An Introduction To Plant Breeding(MP3_128K).

mp3
[00:00:00] Plant breeding plants are the most important organisms on this planet. They
occupy the bottommost part of the food chain. They are often referred to as producers
and all other organisms are directly or indirectly dependent on plants. Almost 85 per
cent of the world's food consumed by humans is plant based. The plants grown for food
are called food crops, food crops are highly dependent on water availability, soil and
climatic conditions, sometimes due to environmental conditions like dropped. The crops
do not produce sufficient food or the crops fail. This leads to acute shortage of food in
that region, it is called as famine. In the year 1943, the Great Bengal famine is
estimated to have caused the deaths of up to four million people. Also, as the
population increases, food production must also increase. And of the food production
does not increase, it will cause food crisis as the land for agriculture is very limited. It is
necessary to improve the productivity of the crops per acre. Previously, we have learned
that by implementing animal breeding, we were able to improve the quality and
productivity of farm animals similarly by plant breeding. It is also possible to improve the
quality and productivity of the food crops. Plant breeding is defined as signs of changing
the genetic traits of plants in order to create desired plant types that are better suited for
cultivation, gives better ease and have good resistance to diseases.

[00:01:56] Plant breeding is not a new technology. It is a very old one. Earlier man used
to deliberately cross-breed closely related plant varieties to produce a new plant of
desire TRIT. Nowadays, breeders tried to incorporate the following desirable traits in an
improved variety. Increased crop yield, improved quality, increased tolerance to
environmental stresses like salinity, extreme temperatures dropped and frost increased
resistance to pathogens, increased tolerance to insect pests. This process of breeding
closely related individuals that are genetically different to produce a hybrid offspring is
known as hybridization. Scientists Gregor Mendel and Charles Darwin effectively
demonstrated hybridisation within a plant species. After that, the process was further
developed by many plant breeders. Plant breeding is a systematic process. The entire
process of plant breeding, starting from choosing desirable qualities of plant to the final
product, is broadly divided into five main steps. Let us learn about them one by one
step, one collection of variability, we know that plant of particular species will have
different varieties on different parts of the planet. Each variety will have few different
sets of traits that are different from each other. This is known as genetic variation, for
example. There are about total 121 natural variants of Raggy on this planet. Every one
of them is different from each other by few traits.

[00:03:52] Some disease resistance to a particular bug and should drop resistance.
Some give high yield and no resistance to John's. Some give less yield and should drop
resistance, etc., all these undesirable characters. So to create a new variety of raggy
with better characteristics, it would be better if one knows all the natural varieties of
Ruggie available on this planet. From that, it would be easy to select the best require
traits for the new plant from the year 1971 under the guidance of International Board of
Plant Genetic Resources. I began. Several institutes have started collecting all the
naturally available plants and seeds, having all diverse cells for all genes in a given crop
from different geographic locations on this planet and made a library out to fit. This
library is called as germplasm collection. This forms a resource from which new
varieties are created. Currently, most of the crops have germplasm with more than 100
varieties. Due to availability of vast germplasm, any breeder can now easily manipulate
different combinations of elements in order to create a superior plant. There are two
germplasm collection centers in India. These are International Crops Research Institute
for Semiarid Tropics, ICRA, S.T. and Hyderabad and National Bureau of Plant Genetic
Resources and Burpengary at New Delhi. Step two, evaluation and selection of parents
when varieties were first collected, it was completely based on easily distinguishable
characters.

[00:05:59] However, plants variations are due to the environmental conditions present at
that time, which is temporary. For example, suppose researchers collected a dwarf plant
from drought region and named it as dwarf plant. But when this variety was cultivated
under normal environmental conditions, the plant grew tall, it means that the softness
was not actually the trait of the plant, it was just a result of environmental conditions in
order to avoid such type of errors. Careful evaluation and characterization is required to
know about the composition of the germplasm and the diversity of the given crop. Let us
learn how the plants are evaluated and characterized before the plants are evaluated.
The plants are tested for poisonous. If a plant has more than one type of l'oeil for a
particular treat, it is called heterozygous, such plans are rejected and only pure plants
are homozygous, plants are subjected to further evaluation. Now, let's learn about plant
evaluation. First of all, the samples are grown in the field under controlled environmental
conditions with good protection. Then it is made sure that the plants completely adapt to
the place they are grown. This ensures that only treats are completely expressed. Once
they are adapted, the plants are tested under various stressful conditions, such as
pathogens.

