR;f/kd lehi gS :
[JEE (Main) 2013, 4/120,–1]
(1) (2) (3*) (4)
Sol. According to Newtons cooling law option (3) is correct Answer.

U;wVu ds 'khryu ds fu;e ds vuqlkj fodYi (3) lgh mÙkj gSA
5. Three rods of Copper, brass and steel are welded together to form a Y-shaped structure. Area of cross-
section of each rod = 4 cm2. End of copper rod is maintained at 100°C where as ends of brass and
steel are kept at 0°C. Lengths of the copper, brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12 cms respectively.
The rods are thermally insulated from surroundings except at ends. Thermal conductivities of copper,
brass and steel are 0.92, 0.26 and 0.12 CGS units respectively. Rate of heat flow through copper rod is:
rk¡cs, ihry ,oa LVhy dh rhu NM+ksa dks Y-vkdkj lajpuk esa osYM fd;k x;k gSA izR;sd NM+ dh vuqizLFk dkV dk
{ks=kQy = 4 cm2 gSA rk¡cs dh NM+ ds fljs dk rkieku 100°C gS tcfd ihry ,oa LVhy ds fljs 0°C rkieku ij j[ks
x;s gSA rk¡csa] ihry ,oa LVhy dh NM+ksa dh yEckbZ;k¡ Øe'k% 46, 13 rFkk 12 cms gSaA NM+ksa dks muds fljksa dks
NksM+dj, okrkoj.k ls Å"eh; jks/kh fd;k x;k gSA rk¡csa] ihry ,oa LVhy dh Å"ek pkydrk,¡ Øe'k% 0.92, 0.26 ,oa
0.12 CGS bdkbZ gSA rk¡cs dh NM+ ls izokfgr Å"ek dh nj gSA [JEE (Main) 2014, 4/120, –1]
(1) 1.2 cal/s (2) 2.4 cal/s (3*) 4.8 cal/s (4) 6.0 cal/s
Ans. (3)
ADVHT - 9
Heat Transfer
Sol.
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
K1(T  0) K 2 (T  0) K 3 (T  100)
  0
1 2 3
0.12 0.26 0.92
T T (T  100)  0
12 13 46
T = 40°C
dQ 0.92  4
through copper rkEcs ds fy, = (100 – 40) = 4.8 cal/sec.
dt 46
6. Temperature difference of 120°C is maintained between two ends of a uniform rod AB of length 2L.
3L
Another bent rod PQ, of same cross-section as AB and length , is connected across AB (see figure).
2
In steady state, temperature difference between P and Q will be close to :
[JEE (Main) 2019, 4/120, –1]
3L
2L yEckbZ dh ,d NM+ AB ds nks fljksa ds chp rkikUrj 120°C j[kk x;k gSA ,d vkSj blh vuqizLFk dkV dh
2
yEckbZ dh eqM+h gq;h NM+ PQ dks fp=kkuqlkj AB ls tksM+k x;k gSA fLFkjkoLFkk esa P rFkk Q ds chp rkieku ds vUrj
dk lfUudV eku gksxk :
L/4
A B
P L Q
L/2
(1) 75°C (2) 45°C (3) 60°C (4) 35°C
Ans. (2)
Sol.
R/2 A R B R/2
T1 T2
R/4 R/4
T1  T2 3R 3
TA – TB =  =  120 = 45ºC
8R 5 8
5
ADVHT - 10
Heat Transfer
7. Two identical beakers A and B contain equal volumes of two different liquids at 60°C each and left to
cool down. Liquid in A has density of 8 × 102 kg/m3 and specific heat of 2000 J kg–1 K–1 while liquid in B
has density of 103 kg m–3 and specific heat of 4000 J kg –1 K–1. Which of the following best describes
their temperature versus time graph schematically ? (assume the emissivity of both the beakers to be
the same)
nks ,dleku chdj A ,oa B esa nks fHkUu æoksa ds leku vk;ru 60°C rkieku ij j[ks gSa vkSj BaMk gksus ds fy;s NksM+
fn;s x;s gSaA A esa æo dk ?kuRo 8 × 102 kg/m3 gS vkSj fof'k"V Å"ek 2000 J kg–1 K–1 tcfd B esa æo dk ?kuRo
103 kg m–3 gSa vkSj fof'k"V Å"ek 4000 j kg –1 K–1 gSA fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk xzkQ rkieku dk le; ds lkFk
ifjorZu fof/kor~ :i ls iznf'kZr djrk gS \ ¼nksuksa chdjksa dh mRltZdrk ,dleku eku ysa½
[JEE (Main) 2019, 4/120, –1]
60°C 60°C
T A and B T A
B
(1) (2*)
t t
60°C 60°C
T A T B
(3) (4)
B A
t t
Ans. (4)
3
dT 4eAT0 (T  T0 )
Sol.  
dt ms
A < B
mA < mB
dT 1
at t=0  
dt ms
ADVHT - 11
Heat Transfer

