Freightliner Trucks

Freightliner Trucks is an American semi truck manufacturer.[1]

Freightliner Trucks
Founded in 1929 as the truck-manufacturing division of
Consolidated Freightways (from which it derives its name), the
company was established in 1942 as Freightliner Corporation.[2]
Owned by Daimler AG from 1981 to 2021, Freightliner is now a
Type Subsidiary
part of Daimler Truck subsidiary Daimler Truck North America
(along with Western Star, Detroit Diesel, and Thomas Built Industry Automotive
Buses).[3] Founded 1942
(as Freightliner
Freightliner produces a range of vans, medium-duty trucks, and Inc)
heavy-duty trucks;[1] under its Freightliner Custom Chassis
Headquarters Portland, Oregon,
subsidiary, the company produces bare chassis and cutaway
U.S.
chassis for multiple types of vehicles. The company popularized
the use of cabover (COE) semitractors, with the Freightliner Key people John O'Leary, CEO
Argosy later becoming the final example of the type sold in North Products Commercial
America. Vehicles, Luxury
vehicles
The company is headquartered in Portland, Oregon (the city of its
Owner Daimler Truck
founding); vehicles are currently manufactured in Cleveland and
Mount Holly, North Carolina and Santiago Tianguistenco and Parent Daimler Truck
Saltillo, Mexico.[4] North America
Website freightliner.com (htt
ps://freightliner.co
m/)
Contents
Legal controversy
History
Founding (1930s)
1940s–1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
Company diversification
2000s
2010s
2020s
Models
See also
References
External links
Legal controversy
As of December 2020, Freightliner is under a court order to improve safety, and was fined $30 million by
the NHTSA after an investigation found that Freightliner had failed to recall dozens of known safety
defects in its vehicles.[5] In 2019 alone Freightliner was forced to issue safety recalls 24 separate times by
the NHTSA, and there have been over 100 recalls total on its flagship truck, the Cascadia. The Judge
found that Freightliner had no system in place to track faults, and ordered $5 million of the fine be applied
to upgrading outdated paper-based systems and converting to recall software used by other automakers for
decades.[6]

As of May 2021 Freightliner has at least three open investigations against it for electrical issues, including
several fires.[7]

Several weeks after the fine was issued by the NHTSA, Freightliner CEO Roger Nielsen was replaced by
John O’Leary, a senior executive from Mercedes Benz trucks, and former CFO of their parent company
Daimler Trucks.[8]

History

Founding (1930s)

Freightliner traces its roots to 1929; following the founding of Consolidated Freightways (CF) in Portland,
Oregon, company founder Leland James set up a company division to produce semitractors for company
use. Developed in a CF maintenance facility, Freightways Manufacturing used Fageol vehicles as a starting
point for the design, placing the cab above the front axle. Shorter in length, the new Freightways truck
allowed for CF to use a longer trailer and remain in compliance of the stringent length laws of the time.

In line with the company name, during the 1930s, Freightways Manufacturing began to brand its truck
production under the "Freightliner" name. In addition to their shorter length, the trucks underwent weight
reduction to maximize use of engine power (needed to climb mountain grades in the western United
States).

1940s–1950s

In 1942, Leland James renamed Freightways Manufacturing as Freightliner Corporation; as part of the
launch, the company debuts the first truck with an all-aluminum cab.[2] Shifting to military production
during World War II, Freightliner resumed truck production in 1947.[2] In 1949, Freightliner sold its first
vehicle outside of CF (to Portland-based forklift manufacturer Hyster); the vehicle is preserved in the
Smithsonian collection in Washington, D.C.[9][10]

As it largely existed as a subsidiary of a trucking company, Freightliner sought to establish a distribution

network for its product line, allowing for higher production volumes and reduced costs. In 1951,
Freightliner entered into an agreement with White Motor Company of Cleveland, Ohio.[11] One of the
largest truck manufacturers in the United States at the time, White sold Freightliner COEs under the "White
Freightliner" co-branding (all vehicles produced for CF were Freightliners).

