REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA

POLITECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA

FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING(DET)

Course Work

Course of subject:ANALOGUE ELECTONICS

Course title:MONOSTABLE MULTIVUBRATOR
Lectur(submitted to): Desar SHAHU
Students(submitted by):
Roland HOXHA(w.leader)
Burim BRAHA
Hegla DULAJ
Megi SHEHAJ

Date of submission:February 4,2022.

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Multivibrator is a non linear oscillator or function generator which can generate square,
rectangular and pulse waves.In some applications the need a rises for a pulse of known height
and width generated in response to a trigger signal(trigger is what pushes the electronic devices
from threshold (no activity) to active state). Because the width of the pulse is predictable, its
trailing edge can be used for timing purposes—that is, to initiate a particular task at a specified
time. Such a standardized pulse can be generated by the third type of multivibrator, the
monostable multivibrator.

Monostable Multivibrator or One-Shot Multivibrator has only one stable state. By default

monostable multivibrator will be in its stable state, but when triggered it will switch to unstable
state (quasi-stable state:-Quasi stable state is defined as the temporary stable state in which the
multivibrator remains during its operation. After some time, the multivibrator will return back to
its stable state. A monostable has one quasi stable state, an astable has two quasi stable states
whereas bistable multivibrator has no quasi stable state.) for a time period determined by the RC
time constant in the circuit.The action of the monostable multivibrator has given rise to its
alternative name, the one-shot.

Advantage of Monostable Multivibrator:

These are some benefits of this pulse generator over other pulse generation modules.
It needs only one single pulse to start its operation there is no need of extra pulse for its
operation.
Its construction is very simple and can be constructed easily.
Due to simple construction its price is also less.

Disadvantages
The major drawback of using a monostable multivibrator is that the time between the
applications of trigger pulse T has to be greater than the RC time constant of the circuit.

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We have built a monostable multivibrator circuit with transistors:

A monostable multivibrator circuit is one in which the output of the circuit turns on for a period
of time and then shuts off. The output must be triggered on and it's only turns on once (per
trigger) and then shuts off.It will only turn on each time if there is a trigger.
In the absence of a trigger pulse being sent to the circuit, the output stays off, which is its stable
state. This is why the circuit is a monostable state circuit. It is always OFF except in the event
that there is a trigger. So the stable state of a monstable circuit is off.
We simply use a pushbutton to allow for the trigger that is necessary to turn on the output.
This pushbutton sends a momentary brief HIGH signal that turns on the circuit.
How the circuit works is that the pushbutton that sends a trigger is connected to the base of one
of the transistors. Once the base receives this pulse, the transistor turns on, allowing for the
capacitor to discharge its charge through the base of another transistor, turning on the load for a
period depending on the value of the RC network. In the absence of a trigger pulse, when the
pushbutton is unpressed, the capacitor charges up and stays charged. It's the trigger voltage that
sets the sequence for the capacitor to discharge through the other capacitor, turning on the
output.In this circuit, we will use an LED as the output device, being that it's easy to visualize
what's going on through the use of an LED.

Monostable multivibrator circuits can be used for any circuit that needs to be momentarily turned
on once. For example, if you are in an exhibit where you want users to press a button to
demonostrate the circuit once, this type of circuit can be used. But even more commonplace is
any device that you want to operate once with a pushbutton press. Think about how many
applications there are. Think of touch toys where we press the stomach and it says something.
The toy only talks when we press on it. So this is an example of a monostable circuit. It only
does the action one time with a single trigger. Each time we want to activate it again, you would
have to trigger it again.