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
fo"k;kRed iz'u ¼SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS½
1.# Seven rods A, B, C, D, E, F and G are joined as shown in figure. All the rods have equal cross-sectional
area A and length l. The thermal conductivities of the rods are KA = 2KC = 3KB = 6KD = K0. The rod E is
kept at a constant temperature 1 and the rod G is kept at a constant temperature 2(2 > 1). (a) Show
that the rod F has a uniform temperature  = (31 + 2)/4. (b) Find the rate of heat flow from the source
which maintains the temperature 2.
lkr NM+s A, B, C, D, E, F ,oa G fp=kkuqlkj tksM+h tkrh gSA lHkh NM+ksa dk vuqizLFk dkV {ks=kQy A o yEckbZ  leku
gSA NM+ksa dh Å"eh; pkydrk,sa KA = 2KC = 3KB = 6KD = K0 gS] NM+ E fu;r rki 1 ij j[kh tkrh gSa o NM+ G
fu;r rki 2(2 > 1) ij j[kh tkrh gS (a) iznf'kZr dhft;s fd NM+ F dk ,d leku rki  = (31 + 2)/4 gSA (b)
L=kksr ls izokfgr Å"ek dh nj Kkr dhft;s\ tks 2 rki cuk;s j[krh gSA
3K 0 A( 2  1 )
Ans.
8l
RA k 1
Sol. = C =
RC kA 2
R k 1
& B = D =
RD kB 2
R RB
 A =  Balanced W. S. B. ;g larqfyr OghVLVksu lsrq gSA
RC RD
( 2 –  )  – 1 31   2
 = 2  =
RB RA  RB 4
 Rate of heat flow from the source L=kksr ls Å"ek izokg dh nj
( 2 – 1 )
=
 ( RA  RB )( RC  RD ) 
 