[00:07:41] Salinity.

[00:07:45] Etc., All the responses are recounted. Apart from this, the plants are also
tested in laboratory for different molecular and biochemical characteristics once all the
enzymes and the biochemicals produced are known. The information is neatly recorded
and labeled on the plant. Using this wide range of information, scientists can easily
select plants for breeding. The selected plants are later inbred or cell pollinated to
obtain pure copies of the homozygous parents. Cross hybridisation among the selected
parents. Now, since we have selected pure line parents with desired characteristics, the
parents are now cross hybridised. Cross hybridization helps to produce hybrid progeny.
This helps to bring desired traits from different plant lines into one plant line. For
example, if we cross a low yielding, high disease resistant Ruggie plant with high
yielding low disease resistance drug plant. Since the parents that are crossed up your
line, the F1 hybrid obtained will have superior characters of both the parents. The
progeny here will be high yielding and high disease resistant drug plant. This tendency
of hybrids to obtain superior characteristics of both parents is known as heteros or
hybrid vigor. The term was coined by SHUNG in 1912. However, heterozygous was first
studied by Karl Rueter in 1763, followed by Darwin in 1876. Let us understand how
cross hybridization is done by breeders. It is done by a process called artificial
hybridization. Artificial hybridization is the production of hybrids by cross pollinating to
separate plants under controlled conditions under the supervision of the plant breeder.
This process of artificial hybridization in plants involves various steps, these are as
follows selection of parents with desired characters.

[00:10:03] Christie can, while selecting parents for hybridization program, all the desired
characters should be present and parents which are required in the new crop variety.
Emasculation, anthers of male parts of the flowers are removed now flower contains
only female parts. This is done to prevent self pollination among flowers. Bagging and
tagging soon after emasculation, the carpools are covered polythene bags to prevent
contamination of stigma by foreign pollen. Collection of porcelain greens at maturity, the
bowling greens are collected from designed parent plant in dry plastic bags. Artificial
pollination when the stigma of the emasculated flower matures, the polythene bag is
removed and with the help of a brush, fresh pollen from selected plants is dusted or with
a receptive stigma off the female. Tagging a tag is with relevant information attached to
the plant. The tag bears the information like date of emasculation, date of crossing and
detail of male and female parents, etc.. Desirable combination of variations, seeds
obtained after crossing are sown and evaluated for desirable and undesirable traits and
are screened properly. Back crossing, if desired traits are absent in the progeny, then
they are back lost again till the desired traits are obtained, limitations cross hybridization
is a very time consuming and tedious process. The cross hybrids may not combine the
desirable characters. Usually only one in few hundred to a thousand crosses show the
desirable combination. Step four, selection and testing of superior recombinant, the
hybrid obtained is scientifically checked for desired characters if the test has passed,
the plants are self pollinated for several generations since the F1 hybrid has both
dominant as well as recessive alleles at every next generation, we will get a wide variety
of combinations.

[00:12:29] Some will be desirable and some will be undesirable. At each generation, the
undesirable plants are eliminated and the process is continued for seven to eight
generations until uniformity or homozygous city is obtained. This will create a pure line
where characters do not segregate. This pure line is called as Cultivar. Cultivar is plant
with desirable characters that can be maintained by propagation to evaluate these
cultivars. The cultivars are grown in research fields and their performance is recorded
under ideal fertiliser application, irrigation and other crop management practices in
India. Indian Council of Agricultural Research ICR at New Delhi carries out these
evaluations after evaluations. The plants are again tested in farmers fields for at least
three growing seasons. The testing is done at several locations throughout the country,
representing all the agro climatic zones where these crops are usually grown. Using the
test results, the cultivars are evaluated by comparing it with the best available local crop
cultivars and the farms. If the new cultivar is far better than the existing cultivar, it is
selected for seed multiplication. Step five, multiplication of improved seed, the seeds of
the approved cultivars are multiplied by growing them in suitable conditions. A large
quantity of seeds is obtained. The seed are then tested for quality and certified by
National Seed Corporation NSC. Such tested thieves are called as certified seeds. Now
the seeds can be distributed to farmers and licensed seed sellers.