Mini Project Report

on
Road Safety Under Low Visibility

Submitted By:
Dhangar Jagruti Gotu
Gosavi Akshay Nanagir
Patil Vaishali Lilachand

T. Y. B. Tech [Electronics & Telecommunication]

Under the Guidance of:

Prof V.P.Patil

Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology,
Shirpur- 425 405

2021-22
 Shirpur Education Society’s

R. C. Patel Institute of Technology,

Shirpur, Dist-Dhule

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that mini project report entitled “Road Safety

Under Low Visibility”, being submitted by Dhangar Jagruti

Gotu, Gosavi Akshay Nanagir, Patil Vaishali Lilachand to

Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Technological University, Lonere. This mini

project work is bonafide work carried out by them under my supervi-

sion and guidance during semester fifth of academic year 2021-22.

Date:
Place: Shirpur

Project Guide Coordinator

Head of Department
 Abstract

The exponential growth in vehicle population and dominance of old vintage vehi-
cles on Indian roads make the issue of inspection and maintenance a prime concern
in India. In the last decade several aggressive initiatives to control vehicle pollution
have been taken in India but most of the steps are directed towards new vehicle emis-
sion norms and fuel quality improvements. In major cities there exist a mandatory
system for inspection and maintenance but it is now increasingly felt to upgrade the
present system to a more effective one in the near future. Every commercial vehicle
in India has to go for a mandatory fitness test.

Motor vehicles are the prime source of transportation where vehicles with the
Petrol or Diesel play a major part. This project designs an embedded system for
a vehicle, which senses the gases like carbon monoxide. If the level of the Carbon
monoxide(CO) increases than the normal level (10 ppm to 100 ppm) then an alarm
is generated automatically. A warning message is sent to the RTO office via GSM
Module as well as it display on LCD display. The advantage of this system is proper
detection and faster response time leading to faster diffusion of the situation, com-
pared with the manual methods.

This system is reliable and easy as compare to the ordinary system of Pollution
Under Control(PUC) check by PUC meter on highway.In the implementation, the
device has been used to measure the Carbon monoxide(CO) level in vehicles and
only sense the Carbon monoxide(CO).
Contents

List of Figures iii

List of Tables iv

1 Introduction 1

2 Basic Concept and Literature Survey 3

2.1 Basic Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Literature Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Drawbacks of Fitness Certification in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4 Different Air Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4.1 Particulate Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4.3 Sulfur Oxides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4.4 Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Hydrocarbon, and Ozone . 7
2.4.5 Greenhouse Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Health effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3 System Implementation 10
3.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.2 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Component Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.1 Microcontroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.3.2 LM324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.3.3 CO Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3.4 MAX232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.5 GSM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.3.6 LCD Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.4 PCB Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.5 Prototype of Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

4 Conclusion and Future Scope 27

4.1 Future Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

i
References 28

ii
List of Figures

3.1 Block Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

3.2 Circuit Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 Microcotroller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 LM 324 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 CO Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Structure of Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.7 MAX 232 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.8 GSM Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.9 LCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.10 PCB Artwork . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.11 Normal View of PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.12 Real View of PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.13 Unpopulated View of PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.14 Prototype View of PCB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.15 Prototype of Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

iii
List of Tables

3.1 Configuration of CO sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

iv
Chapter 1

Introduction

In recent years, environmental effects from human activities have gained impor-
tant consideration globally. Air pollution is one of the significant impacts nowadays
due to the increase in number of industrial process, vehicles for transportation sys-
tems or just from simple kitchen-households activities. Many efforts have been
proposed and performed from individual to institutional contexts to solve the prob-
lems related to air pollution control. From individual basis, the encouragement to
use of vehicles with low carbon emission is remarkably giving great contribution for
clean air. From industrial basis, the use of sophisticated technology of filtering in
the chimneys before the gas exhausted to the air can reduce the concentrate of gas
pollution.
Clean air must be continuously available in nature for the sake of human and
other living things existences. People are supposed to inhale clean air for respiratory
process in order to maintain their health condition. For this reason, clean air is
absolutely needed, reserved and no tolerance for the activities that worsening the
air quality. In addition, the wise use of clean air respect to the nature preservation
must be aware from now on in order to make it available for the future generation.
This could be high challenges behind the great benefits of some recent innovations
and technology that may contribute to the increase in air pollution or decrease in
clean air quality. Air pollution control is one of the important efforts beside the
prevention air pollution itself.

