Economic Geology

Vol. $6, 1961, pp. 972-981

BAUXITE IN SARAWAK •

E. B. WOLFENDEN

ABSTRACT

Sarawak bauxite depositsare briefly describedand are shown to have

formed on a large scale only from intermediateand basic igneousrocks.
The bauxite was formed under humid tropical conditions,and its forma-
tion was controlledto a large degree by the hydrogen ion concentration
of the groundwater.

INTRODUCTION

B^ux•T•- was locatedin west Sarawak by the GeologicalSurvey Department

in 1949, and the British Aluminium CompanyLimited prospectedthe area
from 1950 to 1952. Several bauxite depositswere found, and three ap-
pearedto be of economicvalue,containingabout5« million tons of washed
bauxite and being easily accessible.In 1957 a local company,Sematan
Bauxite Limited, startedmining bauxiteat Munggu Belian, Sematan,and
has sinceexportedabout 550,000 tons of ore. In 1961 the same company
plansto startmininga seconddeposit,at Bukit Gebong,about5 milessouth-
eastof Sematan. Bauxite has been Sarawak'smost valuablemineral product
since 1959.
Sarawak bauxite is describedin memoirs of the Geological Survey De-
partment,British Territoriesin Borneo,by Haile (4, 5) and Wilford (16),
and additionalfeaturesare recordedin departmentalannual reportsby Roe
and Haile (14), Haile (6, 7), andWolfenden(17, 18). The detailedsurvey
of the Sematanand Lundu areasby Haile and the writer, startedin 1960,
has addedgreatly to knowledgeof the bauxite. The correct identification
of the source rocks from which the bauxite has been formed has discredited
many earlier ideason its origin. Even so, this accountis only provisional,
as the resultsof tests on many samplesfrom bauxite depositsare not yet
known. These results will probably not affect the broad conclusionsof
this paper, but will add greatly to an understanding of the detailsof the
processesby which bauxite is formed. In the future, a detailedaccountwill
be preparedincorporatingtheseresults.

DEFINITION OF BAUXITE

Bauxite has beenvariouslydefinedby different authorities. Harder (8)

definedit as "an aluminiumore, more or lessimpure, in which the aluminium
is largelypresentas hydratedoxides." This definitionis rather unsatisfactory
as specificationsfor aluminiumore vary considerablybecauseof changing
• Publication authorized by the Director, Geological Survey Department, British Terri-
tories in Borneo.
972
 BAUXITE IN SARAWAK 973

economicconditions. Other definitionshave been proposed,includingone

basedon mineralogicaland chemicalcriteria by Gordonet al. (3); this,
however,cannotbe used here as it requires detailed informationnot yet
available for most of the Sarawak bauxite. The term bauxite is here re-
strictedto rockscontainingmorethan40 percentalumina;bauxiteis termed
low-aluminabauxiteif the aluminacontentis lessthan 50 percentand high-
aluminabauxite if the'alumina contentis greater than 50 percent. The
Figure I
IlOøE. IIIøE

South ½h/no DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE DEPOSITS

IN RELATION'TO SOURCEROCK,
WEST SARAWAK
? 5 o •o •O.•LES

KALIMANTAN
(Indonesion
Borneo)
i

• Bouxileformed from ondesile

--\
ß Bouxite
formedfrom9obbro
onddiorite
ß Bouxiteformed from plogioclose
omphibolile ond soussurpriSed gobbro
Bouxite formed from oltered intermediole
ß ond bosicvOlconicrocks
_.
/

/x/ KALIMANTAN
+----+
-- Infernotionol
boundory
Roods
I
•'"• / (Indonesion Borneo)

iloo[ iiioE

main impurities in bauxite are silica and iron; bauxite is termed siliceous
bauxiteif silicais greaterthan 5 percent,and ferruginous
bauxiteif ferric
oxideis greaterthan 10 percent.
Mineralogically,Sarawakbauxite consistsprincipallyof gibbsite,the
trihydrate of alumina (A12Oa'3H20), with various impurities,including
quartz and possiblykaolinite-typeclay minerals,the oxidesand possibly
hydroxidesof iron, and the oxides of titanium.
DISTRIBUTION OF BAUXITE AND RELATION TO BEDROCK

Bauxitehasbeenfoundin Sarawakonly in the area westof the Lupar

River (Fig..1). It showsa definiterelationship
to the natureof the bed-
rock, and has formed on a large scaleonly from intermediateand basic
974 E. B. WOLFENDEN

igneousrocks. The bauxite is describedin relation to the rock from which

it hasformed,andfourtypesof source rockare recognized:
(1) andesite,
(2) gabbroanddiorite,(3) plagioclase
amphibolite
andsaussuritized
gabbro,
and (4) altered intermediateand basic volcanic rocks.
In addition, small amounts of bauxite occur at several localities in soil
overlyingrocksof suchvariedcomposition
as shaleand basalt. The bauxite
at thedifferent
localities
is similarin macroscopic
andmicroscopic
appearance
andchemical composition.Little is knownaboutthe originof this bauxite,
butit is suggested
thatthe nodulesformedby the migrationandsegregation
of aluminawithinthe soil,and not directlyfrom the underlyingrocks.
SOUTH NORTH

•'/+ + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + +"'
-+ • •'--
+ 1'"'•/'• + + + ++ + , ++ ++ + + + + + + ++
"•...• •,.•
+ + + + 4' 4' + + + + + + + + + + + 4' 4' 4' 4' 4' +
+ + + + + + + •- 4' + + + + + + + 4' + + + 4' 4'
+ + 4' + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