 RA  RB  RC  RD 
( 2 – 1 ) 3k0 A( 2 – 1 )
= =
 1 1  1 1  8
      
  k A k B  kC k D  A 
 1 1 1 1 
 k  k  k  k 
A B C D
 
ADVHT - 1
Heat Transfer
2.# Find the rate of heat flow through a cross-section of the rod shown in figure (TH > TC). Thermal
conductivity of the material of the rod is K.
fp=k esa n'kkZ;h NM+ ds vuqizLFk dkV ls Å"ek izokg dh nj Kkr dhft;s (TH > TC)A NM+ ds inkFkZ dh Å"eh;
pkydrk K gSA
K  R1 R2 (TH  TC )
Ans.
L
Sol.
TH  TC
iH =
Req
dx R  R1 R  R1
dR = tan = = 2 
K R 2 x L
 R  R1 
  R = R1 + x  2 
 L 
dx
Req =  dR   2
 x( R2  R1 ) 
k  R1  
 L
L
 Req =
k R1 R2
T  TC K  R1 R2 (TH  TC )
iH = H .=
Req L
3. A solid aluminium sphere and a solid copper sphere of twice the radius of aluminium are heated to the
same temperature and are allowed to cool under identical surrounding temperatures. Assume that the
emissivity of both the sphere is the same. Find the initial ratio of (a) the rate of heat loss from the
aluminium sphere to the rate of heat loss from the copper sphere and (b) the rate of fall of temperature
of the aluminium sphere to the rate of fall of temperature of the copper sphere. The specific heat
capacity of aluminium = 900 J/kg–°C and that of copper = 390 J/kg–°C. The density of copper = 3.4
times the density of aluminium.
,sY;wfefu;e dk ,d Bksl xksyk o ,yqfefu;e dh f=kT;k dh nqxquh f=kT;k dk rkacs dk ,d Bksl xksyk leku rki rd
xeZ fd;s tkrs gS ,oa leku ifjos'k ¼okrkoj.k½ rki esa BaMs gksus fn;s tkrs gSaA nksuksa xksyksa dh mRltZdrk leku
ekfu;sA Kkr djksA
(a) ,sY;wfefu;e ds xksys ls Å"ek gkfu dh nj o rk¡cs ds xksys ls Å"ek gkfu dh nj dk vuqikr ,oa
(b) ,sY;wfefu;e ds xksys dh rki gkl dh nj o rkacs ds xksys dh rki gkl dh nj dk vuqikrA ,Y;wfefu;e dh
fof'k"V Å"ek /kkfjrk = 900 J/kg–°C ,oa rkacs dh fof'k"V Å"ek /kkfjrk 390 J/kg–°C rkacs dk ?kuRo ,sY;wfefu;e ds
?kuRo dk 3.4 xquk gSA
Ans. (a) 1 : 4 (b) 2.9 : 1
Sol.
eAl = ecu
ADVHT - 2
Heat Transfer
C – cooling rate 'khryu nj H – heat loss m"ek {k;
4 4
H A  eAAl (TAl  T0 )
=
H Cu  eACu (TCu 4  T0 4 )
at t = 0 TA = Tcu = T.
AAl R2 1
= = 2
= .
ACu (2 R) 4
(b) C – cooling rate 'khryu nj
C A  AA   mcu Scu 
=   
CCu  mA .S A   Acu 
2 3
A   mcu   Scu   R   2 R   390
=  A      =       3.4   = 2.9
 Acu   mA   S A   2 R   R   900
4. A hot body placed in a surrounding of temperature T0. Its temperature at t = 0 is T1. The specific heat
capacity of the body is s and its mass is m. Assuming Newton's law of cooling to be valid, find (a) the
maximum heat that the body can lose and (b) the time starting from t = 0 in which it will lose 50% of this
maximum heat. (Answer in terms of k)
rki T0 ds okrkoj.k esa xeZ oLrq U;wVu ds 'khryu ds fu;e dk ikyu djrh gSA t = 0 ij bldk rki T1 gSA oLrq dh
fof'k"V Å"ek /kkfjrk s o bldk nzO;eku m gS rks Kkr djks\ (a) vf/kdre Å"ek tks oLrq {k; dj ldrh gS o (b) t
= 0 ls izkjEHk djds og le; ftlesa oLrq bldh vf/kdre Å"ek dk 50% {k; dj nsrh gSA (mÙkj k ds :i esa Kkr
djsa)
In 2
Ans. (a) ms(T1 – T0) (b)
k
Sol. (a) Qmax = ms (T1 – T0)
The body will keep losing heat until it comes in thermal equilibrium with the surrounding.
oLrq cká okrkoj.k ds lkFk rkih; lkE;oLFkk izkIr djus rd Å"ek dk {k; djsxh
(b) 0.5 ms (T1 – T0) = ms (T1 – T)