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In terms of air pollution monitoring, sampling method is applied to measure the

indoor and outdoor residential of some gaseous and particles that potentially expo-
sure to children and adults respiratory health. Since the approach from statistical
point of view by means the data is discretely obtained, the bias might be occurred
especially for the locations where the standard data comparator is not available. In
other methods, the usage of Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive
Spectrometer (SEM/EDS) for micro-analysis of dust particles absorbed by the leaf
surfaces. However, using such techniques require detail analysis since the character-
ize materials based on some patterns of points and element mapping. The analysis
of periodic pattern of air pollutant and source contamination is also used to provide
predictive monitoring of air pollutants in subway systems. Again, similar to the
previous method in, it needs to asses data periodically or seasonal with possibly
multivariate relationship between measured data.
The basic PUC systems are sometimes very large as a big system, therefore it is
not easy to move to other locations, requires raw data from the case sites because
another additional techniques are utilized to process this data and the technology is
only available for laboratory experiments. Meanwhile, air pollution monitoring and
control are totally required in order to maintain the air quality in the tolerable and
expected limits. However, although the study was able to show the emission pat-
terns due to geologic process, the method requires consistently large number of data;
therefore the complexity task of analyzing become highly challenges. The monitor-
ing of specific location with optimal sitting station was investigated in. However,
the compulsory to make this standard make the system is less flexible in terms of
portability and it needs extensive study to where the best location for the station.
In associated with pattern and feature of the location which is unpredicted, this
data spatial is analyzed using space-time prediction model based Bayesian maxi-
mum entropy and visualization of high dimension of data. Again this method, the
accuracy outcome is highly depending on the high number of the previous data on
site.

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Chapter 2

Basic Concept and Literature

Survey

2.1 Basic Concepts

Most of the time people forget to renew the Pollution under control card.Due
to this there are chances of damaging ignition system and it will be hazardous for
their vehicles as well as there are chances of air pollution because of adding excess
contents of carbon dioxide and Carbon Monoxide(CO) into the environment. So it
will be hazardous to the global warming. The vehicular pollutants have damaging
effects on both human health and ecology. The health effects of pollution vary
in the degree of severity, covering a range of minor effects to serious illness, as
well as premature death in certain cases. These pollutants are believed to directly
affect the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. Carbon Monoxide affects the
cardiovascular system, exacerbating cardiovascular disease symptoms, particularly
affect young children, affects nervous system impairing physical co-ordination, vision
and judgements, creating nausea and headache, reducing productivity and increasing
personal discomfort.
To control air pollution and their side effect on human being, person should take
care of their vehicle by regular servicing, checking Pollution Under Control of vehicle
at authorized Pollution Under Control centre after every three months. To reduce

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human effort and time there should be such a system connected with vehicle which
shows current status of their vehicle ignition system, by which he /she can take care
of his / her vehicle within time.
Even if the vehicle is equipped with the air cabin filters that are present inside
the cabin so as to reduce the effect of the unwanted particulate, they cannot be a
viable solution to control it. Even though the producers of various vehicles mainly
concentrate on these safety precautions, the carelessness of the end users or the
drivers regarding the condition of the vehicle may cause serious damage not only to
the vehicles but also to the human lives. Such that even the minor eye irritation
can make the driver to lose his concentration on the road, which may lead to serious
accidents. Hence to overcome these types of problems there is a need to monitor
several gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and the oxygen level is required to
ensure complete vehicle occupant comfort and safety.