In 1953, Freightliner introduced a cab with an overhead-mounted sleeper (further shortening the cab).[12]
The first-generation "shovelnose" cab was retired for 1954 in favor of the taller, flatter "WFT" design; as an
option, a "Mountaineer" 4x4 system was offered.[12]
For 1958, the cab design was updated to tilt forward 90 degrees, increasing access to the engine.[12]

1960s

To reduce import tariffs imposed by Canada (later removed by

Auto Pact), Freightliner opened its first Canadian manufacturing
facility in 1961, in Burnaby, British Columbia. To increase
production in the United States, assembly plants were opened in
Chino, California and Indianapolis, Indiana. In 1969, a second
facility was opened in Portland for parts production.

1970s White Freightliner WFT

White Motor Company became troubled in the 1970s. Expansion

into appliances and agricultural equipment consumed capital
without producing a return, and the relationship with Consolidated
Freightways became frayed. In 1974, the distribution agreement
was terminated, and Freightliner Corp. began life as a
freestanding manufacturer and distributor. Many of the first dealers
were from the White Motor Co. network, but some entrepreneurs
also signed up to represent the trucks without the White Motor Co.
franchise as a complement.
1974-1976 White Freightliner
At the same time, the company introduced its first conventional
WFC120
model, an adaptation of the high COE mainstay product. High
COEs accounted for well over 50% of the US market in those
days, owing to overall length regulations that limited the bumper-
to-taillight dimension of a semitrailer unit to 55  ft on interstate
highways. Conventionals were popular on western roads due to
more convenient ingress/egress, better ride, and easier access to the
engine for servicing.

In 1979, a new plant in Mount Holly, North Carolina, and a parts

manufacturing plant in Gastonia, North Carolina, were constructed,
both in the Charlotte metropolitan area. Volumes continued to
increase. Freightliner FLT cabover (1976-1986)

The year 1979 marked a consequential event in the evolution of

Freightliner, and of the whole trucking and truck manufacturing
industries. President Carter signed bills into law deregulating transport both on the ground and in the skies.
Deregulation changed the economics of trucking and removed the system of regulated carriage that
protected carriers, instead allowing more competition.

1980s

Three years later, the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 relaxed weight and length standards
and imposed a new excise tax on heavy trucks and the tires they use. No longer was the overall length of
semitrailer combinations restricted; rather, only the trailer was
specified, to be not greater than 53  ft in length. Individual states
retained more restrictive overall length laws, but fundamentally, the
rules had changed forever.

Consolidated Freightways, a traditional, unionized carrier that

flourished in the era before deregulation, realized it was in a fight
for its life. In May 1981, it sold its truck manufacturing business
and the Freightliner brand to Daimler-Benz, allowing it to
a Freightliner FLC-120
concentrate its management attention and financial resources on its
traditional trucking business. Around this time, the Chino and
Indianapolis plants were closed permanently.[13] Consolidated
Freightways continued carrier business until 2002, when it ceased
operation on Labor Day weekend.

In 1985 Freightliner introduced a new Medium Conventional series

(FLC112), using the passenger portion of the cabin from the then
recently introduced Mercedes-Benz LK. Mercedes cabins gradually
became used for a number of Freightliner trucks. In 1989,
Freightliner acquired a standing plant in Cleveland, North Carolina, A Pushed back axle Freightliner
near Statesville, that had been producing transit buses for German FLC-120
manufacturer MAN.

1990s

In 1991, parent company Daimler-Benz withdrew from the

medium-duty truck segment, shifting its presence to Freightliner.
Serving as the replacement for the aging Mercedes-Benz L1117,
the Business Class made its debut. Also called the FL series, the
Business Class was a downsized version of the FLC112, sharing its
cab with the Mercedes-Benz LKN cabover. Along with a lighter Freightliner FLC-112
GVWR, the FL was given a shorter hood with two headlights. The
first all-new entry in the medium-duty market in over a decade, the
model line met with success.