 T = 0.5 (T1 + T0)
dT
and = – k(T – T0)
dt
0.5(T1 T0 ) t
dT n 2
 (T  T0 ) = 0 k dt
T1
or ;k t=
k
5. Find the total time elapsed for a hollow copper sphere of inner radius 3 cm outer radius 6 cm, density 
= 9 × 103 kg/m3, specific heat s = 4 × 103 J/kg K and emissivity e = 0.4 to cool from 727°C to 227°C
when the surrounding temperature is 0 K.(for inner surface e = 1 Stefan’s constant  = 5.6 × 10-8 W/m2
K4)
,d rkacs dk xksyk ftldh vkUrfjd f=kT;k 3 lseh] ckº; f=kT;k 6 lseh, ?kuRo  = 9 × 103 kg/m3, fof'k"V Å"ek s =
4 × 103 J/kg K ,oa mRltZdrk e = 0.4 dks 727°C ls 227°C rd B.Mk gksus esa O;rhr le; gksxk tcfd okrkoj.k
dk rki 0 K, gS (vkUrfjd lrg ds fy, e = 1 LVhQu fu;rkad  = 5.6 × 10-8 W/m2 K4)
Ans. 6.56 × 104 sec
Sol.
Ri = 3cm
Ro = 6 cm
ADVHT - 3
Heat Transfer
dq dT
=  e A (T4 – 04) = ms.
dt dt
to 500
ms dT
O dt =  eA 1000 T 4
4
where tgk¡ m =  × (R3o – Ri3 ) A = 4  Ro 2
3
6._ A metal block of heat capacity 90 J/°C placed in a room at 25°C is heated electrically. The heater is
switched off when the temperature reaches 35°C. The temperature of the block rises at the rate of
2°C/s just after the heater is switched on and falls at the rate of 0.2 °C/s just after the heater is switched
off. Assume Newton’s law of cooling to hold. (a) Find the power of the heater. (b) Find the power
radiated by the block just after the heater is switched off. (c) Find the power radiated by the block when
the temperature of the block is 30°C. (d) Assuming that the power radiated at 30°C respresents the
average value in the heating process, find the time for which the heater was kept on.
90 J/°C Å"ek /kkfjrk okys ,d /kkrq xqVds dks 25°C okys ,d dejs esa j[kdj fo|qr :i ls xeZ fd;k tkrk gSA tc
rkieku 35°C igqap tkrk gS rks ghVj dks can dj fn;k tkrk gSA tc ghVj dks 'kq: djus ds Bhd ckn xqVds dk
rkieku 2°C/s dh nj ls c<+rk gS vkSj ghVj dks can djus ds Bhd ckn xqVds dk rkieku 0.2 °C/s dh nj ls ?kVrk
gSA ;g ekfu, fd U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e ;gka ij ykxw gSA (a) ghVj dh 'kfDr crkb,A (b) ghVj dks can djus
ds Bhd ckn xqVds }kjk fodfjr (radiated) 'kfDr crkb,A (c) tc xqVds dk rkieku 30°C gS rc xqVds ds }kjk
fodfjr (radiated) 'kfDr crkb,A (d) ;g ekurs gq, fd 30ºC ij fofdfjr 'kfDr Å"eh; izfØ;k esa vkSlr eku dks
crkrk gS rks og le; crkb, ftrus le; rd ghVj dks pkyw j[kk x;kA
100
Ans. (a) 180 W (b) 18 W (c) 9 W (d) s
19
35  25
Sol. (a) t= = 5 sec.
2
P × t = 90 ×10 or P × 5 = 90 × 10
P = 180 W
CdT