2.2 Literature Survey

In the year 2000, K. Galatsis, W. Woldarsla, Y.X. Li and K. Kalantar-zadeh, “A
Vehicle air quality monitor using gas sensors for improved safety”, this paper focuses
on A vehicle cabin air quality monitor using carbon monoxide (CO) gas sensors has
been designed, developed and on-road tested. The continuous monitoring of oxygen
and carbon monoxide provides added vehicle safety as alarms could be set off when
dangerous gas concentrations are reached, preventing driver fatigue, drowsiness, and
exhaust gas suicides.
In the year of 2002, K. Galatsis, W. Wlodarsla, K. Kalantar-Zadeh and A.
Trinchi, “Investigation of gas sensors for vehicle cabin air quality monitoring”, this
paper focuses on, car cabin air quality monitoring can be effectively analyzed us-
ing metal oxide semiconducting (MOS) gas sensors. In this paper, commercially
available gas sensors are compared with fabricated Moo3 based sensors possessed
comparable gas sensing properties. The sensor has response 74 higher relative to
the hest commercial sensor tested.

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In the year of 2006, Ioan Lita, Ion Bogdan Cioc and Daniel Alexandru Visan, “A
New Approach of Automatic Localization System Using GSM Transmission”, this
paper focuses on, a low cost automotive localization system using microcontroller
and GSM-SMS services. The system permits localization of the automobile and
transmitting the position to the owner on his mobile phone as a short message
(SMS) as his request. The system can be interconnected with the car alarm system
and alert the owner, on his mobile phone, about the events that occurs with his car
when it is parked. The system is composed by a microcontroller and a GSM phone.
Additional, the system can be settled for acquiring and transmitting of information,
when requested about automobile status and parameters or alert when it started
engine, system can be used as navigation system. Optional, the system can be used
as car low cost solution for automobile position localizing and status, very useful in
case of watching and monitoring by their parents, as well as in car tracking system
application. The proposed solution can be used in other types of application, where
the information needed are requested rarely and at irregular period of time.
In the year of 2008, Chen Peijiang and Jiang Xuehhua, “Design and implemen-
tation of Remote Monitoring System Based on GSM”, this paper focuses on the
wireless monitoring system, a remote monitoring system based on SMS of GSM is
presented.In this system, GSM network is a medium for transmitting the remote
signal.
In the year of 2008, LIU zhen-ya, WANG Zhen-dong and CHEN Rong, “Intelli-
gent Residential Security Alarm and Remote Control System Based On Single Chip
Computer”, the paper focuses on, Intelligent residential burglar alarm, emergency
alarm, fire alarm, toxic gas leakage remote automatic sound alarm and remote con-
trol system, which is based on 89c51 single chip computer. The system can be
automatic alarm, automatic calling the police hotline number. It can be used voice
alarm and show alarm occurred address. It can set up and modify user password.
It can be recordable and voice suggestion.

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2.3 Drawbacks of Fitness Certification in India

The present Pollution Under Control (PUC) system has number of lacunae owing
to which the system is not effective in reducing emissions from on-road vehicles.
Some of the associated problems with the system are:

ˆ The test procedures currently used do not represent typical driving conditions,
and hence the emissions levels measurement cannot be used to generate an
emission profile of in-use vehicles.

ˆ PUC center operators are not sufficiently trained.

ˆ No auditing and quality assurance is carried out at the test centers and as a
result the measurements are not reproducible from center to center. Scope for
false passes exists in this system.

As we know that every vehicle has to go RTO centre or any authorized PUC checking
dealer. When a person performs PUC checking at PUC centre, following entries are
done in the card:

1. Date and time for PUC check.

2. Validity of PUC card and vehicle number.

3. Registration number of PUC center.

After checking PUC, the dealer gives us authorized notes on that it shown regarding
current condition of vehicle ignition system and validity date of future PUC checking.
This data can be saved at RTO office.

