1.

PROBLEM STATEMENT
Design a circuit which shall provide an output signal which shall lag the input
signal angle theta where theta varies from 0 to 90 degree.

2. CIRCUIT OPERATING CONSTRAINTS

• Input supply voltage to should be in between -12 volt to +12 volt.
• Frequency should be in range of 1 Hz to 8 KHz.
• Supply voltage given to op amps should not greater than +-25 volts.

3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND.
a) INTRODUCTION
This project is all about the phase shifting of input signal by any angle between zero to
ninety degree. Advance version of it , is used for frequency modulation and also to
create delay in the signal.
Here in my circuit I have used op-amps to do so which take the input voltage below 25
volts and frequency range from 1 to 8 KHz and produce output waveform which lags
the input by any angle between zero to 90 degree having same amplitude. And its output
is very stable does not depends on temperature and also minimise the ripple effect of
capacitor.

LM741 Op-Amp:

The IC 741 operational amplifier looks like a small chip. The representation of 741 IC
op-amp is given below that comprises of eight pins. The most significant pins are 2,3 and
6, where pin2 and 3 are pin 2 and 3 denote inverting & non-inverting terminals and pin6

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denotes output voltage. The triangular form in the IC signifies an op-amp integrated
circuit .The current version of the chip is denoted by the famous IC 741 op amp. The main
function of this IC 741 is to do mathematical operations in various circuits. IC 741 op
amp is made from various stages of transistor which commonly have three stages like
differential i/p, a push-pull o/p and an intermediate gain stage. The differential op-amps
comprises of a set of FETs or BJTs.

Capacitor :-
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electro
statically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain
at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated by a dielectric (I.e. insulator). An ideal
capacitor is characterized by a single constant value for its capacitance. Capacitance is
expressed as the ratio of the electric charge Q on each conductor to the potential difference

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V between them. The SI unit of capacitance is the farad (F), which is equal to one coulomb
per volt (1 C/V). Typicaly
capacitance values range from about 1 pF (10−12 F) to about 1 mF (10−3F)

Resistor:
The resistor is a passive electrical component to create resistance in the flow of electric
current. In almost all electrical networks and electronic circuits they can be found. The
resistance is measured in ohms. An ohm is the resistance that occurs when a current of
one ampere passes through a resistor with a one volt drop across its terminals. The current
is proportional to the voltage across the terminal ends. This ratio is represented by Ohm’s
law:

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Potentiometer:
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating contact that
forms an adjustable voltage divider. If only two terminals are used, one end and the
wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.

Veroboard :-
Veroboard is a printed circuit board that’s designed with rows of copper
tracks with holes drilled in then for electronic components to be soldered

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to construct electronic circuits. The hole and tracks are all spaced a tenth
of an inch apart. If that dimension sounds familiar it’s because it’s the
same spacing as IC’s use so these will fit perfectly. The idea is that all the
holes on a row are joined electrically by the copper strip so you plan your
layout accordingly.

Utilization of Veroboard
As with other stripboards, in using Veroboard, components are suitably
positioned and soldered to the conductors to form the required circuit.
Breaks can be made in the tracks, usually around holes, to divide the strips
into multiple electrical nodes enabling increased circuit complexity.

Connecting wire:-
Connecting wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on
a circuit to another because electricity needs a medium through which it

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can move. Most of the connecting wires are made up of copper or
aluminium. Copper is cheap and good conductivity. Instead of the copper,
we can also use silver which has high conductivity but it is too costly to
use.

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b) BLOCK DIAGRAM

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c) MATHEMATICAL MODELLING / ANALYSIS
As we know inverting op-amp shift phase by 180 degree, we can vary phase with the
help of resistor and capacitor. Here we want to vary the phase in
between 0 to 90 degree so need to lag the output with the help of
capacitor and resistor

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 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

XSC1

Ext Trig
+
_
A B
U1 _ _
7
5

1
+ +

3 C1
6
R3
2
47nF
2.2kΩ
741
4

V1
1Vpk
R2
1kHz
0° 2.2kΩ

U2
7
5

2 R1
10kΩ 50 %
741 Key=A
4

4. DESIGN SPECIFICATION
Sl. No. Component Name Specification No. of units Price Per
Unit
1 PCB Copper clad 1 35
(Vero Board)
2 Resistor 2.2K 2 1
3 Potentiometer 10K 1
4 Capacitor 47nF 1 1
5 Op-amps IC741 1 1
6 Connecting wire 23SWG As req. 10/m
7 IC Base 8pin 2 5

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5. HARDWARE SETUP

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6. RESULT

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 7. COMMENTS
I have done this project to shift phase from zero to 90 degree using op amps it can be
also achieve using transistor but to obtain the perfect unity gain using transistor is
quite complicated and the transistor cannot operate in high frequency because of
ripple effect of capacitor which is used to shift the phase and one more problem exist
that is due to dc biasing the output obtain using transistor is shifted in y axis and to
make in the level of input we have to use one more additional clamper circuit to do
so .
So by considering all point we can conclude that using of op amp is best choice over
transistor to vary the phase between zero to 90 degree.
But demerit of op-amp is that if we want phase shift 30 Vpp. Voltage it will not
possible because op-amp saturate all the value above and below +12 and -12
respectively but we can achieve this output using transistor by using a proper value
of capacitor and resistor.

8. REFERENCE
a. Microelectronics device & circuit theory book
b. Fundamental of Analog & digital electronics book
c. https://www.wikipedia.org/
d. https://www.electronicshub.org/
e. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/
f. https://circuitdigest.com/

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