(b) P' = = 90 × 0.2 = 18 W
dt
P30 30  25
(c)  or P30 = 9W ( P35 = 18 W)
P35 35  25
(d) P × t = CT + Qlost
90  10 100
180 × t = 90 × 10 + 9 × t or t= = sec.
(180  9) 19
7. A hollow tube has a length l, inner radius R1 and outer radius R2. The material has thermal conductivity
K. Find rate of heat flowing through the walls of the tube if the flat ends are maintained at temperatures
T1 and T2(T2 > T1).
,d [kks[kyh uyh dh yEckbZ , vkUrfjd f=kT;k R1 o ckg~; f=kT;k R2 gSA inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk K gSA ;fn
lery fljs rki T1 o T2 (T2 > T1) ij j[ks gksa rks uyh dh nhokjksa ls izokfgr Å"ek dh nj Kkr dhft,A
K  ( R22  R12 ) (T2  T1 )
Ans.
l
dQ  T  T1 
Sol. = KA  2 
dt   
Here ;gk¡ A =  (R22 – R12)
ADVHT - 4
Heat Transfer
8.# Calculate thermal conductance for radial flow of an annular cylinder of length  and inner and outer
radius r1 and r2. Assume that thermal conductivity of the material is K
yEckbZ  ,oa vkUrfjd o ckg~; f=kT;k r1 o r2 ds ,d [kks[kys csyu ds f=kT;h; izokg ds fy;s Å"eh; pkydRo ¼Å"eh;
izfrjks/k dk O;qRØe½ Kkr dhft;sA inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk k gSA
2 k
Ans.
n(r2 / r1 )
dr r2
r
r2
dr
Sol.  dR =  2 r1
r  k
n r2 r1 1
Solving gy djus ij R = G= .
2  k R
9. Calculate thermal conductance for radial flow of a spherical shell of inner and outer radius r1 and r2.
Assume that thermal conductivity of the material is K
vkUrfjd o cká f=kT;k r1 o r2 ds xksyh; dks'k ds f=kT; izokg ds fy, Å"eh; pkydRo ¼Å"eh; izfrjks/k dk O;qRØe½
Kkr dhft,A inkFkZ dh Å"eh; pkydrk K ekfu;sA
4 kr1r2
Ans.
(r2  r1 )
r2
dr
Sol.  dR =  4 r1
r2 k
dr
r r2
(r2  r1 )
R=
4 r1 r2 k
1 4 r1 r2 k
G= =
R (r2  r1 )
10. A metallic cylindrical vessel whose inner and outer radii are r1 and r2 is filled with ice at 0ºC. The mass
of the ice in the cylinder is m. Circular portions of the cylinder is sealed with completely adiabatic walls.
The vessel is kept in air. Temperature of the air is 50ºC. Find time elapsed for the ice to melt
completely. (Thermal conductivity of the cylinder is k, its length is . Latent heat of fusion is L).
,d /kkfRod csyukdkj ik=k ftldh vkUrfjd o ckg~; f=kT;k,a r1 o r2 gS bles 0ºC ij cQZ Hkjh tkrh gSA csyu ds
vUnj cQZ dk nzO;eku m gSA csyu ds o`Ùkkdkj Hkkx iw.kZr;k :)ks"e nhokjksa ls cUn fd;s x;s gSA ik=k ok;q esa j[kk gSA
ok;q dk rki 50ºC gSA cQZ dks iw.kZr;k fi?kyus ds fy, O;rhr le; Kkr dhft;sA ¼csyu dh Å"eh; pkydrk k gS]
bldh yEckbZ , xyu dh xqIr Å"ek L gSA½
 r2 
 