2.4 Different Air Pollutants

2.4.1 Particulate Matter

Refineries can be significant sources of particulate matter (PM), which can irritate
the respiratory tract. Particulate matter (PM) is especially harmful when it is asso-
ciated with sulfur and nitrogen oxides (SOx and NOx). Most refineries Particulate

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matter (PM) comes from two sources delayed coking units and the regenerators of
fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units. fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) regenerators also
emit ammonia, which combines with SOx and NOx in the air to form ammonium
sulfates and nitrates.

2.4.2 Carbon Monoxide

In refineries, carbon monoxide (CO) is formed by incomplete combustion in boilers,

process heaters, power plants, and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) regenerators. CO
is toxic because it binds strongly to the hemoglobin in blood, displacing oxygen. It
is colorless and odorless, so without a special analyzer, it is hard to detect. This
adds to its danger.

2.4.3 Sulfur Oxides

At oil and gas production sites, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3)
are produced by the burning of sulfur-containing fuels. In oil refineries, SOx are
produced by the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels, including the coke that is
burned off of catalysts in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) regenerators. SOx irritate
the respiratory tracts of people and other animals. When adsorbed to particulate
matter, SOx are especially bad. While gaseous SOx molecules are trapped by mucous
in the upper respiratory tract, inhaled particulates can penetrate deep into lungs.

2.4.4 Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Hydrocarbon, and

Ozone

Like CO and SOx, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are emitted by
fired heaters, power plants and FCC regenerators. NOx also damage respiratory
tissues and contribute to acid rain. Ozone, a nasty component of smog, is generated
by reactions between oxygen and NOx. The reactions are triggered by sunlight. In
the troposphere, ozone reacts with volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOC) to form
aldehydes, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), peroxybenzoyl nitrate (PBN) and a number

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of other substances. PAN irritates nasal passages, mucous membranes, and lung
tissue.In some areas, smog looks like a brownish cloud just above the horizon. It
makes for spectacular sunsets, but nothing else about it is good.

2.4.5 Greenhouse Gases

In a greenhouse or in an automobile with the windows rolled up, sunlight comes

in through the glass and gets absorbed by various objects inside. These objects
reradiate the adsorbed energy as heat, which can’t go back out through the glass,
at least not very quickly. Consequently, on a sunny day the inside of a greenhouse
and inside of a sealed car is hotter than the outside air.In the earth’s atmosphere,
gases such as Carbon dioxide, Methane, and Nitrogen dioxide are called “greenhouse
gases,” because they are nearly transparent to visible sunlight, but they absorb
infrared (IR) radiation.

2.5 Health effects of Carbon Monoxide (CO)

CO is found in combustion fumes produced by vehicles, gasoline engines, stoves
and heating systems, people and animals in these CO enclosed spaces can be poi-
soned by breathing it. Even loss of consciousness and death can be caused due to
high level inhalation of CO. CO poisoning can be difficult to diagnose and hence
People who are sleeping or intoxicated can die from CO poisoning before ever expe-
riencing symptoms. Elevated levels of CO can be dangerous to human depending on
the amount present and length of exposure. Smaller concentration can be harmful
over longer periods of time. People with chronic heart disease, anemia, or respiratory
problems and unborn babies, infants are more susceptible to its effects.
CO emissions and concentrations in urban and roadside air are often much higher
during the winter months than in the summer. Low levels of CO relative to the levels
of oxygen, in inhaled air can be highly toxic and can alter hemoglobin so that it is
no longer able to deliver oxygen to organs and tissues. CO disperses quickly in the
air, so moderate and high levels of the gas are usually detected only in areas with

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significant motor vehicle traffic or within enclosed spaces where it may accumulate.
The interior CO concentrations of automobiles driving in numerous cities around
the world are measured by the researchers and have considered such variables as road
type, traffic conditions, vehicle speed, and time of day. The average vehicle cabin CO
concentrations are ranging from 9.1 to 22.3 ppm (Parts per Million). The researchers
compared it to an average ambient air CO level, calculated from measurements at
fixed stations near the commuter routes, of between 2.2 and 2.3 ppm. Typically the
vehicle cabin levels were about seven times higher than those at the remote sites.