Another pronounced downturn in the industry's fortunes

necessitated drastic measures to restore Freightliner to financial
health, and Dr Dieter Zetsche, now the chairman of Daimler-Benz's
Board of Management, was dispatched to lead the project as CEO.
The Burnaby assembly plant was closed, replaced by a new facility
in St. Thomas, Ontario. Cost reduction programs across the
company restored profitability when the market rebounded.
Significantly, production also commenced in Santiago Freightliner FLD 112
Tianguistenco, Mexico, about 30 miles (48  km) outside Mexico
City, in a plant owned by Daimler-Benz. At that time, the plant was
also producing buses, Brazilian-designed medium-duty trucks, and compact Mercedes-Benz passenger
cars.

Following the introduction of the medium-duty Business Class, Freightliner saw further evolution to its
model range. For 1996, the company introduced the Freightliner Century Class, its first completely new
Class 8 conventional in over 20 years. A year later, the company began production of cowled bus chassis,
with the FS-65 derived from the medium-duty Business Class. For 1999 production, the Freightliner
Argosy debuted; directly replacing the FLB, the Argosy
consolidated four previous Freightliner COEs into a single model
range. The first clean-sheet COE design from Freightliner since the
Daimler acquisition, the Argosy largely eliminated the engine
intrusion into the cab, sharing many body components and
electronics with the Century Class conventional. In 1997,
Freightliner acquired the truck-producing division of the Ford
Motor Company and rebranded it as Sterling.

In 1999, Freightliner built its one-millionth vehicle. The Century Freightliner FLA COE
Class conventional model family was expanded, adding the
Columbia conventional.[14] While sharing the same cab structure,
the Columbia is developed primarily for fleet applications (though both model lines become popular with
owner-operators).[14]

Company diversification

The 1990s were a busy era for truck manufacturers in general, and for Freightliner in particular, under the
leadership of flamboyant James L. Hebe, a former Kenworth sales executive who joined the company in
1989. During the decade, Freightliner made numerous acquisitions to further diversify itself:

1995 – Oshkosh Custom Chassis in Gaffney, South Carolina became Freightliner Custom Chassis,
producing the underpinnings for walk-in vans used by companies such as UPS to deliver parcels and
Cintas for uniform laundry services; diesel recreational vehicles; conventional school buses; and shuttle
buses. The Oshkosh and Freightliner partnership has dissolved, and Oshkosh is no longer affiliated with
Freightliner.

1996 – American LaFrance was purchased; a 130-year-old manufacturer of fire apparatus, it was Mr.
Hebe's first employer. American LaFrance had fallen on hard times and was moribund at the time of the
acquisition. At the end of the year, Freightliner acquired the rights of the heavy-truck product lines of Ford
Motor Company.

1997 – As a result of the Ford heavy-truck acquisition, Freightliner created Sterling Trucks (using a long-
dormant nameplate once owned by White Motor Company). Intended primarily as vocational trucks, the
Sterling product line consisted of rebranded versions of the Ford Louisville/AeroMax and Ford Cargo.

1998 – Freightliner acquires bus manufacturer Thomas Built Buses, based in High Point, North Carolina.
Sterling-brand trucks entered production in St. Thomas, Ontario (sold concurrently with the final Ford
heavy trucks).