 r1  100k
Ans. t = mL ln
n r2 r1
Sol. For the cylinder csyu ds fy, R =
2  k
  2  1 
mL =   . time le;
 R 
 Where L = latent heat of fusion tgk¡ L = xyu dh xqIr Å"ek
ADVHT - 5
Heat Transfer
mL  R mL n r2 r1
 Time le; = =
( 2  1 ) 2  k .50
11. A uniform cylinder of length L and thermal conductivity k is placed on a metal plate of the same area S
of mass m and infinite conductivity. The specific heat of the plate is c. The top of the cylinder is
maintained at T0. Find the time required for the temperature of the plate to rise from T1 to T2 (T1 < T2 <
T0).
L yEckbZ o k Å"eh; pkydrk dk le:i csyu leku {ks=kQy S nzO;eku m o vuUr pkydrk dh /kkrq dh IysV ij
j[kk tkrk gSA IysV dh fof'k"V Å"ek C gSA csyu dk 'kh"kZ T0 rki ij gSA IysV ds rki dks T1 ls T2 (T1 < T2 < T0)
rd c<+us esa fy;k x;k le; Kkr djksA
mCL  T T 
Ans.  n  0 1
KS  T0  T2 
Sol. The whole metal plate will always be at uniform temperature (T) since it has infiinite conductivity.
iwjh /kkfRod IysV ges'kk ,d leku rki (T) ij gS] blfy, ;g vuUr pkydrk j[krh gS]
dT ks(T0  T )
then, rc] –mc =
dt 
T2 t
dt ks
dt
 0
 – mc  =
T T
T1 0
 T  T  ks t
n  0 2  =
 T0  T1  mc
mc T T
 t= n 0 2
ks T0  T1
12. Assume that the total surface area of a human body is 1.6 m2 and that it radiates like an ideal radiator.
Calculate the amount of energy radiated per second by the body if the body temperature is 37°C.
Stefan constant  is 6.0 × 10–8 W/m2–K4. (314 = 923521)
euq"; ds 'kjhj dk dqy i`"Bh; {ks=kQy 1.6 eh-2 ekfu;s ,oa ;g vkn'kZ fofdjd dh rjg fofdfjr djrh gSA ;fn 'kjhj
dk rki 37°C gS rks oLrq }kjk izfr lsd.M fofdfjr ÅtkZ dh ek=k Kkr dhft;sA LVhQu fu;rkad  6.0 × 10–8
W/m2–K4 gSA (314 = 923521)
Ans. 887 J
Sol. A = 1.6 m1 e=1
= p eA T4 = (6 × 10–8) (1) 1.6 m2 (310)4 = 887 J
13. The surface of a household radiator has an emissivity of 0.55 and an area of 1.5 m2.
(a) At what rate is radiation emitted by the radiator when its temperature is 50°C?
(b) At what rate is the radiation absorbed by the radiator when the walls of the room are at 22°C? (c)
What is the net rate of radiation from the radiator? (stefan constant  = 6 × 10–8 W/m2 – K4)
,d ?kjsyw mRltZd dh lrg dh mRltZdrk 0.55 ,oa {ks=kQy 1.5 m2 gSA
(a) fofdjd }kjk fdl nj ls fofdj.k mRlftZr gksxh tc bldk rki 50°C gSA
(b) tc dejs dh nhokjksa dk rki 22°C gS rks fofdjd }kjk fdl nj ls fofdj.k vo'kksf"kr gksaxsaA
(c) fofdjd ls mRlftZr fofdj.k dh ifj.kkeh nj D;k gksxhA ¼LVhQu fu;rkad  = 6 × 10–8 W/m2 – K4)
Ans. 539 W, 375 W, 164 W
Sol. (a) e AT4 = 0.55 × 6 × 10– 8 × 1.5 × (323)4 = 539 W
(b) e AT4Surr. = 0.55 × 6 × 10– 8 × 15 × (295)4 = 375 W
(c) 539 – 375 = 164 W
ADVHT - 6
Heat Transfer
14. A man, the surface area of whose skin is 2m2, is sitting in a room where the air temperature is 20°C. If
the skin temperature is 28°C. Find the net rate at which his body loses heat.
[Take the emissivity of skin 0.97 and stephen’s constant = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2 – K4
,d O;fDr ftldh Ropk dk i`"Bh; {ks=kQy 2m2 gS ,d dejs esa cSBk gS tgka ok;q dk rki 20°C gSA ;fn mldh
Ropk dk rki 28ºC gSA 'kjhj }kjk Å"ek {k; dh nj Kkr dhft,A
[Ropk dh mRlZtdrk 0.97 o LVhQu fu;rkad = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2 – K4)W/m2 – K4)
Ans. 92.2 W
Sol. e A(T4 – T4surroundings) e A(T4 – T4ifjos'k) = 0.97 × 5.67 × 10– 8 .2 (3014 – 2934) = 92.2 W
15. An electric heater is used in a room of total wall area 137 m2 to maintain a temperature of 20°C inside it