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Chapter 3

System Implementation

This chapter includes the project details about the block diagram with detailed
description of components used in the project and about the working of the circuit.

3.1 Block Diagram

The block diagram consist of the following main blocks.

1. Microcontroller

2. CO Sensor

3. Comparator

4. MAX 232

5. GSM Module

6. Buzzer for Alarming purpose

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Figure 3.1: Block Diagram

AT89C51 Microcontroller

The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with

4K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The
on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a
conventional Nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU
with Flash on a monolithic chip, the AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer which
provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control ap-
plications. In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static logic for operation down
to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The
Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and
interrupt system to continue their functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the

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RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the
next hardware reset.

CO Sensor

A CO sensor or detector is a device which detects the presence of various gases

within the area, usually as the part of a safety system. These are actually battery
operated, and also they transmit warnings via a series of audible signals such as
alarms and visible signals such as flashlights, as they meet dangerous levels. Origi-
nally detectors were produced to detect a single gas.

Comparator

A comparator is a device that compares two voltages or currents and switches

its output to indicate which is larger. We use LM324 IC as comparator.It ia 14 pin
IC and consist of quad operational amplifiers with true differential inputs. They
have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single
supply applications.

GSM Module

A GSM modem is wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. GSM
modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate. A GSM
available service like SMS (Short Message Service) represents alternative modalities
to make remote measurements and control. SMS service is suited for remote control
applications that requires small amount of data and rare activation, like sending
alarms, or emergency commands. The system can be interconnected with the car
alarm system and alert the owner, on his mobile phone. The system is composed
by a microcontroller and a GSM phone.

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MAX232

The MAX232 is an integrated circuit, first created by Maxim Integrated Products,

that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL
compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver and typically
converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

LCD Display

A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel display, electronic visual display, or

video display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid
crystals do not emit light directly.

Buzzer

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be mechanical, elec-

tromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm
devices, timers and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.

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3.2 Circuit Diagram

The circuit Digram is made according to the block diagram is shown in figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2: Circuit Diagram

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3.3 Component Description

3.3.1 Microcontroller

The figure 3.3 shows the microcontroller pin configurations.

Figure 3.3: Microcotroller

Features

1. 4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

2. Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

3. Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

4. Three-Level Program Memory Lock

5. 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

6. 32 Programmable I/O Lines

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7. Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

8. Programmable Serial Channel

9. Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

3.3.2 LM324

Figure 3.4: LM 324

Features

1. Short Circuited Protected Outputs

2. True Differential Input Stage

3. Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V

4. Low Input Bias Currents: 100 nA Maximum (LM324A)

5. Four Amplifiers Per Package

6. Internally Compensated

7. Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply

8. Industry Standard Pin outs

9. NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Site and Con-
trol Changes

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3.3.3 CO Sensor

Figure 3.5: CO Sensor

Features

1. High sensitivity

2. Detection Range is 10-1000 ppm of CO

3. Response time is less than 150 sec.

4. Heater voltage is 5.0V

5. Dimensions are 16 mm diameter, 10 mm high excluding pin, pins-6 mm High.

Figure 3.6: Structure of Sensor

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Table 3.1: Configuration of CO sensor

Pin Parts Materials (%)
1 Gas sensing layer SnO2
2 Electrode Au
3 Electrode line Pt
4 Heater coil Ni-Cr alloy
5 Tubular ceramic Al2O3
6 Anti-explosion network Stainless steel gauze (SUS316 100-mesh)
7 Clamp ring Copper plating Ni
8 Resin base Bakelite
9 Tube Pin Copper plating Ni

3.3.4 MAX232

Figure 3.7: MAX 232

Features

1. Power supply : +3.0V to +5.5V.

2. Number of RS232 Drivers: 2

3. Number of RS232 Rx: 2

4. Number of external capacitors: 4

3.3.5 GSM Module

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications: originally from Group Special

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Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile telephony systems in the world. A
GSM modem is wireless modem that works with a GSM wireless network. GSM
modem requires a SIM card from a wireless carrier in order to operate.