2000s

At the beginning of the 21st century, Freightliner was part of DaimlerChrysler, following the 1998 merger
of its parent company with Chrysler; several changes in 2000 were made by the merged company that
affected Freightliner. Canadian-based Western Star Trucks, a premium truck manufacturer was acquired in
its entirety, giving Freightliner a third truck brand (along with assembly plants in Kelowna, British
Columbia, and Ladson, South Carolina). Originally an entity of General Motors, DaimlerChrysler acquired
Detroit Diesel, integrating its operations within Freightliner.
Coinciding with the fragile economy, Freightliner was awash in
used trucks it could not sell; following the rapid expansion of the
previous decade, Freightliner was left with multiple poor-
performing operations outside of its core truck brand which was in
decline in a poor economy. Seeking new leadership,
DaimlerChrysler installed former company CFO to begin a
turnaround for Freightliner. By 2002, the Kelowna Western Star
plant was closed (shifting to Portland), along with a Thomas facility
in Woodstock, Ontario (consolidating entirely to High Point). Freightliner Columbia (left) and
Century Class (right)
For 2002, the Freightliner product line underwent multiple updates.
For the medium-duty segment, Freightliner introduced a second
generation of the Business Class, the Business Class M2, ranging
from Class 5 to Class 8 severe-service conventionals. In place of
the cab derived from Mercedes-Benz, the M2 was designed entirely
by Freightliner. The Century Class model family was expanded
further, debuting the Freightliner Coronado premium conventional.
Styled similar to the FLD132 Classic XL, the Coronado shared its
cab structure and technology with the Century Class and Columbia,
marketed towards owner-operators.[15] In a further expansion of
the vocational model line, the Freightliner Condor was introduced
as the first low-entry COE; competing with the Autocar Xpeditor, Freightliner Business Class M2
the Condor was developed nearly entirely for refuse
applications.[16]

In the early 2000s, the operations of Freightliner subsidiaries would

undergo multiple changes. Following the acquisition of Western
Star Trucks, Freightliner consolidated production of American
LaFrance in the previous Western Star plant in Ladson, South
Carolina; the attempt to integrate production of specialized
emergency vehicles into a company noted for high volume
production capabilities proved unworkable. While remaining the
fifth-largest manufacturer in the emergency vehicle segment,
American LaFrance was sold in 2005 to private equity fund, with Freightliner Argosy
DaimlerChrysler retaining ownership of the Ladson factory.

For 2006, the Sprinter van underwent a redesign (for the first time); final assembly shifts to the former
American LaFrance facility in Ladson, South Carolina. While sold nearly exclusively as a cargo van, the
Freightliner Sprinter is also offered as a passenger vehicle (alongside Dodge and Mercedes-Benz Sprinters).

After 2006 production, Freightliner ended sales of the Argosy cabover in North America. The first
company to produce a fully tilting cab, Freightliner was the final truck manufacturer in North America to
offer a Class 8 cabover. The Argosy remains in production in North America, sold exclusively for export.

In the summer of 2007, DaimlerChrysler was split, with the Freightliner parent company reorganizing itself
as Daimler AG. Freightliner begins production of trucks in Saltillo, Mexico. On January 7, 2008,
Freightliner LLC was renamed Daimler Trucks North America, LLC (DTNA), operating as the parent
company of the Freightliner Trucks brand, alongside Sterling, Western Star, Detroit Diesel, and Thomas
Built Buses.

For 2008, the company introduced Freightliner Cascadia, a new-generation Class 8 conventional. Intended
as the successor to the Century Class and Columbia, the Cascadia consolidated the two model lines; while
styled as a scaled-up M2, the Cascadia was optimized for fuel economy, safety, and reliability. Within the
vocational model line, the Condor low-entry COE was discontinued.[16]

In 2009, Freightliner began production of natural gas versions of the Business Class M2 in its Mount Holly
facility.[17] In March 2009, DTNA discontinued Sterling Trucks,[15] citing substantial model overlap with
Freightliner and decreasing market share (in spite of multiple product launches).[18] The closure of Sterling
also brought a closure of the St. Thomas plant.[19]

2010s

Following the closure of

Sterling, the Freightliner
model line underwent a
transition. While the M2
remained unchanged, the
FLD 120/132
Classic/Classic XL were Freightliner EconicSD
discontinued for 2010; after
the model year, the
Freightliner Cascadia
Columbia and Century Class were also discontinued (in North
America). In line with the Argosy, production of the Century Class
shifted entirely to export. The Coronado long-hood conventional
was joined by the Coronado SD (developed primarily for
vocational applications[20]).