when outside temperature is –10°C. The walls have three different layers of materials. The innermost
layer is of wood of thickness 2.5 cm, the middle layer is of cement of thickness 1.0 cm and the
outermost layer is of brick of thickness 25 cm. Find the power of the electric heater :-
(Assume that there is no heat loss through the floor and the ceiling. The thermal conductivities of wood,
cement and brick are 0.125, 1.5 and 1.0 W/m C° respectively).
,d fo|qr Å"ed (Heater) ,d dejs ftldh nhokjksa dk {ks=kQy 137 eh-2 gS ds vUnj 20°C rki cuk;s j[kus ds
fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tc fd ckg~; rki –10°C gS nhokjksa esa rhu vyx&vyx inkFkksZ dh ijrsa gSaA vkUrfjd
ijr 2.5 lseh- eksVh ydM+h dh gS] e/; ijr 1.0 lseh- eksVs lhesUV dh gS ,oa ckg~; ijr 25 lseh- bZVksa dh gSA fo|qr
Å"ed dh 'kfDr Kkr dhft;sA
(;g ekfu;s fd Q'kZ o Nr ls dksbZ Å"ek gkfu ugha gksrh] ydM+h] lhesUV o bZaVksa dh Å"eh; pkydrk Øe'k% 0.125,
1.5 o 1.0 W/m C° gSA).
Ans. 9 kW
Sol. A = 137 m2
dQ 20  (10)
iH = = = 9 kW
dt R1  R2  R3
where tgk¡
0.25 0.025
R1 = R3 =
1 (137) 0.125  137
0.01
R2 =
1.5  137
16. A rod of length  with thermally insulated lateral surface consists of material whose heat conductivity
coefficient varies with temperature as K = / T, where  is a constant. The ends of the rod are kept at
temperatures T1 and T2. Find the function T(x), where x is the distance from the end whose temperature
is T1 and the heat flow density,
,d NM+ ftldh yEckbZ  gS rFkk bldh ik'oZ lrg Å"eh; dqpkyd gS bl NM+ ds inkFkZ dk Å"eh; pkydrk
fu;rkad rki ds lkFk K = / T ls ifjofrZr gksrk gS] tgk¡  fu;rkad gSA NM+ ds fljksa dks T1 rFkk T2 rki ij j[kk
tkrk gSA rks Qyu T(x) Kkr djksA ¼tgk¡ x, T1rki okys fljsa ls nwjh gSA½ ,oa Å"ek izokg ?kuRo Hkh Kkr djks
x/
T   T1 
Ans. T (x) = T1  2  ; q = (/) n  
 T1   T2 
ADVHT - 7
Heat Transfer
dQ dT
Sol. = – kA
dt dx
 dQ  A dT
   dx   
 dt  T
 dQ  T1
  x =A  n
 dt  T ( x)
 dQ  T1 1  dQ      T2 
   = A  n       n   = q
 dt  T2 A  dt      T1 
T
n 1
 T2
or =
x n T1
T ( x)
 x
 T1   T1 
or   = 
 T ( x)   T2 
x/
T 
or T(x) = T1  2 
 T1 
1 dQ
q=
A dt
x/
T   T1 
Ans. T (x) = T1  2  ; q = (/) n  
 T1   T2 
17. Two chunks of metal with heat capacities C1 and C2, are interconnected by a rod of length  and cross-
sectional area S and fairly low heat conductivity K. The whole system is thermally insulated from the
environment. At a moment t = 0 the temperature difference between the two chunks of metal equals
(T)0. Assuming the heat capacity of the rod to be negligible, find the temperature difference between
the chunks as a function of time.
C1 rFkk C2 Å"ek /kkfjrk ds nks /kkrq ds VqdM+s ,d  yEckbZ rFkk S vuqizLFk dkV dh NM+ ds }kjk laifdZr gSA rFkk
NM+ dh vYi Å"eh; pkydrk K gSA lEiw.kZ fudk; okrkoj.k ls foyfxr gS fdlh {k.k t = 0 ij nksuksa /kkrq ds VqdM+ksa
dk rkikUrj (T)0. ekuk NM+ dh Å"eh; /kkfjrk ux.; gS rks nksuksa /kkrq ds VqdqM+ksa dk rkikUrj le; ds Qyu ds :i
esa Kkr djksA
Ans :  T = (T)0 e–t, where tgk¡  = (1/C1 + 1/C2) SK/
dQ Ks
Sol. = (T1 – T2)
dt 
where T1 and T2 are temperatures of two chunks as function of time 't'.
tgk¡ ij T1 vkSj T2 nksuksa VqdqM+ksa dk rkieku gS 't' le; ds lkis{k
dT Ks
– C1 1 = (T1 – T2)
dt 
dT Ks
C1 2 = (T1 – T2)
dt 
dT Ks
or – 1 = (T1 – T2)
dt C1
ADVHT - 8
Heat Transfer
dT2 Ks
or = (T1 – T2)
dt C2
– d (T1 – T2 ) Ks  1 1 
or =   
dt   C1 C2 
T t
d (T1  T2 ) Ks  1 1
or – 
T0
(T1  T2 )
=   
  C1 C2   dt
0
Ans. T = T0 e–t