Figure 3.8: GSM Module

The GSM provides the following facilities.

ˆ Report system events (alarms, arm, disarm etc.) via text messaging to mobile
telephones

ˆ Remotely arm, disarm and obtain current status of the alarm system via text
Messaging.

ˆ High-speed modem communication for upload/download.

3.3.6 LCD Display

Figure 3.9: LCD

Features

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1. Interface with either 4-bit or 8-bit microprocessor or microcontroller.

2. Display data RAM

3. Character generator ROM

4. seven dot-matrix character patterns.

5. Eight different user programmed.

6. Display data RAM and character generator RAM may be accessed by the
microcontrollor.

7. Clear Display, Cursor Home, Display ON/OFF, Cursor ON/OFF, Blink Char-
acter, Cursor Shift, Display Shift.

8. Built-in reset circuit is triggered at power ON.

9. Built-in oscillator.

10. Numerous instructions.

3.4 PCB Layout

The PCB Wizard is used for the making of the PCB layout from the circuit
diagram.The PCB wizard is so simple that it can be used in the layout making and
also we get the mirror image of the layout while printing.The layout of the PCB
shown as below.

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Figure 3.10: PCB Artwork

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Figure 3.11: Normal View of PCB

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Figure 3.12: Real View of PCB

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Figure 3.13: Unpopulated View of PCB

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Figure 3.14: Prototype View of PCB

Automatic PUC Detection using GSM 25

RCPIT, Shirpur Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

3.5 Prototype of Circuit

Figure 3.15: Prototype of Circuit

Automatic PUC Detection using GSM 26

Chapter 4

Conclusion and Future Scope

An embedded system is designed and tested for hazardous gas detection inside a
vehicle using ATMEL 89C51 microcontroller and CO sensor. Toxic gas like CO is
less sensible by human which endangers the human lives. This critical situation can
be avoided by implementing the sensors for sensing the level of CO and is displayed
on the LCD. When the Co level exceeds normal range(10 ppm to 100 ppm) then
the designed system provides an alarm and also the warning message to the RTO
office by the GSM module.This prototype can also be used at Home; Educational
and working institutions for monitoring the indoor air quality which intern enhance
the quality of working environment.

4.1 Future Scope

In the future, we would like to extend this work to design a monitoring system
with capability to sense all gas emission completely with high accuracy.Because of
its low power consumptions,reliability, portability this system having wide use.By
using MQ-5 instead of MQ-7, the system can be used to detect LPG which can be
used widely as a home security appliance.

27
References

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ity monitor using gas sensors for improved safety” COMMAD, 2000.

[2] K. Galatsis, W. Wlodarsla, K. Kalantar-Zadeh and A. Trinchi “Investigation

of gas sensors for vehicle cabin air quality monitoring” COMMAD, 11-13 De-
cember 2002.

[3] Ansar Suyuti, Syafaruddin, Habib Mihdar Ali, Muhammad Tola “Microcon-
troller ATMEGA8535 based Design of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Gas Detector”
IJECS-IJENS , Vol: 12, No.4.

[4] LIU zhen-ya, WANG Zhen-dong and CHEN Rong “Intelligent Residential Se-
curity Alarm and Remote Control System Based On Single Chip Computer”
ICIEA, 3-5 June 2008.

[5] Chen Peijiang and Jiang Xuehhua “Design and implementation of Remote Mon-
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[6] V.Ramya, B. Palaniappan “Embedded Technology for vehicle cabin safety Mon-
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