In 2010, Freightliner introduced its first diesel-electric hybrid

vehicle, based on a M2 106.[21]

For 2011, the company debuted the SD model family. Alongside

Freightliner New Cascadia
the Coronado SD introduced the previous year, two new models
were added, the 108SD and 114SD, derived from the M2 model
family.[20]

In 2012, Freightliner celebrated its 70th anniversary, unveiling the Revolution concept vehicle.[22]
Constructed of carbon fiber and plastic, the cab featured a redesigned layout. Intended for use by a single
driver, the passenger seat was replaced by a jumpseat (converting into a sleeper bed); to optimize trailer
hookups, the design included a rear access door.[23] As a result of increased demand for the Cascadia,
parent company DTNA announced plans in 2012 to expand its workforce at its Cleveland, NC facility.[24]
Alongside the Cascadia, nearly 20% of trucks produced by the plant (including the Argosy and Century
Class) were exported to South Africa, Australia and New Zealand.[24]

In 2013, Freightliner expanded its alternative-fuel lineup, adding a natural-gas version of the Cascadia.[25]
Introduced as a premium option for the Cascadia, the Cascadia Evolution further enhanced aerodynamics
and fuel economy (distinguished by its full rear wheel covers) and improved interior features. The
Coronado was added to SD model family, renamed the 122SD.[26]

On August 22, 2014, the Cleveland plant built the 3 millionth vehicle of Daimler Truck North America, a
2015 Cascadia Evolution. At the time, Freightliner employed 2600 workers at the facility and 8000
employees in North Carolina.[27]
In May 2015, the Freightliner Inspiration was unveiled near Hoover Dam.[28] The first road-licensed
autonomous semitruck,[28][29] the Inspiration was loosely based on a Cascadia. A Level 3 autonomous
vehicle, the autonomous driving system was equated to the autopilot system of an airliner or a Tesla
(requiring operator presence).[28]

For 2017 production, Freightliner introduced a second-generation Cascadia, adopting elements of the
design from the Inspiration autonomous vehicle.

For 2018, Freightliner debuted the EconicSD low-entry COE. Intended largely for refuse applications, the
model line is an adaptation of the Mercedes-Benz Econic.

In September 2019, parent company Daimler announced that it would be halting "its internal combustion
engine development initiatives as part of its efforts to embrace electric vehicles."[30]

2020s

As of May 2022, the MT-series step van (called MT50e) is available as an all-electric vehicle,[31] and so
are school buses built on Freightliner's chassis. Also, the eCascadia, an all-electric semi-truck by
Freightliner, was handed to customers for field tests in 2019 and then officially premiered in May 2022.[32]
An all-electric variant of the M2 box truck has undergone field tests.

Models
Models of Freightliner trucks over the decades have included:
 Freightliner Class 8 Trucks
Production Cab
Model Family Name Notes
Years Configuration
WFT (White-Freightliner) 1958-1976 Cabover/COE

WFC (White- First White-Freightliner conventional

Freightliner)
1974-1976 Conventional
120-inch BBC
WFC 120

FLA-Series

FLA
FLA 104
FLA 104 64
FLA 75
c.1987-1997 Cabover/COE
FLA 7542T
FLA 8662
FLA 8664T
FLA 9664
FLA 9664T

FLB-Series

FLB
FLB 100 42T c.1987-1997 Cabover/COE
FLB 104 64
FLB 9664

FLT-Series

FLT Largely the same as WFT COE, renamed to reflect

FLT 6442 1976-1986 Cabover/COE the discontinuation of White Motor Company
FLT 9664 distribution.
FLT 7564

Low-entry Low-cab forward COE, intended for vocational

FLL-Series 1976-c.2000
COE applications.[33]

North
America:
1998–2006
Argosy Cabover/COE COE derived from C-Series structure
Global:
1998–
present

FLC-Series
Model update in 1984
FLC
Setback axle version produced 1984-1987
FLC 120
1977-1987 Conventional
FLC 120 64
FLC112 is unrelated, part of Business
FLC 120 64 T
Class
FLC 120 84