tgk¡ where  = (1/C1 + 1/C2) SK/

ADVHT - 9

HT FC Resosir G4o5qnh

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Heat Transfer

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

Sol. A = 100 cm2

Sol. Req = R1 + R2 + R3 (series combination Js.kh Øe la;kstu)

SECTION (C) : THERMAL CONDUCTION THROUGH CONDUCTORS WHICH HAVE NOT

SECTION (D) : RADIATION, STEFEN’S LAW AND WEIN’S LAW

SECTION (E) : NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING U;wVu dk 'khryu dk fu;e

PART - II : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

SECTION (A) : THERMAL CONDUCTION IN LINEAR CONDUCTORS AT STEADY STATE

Sol. 36º KA = 2KB = 2 K

(A*) 1.42 × 103 W (B) 2.53 × 103 W

SECTION (C) : RADIATION AND STEFEN’S LAW

SECTION (D) : NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

(A) (B*) (C) (D)

Sol.  Rate of cooling, y = (T – T0) k (from Newton's law of cooling)

PART - III : MATCH THE COLUMN

Hkkx - III : dkWye dks lqesfyr dhft, (MATCH THE COLUMN )

PART - I : ONLY ONE OPTION CORRECT TYPE

(A) 62 °C (B) 46 °C (C*) 76 °C (D) 52 °C

SECTION (B) : RADIATION AND STEFEN’S LAW

PART - II : INTEGER (SINGLE OR DOUBLE DIGIT) TYPE

Section (A) : Thermal conduction in linear conductors at steady state

Ans. 0°C 70°C 100°C

SECTION (B) : THERMAL CONDUCTION IN NONLINEAR CONDUCTORS AT STEADY

SECTION (C) : RADIATION AND STEFEN’S LAW

PART - III : ONE OR MORE THAN ONE OPTIONS CORRECT TYPE

1. Assume transmitivity t  0 for all the cases :

Sol. T  = Constant fu;rkad  m= C

Hkkx - IV : vuqPNsn (COMPREHENSION)

30°C 25°C -10°C

30°C 25°C -10°C

1. The temperature of the interface between layers 3 and 4 is :

0.06  A  (30  25) 0.10  A  T

2. The temperature of the interface between layers 2 and 3 is :

4. In further 10 minutes it will cool from 38ºC to :

7. tc xsan 60°C ij gS rks okrkoj.k esa Å"ek gkfu dh nj Kkr dhft;sA

* Marked Questions may have more than one correct option.

PART - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Hkkx - I : JEE (ADVANCED) / IIT-JEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

400  0 400  100

(A*) heat flow through A and E slabs are same

(A*) A o E LyScksa esa ls pkfyr Å"ek cjkcj gSA

(A*) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s

  (T4 – T04 ) 4

W = 4T03 T0 vf/kd ÅtkZ fofdfjr djuh iMrh gSA

rkieku vuqjf{kr djrs gSA

PART - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE PROBLEMS (PREVIOUS YEARS)

Hkkx - II : JEE (MAIN) / AIEEE ¼fiNys o"kksZ½ ds iz'u

(K 2L 2 T1  K1L1T2 ) (K 2L1T1  K1L 2 T2 ) (K1L 2 T1  K 2L1T2 ) (K1L1T1  K 2L2 T2 )

(1*) (2) (3) (4)

Sol. Ans. (1)

(1) (2) (3*) (4)

Sol. According to Newtons cooling law option (3) is correct Answer.

 Marked Questions can be used as Revision Questions.

(b) 0.5 ms (T1 – T0) = ms (T1 – T)

Ans. T = T0 e–t

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