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Components Needed

2x2N4401 NPN transistors(The datasheet for the 2N4401 transistor can be found at the
following link: 2N4401 NPN Transistor Datasheet.)
2x1KΩ resistors
10KΩ resistor
510Ω resistor
470μF electrolytic capacitor
10μF electrolytic capacitor
Pushbutton
LED

The monostable multivibrator circuit we will build with NPN transistors is shown below:

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The breadboard circuit of the circuit above is shown below:

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The circuit is powered by 5V.We can increase it a little bit to make the LED to be at a more full
brightness.How this circuit works is through the manual control of the pushbutton.
One terminal of the pushbutton is connected to 5V and the other is connected to the 10μF
capacitor, which in turn is connected to the base of the leftmost transistor.
When the pushbutton is unpressed, there is no positive voltage going to the base of the leftmost
transistor. The base has no power; therefore, the transistor is off. When the leftmost transistor is
off, the capacitor does not discharge.
When the pushbutton is pressed, a positive momentary pulse gets sent to the base of the leftmost
transistor. This temporary high pulse sets off a sequence of events. Since the base of the
transistor now gets enough positive voltage to turn on, the transistor turns on. When this occurs,
the capacitor discharges its charge through the base of the second transistor, turning it on. This,
turns, on the output LED device.
The period of time that the LED is on for is determined by the RC network. These are the
capacitors labeled R and C above, without any numerical values like the other resistors and
capacitors. The amount of time that the output device will be on for is approximately equal to, τ=

RC. So, in our circuit, using a value of 10KΩ and 470μF gives us a time constant of τ= RC=
(10KΩ)(470μF)= 4.7 seconds. So the LED stays on for approximately 4.7 seconds. If we used

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the same 10KΩ resistor with a 3300μF capacitor, this produces a time constant of, τ= RC=
(10KΩ)(3300μF)= 33 seconds. So the LED will be on for approximately 33 seconds.
So, as a rule of thumb, to increase the period of time the output device is on for, we either
increase the resistance or capacitance value or both of the RC network. To decrease the period of
time the output device is on for, we either decrease the resistance or capacitance value or both of
the RC network.
The 2 resistors R1 and R2 on the left and right side of the circuit are also important. They also
have an effect on how long the output device stays on for. These resistor values should be kept
relatively low to around 500Ω to 1KΩ. If too high, they decrease the amount of time the output
device is on for. If, for example, we made these resistor values 10KΩ, the LED would be on for a
much shorter period of time.
To calculate pulse period we need to use: T = RC * logn (1 + (R2 / R1))
The capacitor connected to the base of the left most transistor is purely there for debouncing
purposes. This capacitor is pretty vital. Without the capacitor, if we were to connect the positive
voltage directly to pushbutton, there would be debouncing issues. We could press it multiple
times and not get one clean press. Or we could press it on and off by pressing multiple times.
The capacitor completely eliminates this. With the capacitor, the circuit can only register one
push at a time and that push lasts for the duration of the capacitor discharging. The debouncing
capacitor really does work for clean pushbutton presses. A 10μF capacitor works really well.
As a modification, we can substitute the LED for another output device. We would just have to
make sure there is sufficient power to power on that device.

The circuit of monostable multivibrator display in Multisim:

VCC
XSC1
5.0V
Ext Trig
+
_
A B
R1 R _ _
R2 + +
1kΩ 10kΩ
1kΩ
C2 R3

510Ω
Q1 470µF LED1
2N4401 Q2
2N4401

C1
S1 10µF
VCC
5.0V Key = A

Ochiloscope’s display(as we explain above)

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As we said above , to increase the period of time the output device is on for, we either increase
the resistance or capacitance value or both of the RC network:

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We’ve built physical logic circuit using transistors:

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CONCLUSIONS:

The mostable multivibrator is a very important circuit which is used in many designs even today.
The monostable multivibrator is used as delay and timing circuits,for temporary memories,used
to trigger another pulse generator and for regenerating old and worn out pulses.
Also we learn about MM it needs only one single pulse to start its operation,there is no need of
extra pulse for its operation.Its construction is very simple and can be constructed easily.
Due to simple construction its price is also less.

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REFERENCES:

Pulse and digital circuits nga A.A.Kumar [chapter 7]

Microeloctronics circuits nga A.S.Sedra dhe K.C.Smith [chapter 18]
Matje elektronike nga V.Topulli [chapter 4]
Web page: http://www.learningaboutelectronics.com

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