1987-2010 Conventional "Aerodynamic" conventional with skirted sides and

FLD-Series curved bumpers and fenders.[34]112 and 120-inch
BBCs
FLD
FLD 112 Classic series (using FLC hood) introduced
FLD 120 42 S in 1990 (see below)
FLD 120 64 ST
FLD 120 64 T FLD SD (severe-duty) is equipped with
FLD 120 HD "Classic" (non-aerodynamic) hood and
FLD 120 SD fenders
FLD 120 SFFA
FLD 132 64T
Classic XL
FLD-SD
FLD 120

FLD-based conventional with "traditional" hood

design.[34]
Classic Series
Classic = 120inch BBC
Classic 1990-2010 Conventional
Classic XL Classic XL = 132-inch BBC

Replaced by Coronado

C-Series

Century Class
(C120)

Century Replaced FLD-Series in multiple phases

Class
Century Century Class and Columbia replaced FLD
Class S/T 120
Columbia
(CL120) Coronado replaced Classic/Classic XL
(FLD 120 SFFA/ FLD 132)
Coronado
(CC132)
1996-present Conventional Cascadia (2008) replaces both Century
Coronado Class and Columbia; second generation of
SD model line
122SD
New Cascadia (2017) is third generation of
Cascadia model line.
(CA125)
eCascadia is the electric variant
Cascadia
Evolution
New
Cascadia
eCascadia

SD-Series 2011-present Conventional Severe-service/vocational variants of the M2

Business Class
108SD AB
114SD AB Also includes 122SD (Coronado since
114SD AF 2013)
 Freightliner Medium-Duty (Class 5-7) Trucks
Production Cab
Model Family Name Notes
Years configuration

Business Class (FL-

Series)

FLC 112
FLC 112 62 ST
FL 50 First-generation Business Class, shares cab with
1985-2007 Conventional
FL 60 Mercedes-Benz LKN
FL 70
FL 80
FL 106
FL 112

Developed nearly exclusively for refuse

applications.

Also produced by Sterling Trucks and

Condor 2001-2013 Low-cab COE
American LaFrance.

Available in a semi.

Low-entry COE derived from Mercedes-Benz Econic

COE
2018–
EconicSD Low-entry
present
Replaces Condor

Cargo Continuation of Ford Cargo production, adapted to

FL-Series chassis
FC70 1999-2007 Low-cab COE
FC80 Also sold by Sterling (SC7000/SC8000)

Business Class M2

Business Class
M2e Hybrid Second-generation Business Class, Freightliner-
Business Class designed cab
M2 106
2001– M2 106 - 106-inch BBC
Business Class Conventional
present
M2 112
Business Class M2 112 - 112-inch BBC
M2 106V
Business Class
M2 112V
 Other Freightliner Vehicles
Model
Production Cab
Family Notes
Years configuration
Name

MT-Series
Produced by Freightliner Custom Chassis Corporation
MT-45 c.1995- Step-van
MT-55 present chassis MT50e is the electric variant
MT50e

Badge-engineered version of Mercedes-Benz Sprinter; first

company to sell the model line in North America.

Sold as cargo van (completed in United States from

CKD kits) and passenger van (imported from
Freightliner Germany).
2001–2021 Full-size van
Sprinter
Mercedes-Benz announced Freightliner Sprinter
sales will be discontinued as of December 2021.[35]
The Sprinter will continue production and sales
through the Mercedes-Benz brand.

Cowled bus chassis designed from the Business Class FL

FS-65 1996–2006 bus chassis
chassis; based on FL60 and FL70.
2001– Cutaway-
S2 Cutaway cab version of Business Class M2 10.
present cab/chassis
2003– School bus chassis designed for the Thomas Saf-T-Liner C2
C2 bus chassis
present body.

See also
List of companies based in Oregon
Mercedes-Benz Actros
Mercedes-Benz Zetros
Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation
Western Star Trucks

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External links
Media related to Freightliner vehicles at Wikimedia Commons

Official website (http://www.freightlinertrucks.com/)

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