•ß Terrace
sand
• Bauxite /•1•7•-I
Bauxitised
care andesire
boulders with +1•--•Andesite
ofandesire
•E• Alluvial
clay
HORIZONTAL SCALE
0 2O0 400 FEET

Vertical scale exaggerated about four times

Figure 2 I•iogrommatic section across the Munggu Belion bauxite deposit

BauxiteFormedfrom•tndesite.--Pyroxene
andesite
at MungguBelian,
Sematan,formshills lessthan 100 feet high,flankedon the northand west
byterracealluvium,
andonthesouthandeastby alluvialswamps.Large
amountsof high-alumina
bauxite
haveformedfromthisandesite;
a diagram-
maticsectionthroughthe depositis shownin Figure2.
Unalteredandesitehasbeenfoundonly as corebouldersin bauxiteand
underlying
bauxitized
andesite.The andesite
is a fine-grained,
porphyritic,
greenish-gray
rock,with sub-parallel
vesicles.It contains
phenocrysts
of
orthopyroxene,
clinopyroxene,
andpseudomorphs
possibly
afterolivine,in a
fine-grained
groundmass of sodicandesineand pyroxene with accessory
magnetiteandrutile;the plagioclase
lathsshowa parallelorientation;
some
vesiclescontainfine-grainedzeolites. The composition
of the andesiteis
given in Table 1. The andesitecore bouldershave a skin of buff bauxitized
andesite
composed
of pseudomorphs
of microcrystalline
gibbsite
afterplagio-
clase,iron-stained
pseudomorphs
after pyroxene,and magnetiteand rutile.
The analysis(Table1) shows significant
aluminaenrichment comparedwith
the unalteredandesite;
the highsilicacontentmay indicatethe presence
of
kaolinite-typeclay minerals.
 BAUXITE IN SARAWAK 975

Slightlymorethan2« milliontonsof high-aluminabauxite (Table 1) have

beenprovedat Munggu Belian; recentprospectinghas shownthat bauxite
extends below the alluvium, but its full extent is unknown. The thicknessof
bauxite rangesfrom 1 to 18 feet, averagingabout 10 feet; clay overburden
is as much as 4 feet thick on the hills. Where the bauxite passesbelow
alluvium the thicknessof overburdenincreasesmarkedly,and in placesis as
much as 50 feet.
The bauxite occursas hard, pink-brownand gray nodulesfrom about a
quarter of an inch to a foot across,averagingabout 1{ inches. The nodules
are scatteredin a buff or brownish-redclay; usuallythe buff clay overliesthe
brownish-redclay. Near the baseof the bauxitethe proportionof clay in-
creases,and the bauxite nodulesare softer and occur as irregular more or
TABLE 1

ANALYSES OF ROCKS FROM MUNGGU BELIAN, SEMATAN

Rock type and Pyroxene andesite Bauxitized andesite Bauxite

sample number S5787 S6108 84698

SiO• 52.49 34.72 1.98

AhOa 17.70 29.51 56.08
FeO 5.84
15.60 a 9.04 a
Fe•O• 2.16
MgO 4.16 0.58 nil
CaO 7.39 0.06 nil
Na•O 3.98 n.d. n.d.
K•O 1.00 n.d. n.d.
H•O+ 1.83 17.28b 31.37b
H20-- 1.40
2.90 1.70
TiOl 1.82
P•O5 0.83 0.23 0.30
MnO 0.10 n.d. n.d.

Total 100.70 98.88 100.17

Analyses by Mineral ResourcesDivision, Overseas Geological Surveys, London.

• Total iron calculated as Fe2Oa.
b Losson ignition.
n.d. = not determined.

lesshorizontalsheets. The bauxiteshowsthe sub-parallel

vesiclesof the
sourcerock, the vesiclescommonlybeingfilled with gibbsite. Thin sections
clearlyshowthe trachytictextureof the parentandesite. Plagioclase laths
havebeenpseudomorphed by microcrystalline
gibbsite,pyroxenecrystalshave
beenpseudomorphed by iron mineralswith somegibbsite,and the magnetite
and rutile of the andesite are unaltered.
Underlying the bauxiteis massive,soft, buff bauxitizedandesite,which in
placesis more than 60 feet thick. The transitionfrom bauxite to bauxitized
andesiteis generallyquite marked,taking placewithin a few inches. The
bauxitizedandesiteis closelysimilarin chemicalcompositionto the bauxitized
skin of the coreboulder (Table 1). Thin sectionsof the bauxitizedandesite
showthetrachytictextureof theparentandesite, andconsist of pseudomorphs
of microcrystalline
gibbsiteafter plagioclase,
iron-stainedpseudomorphs after
976 E. B. WOLFENDEN

pyroxene,andmagnetite andrutile;plagioclase
alteredbeforepyroxene. The
highsilicacontentof the rocksuggeststhat kaolinite-type
claymineralsare
probablypresent.
BauxiteFormedfrom Gabbroand Diorite.--Gabbroand dioritehavebeen
alteredto bauxiteat severalplacesin westSarawak,but onlyonedeposit,
at
Bukit Gebong,5 milessoutheast of Sematan,hasbeenthoroughlyexamined.
Bukit Gebongis a steep-sided
hill 1,097feet high, formedof medium-to
coarse-grained
gabbro,rangingfrom olivinegabbroto quartz gabbro. The
gabbrois deeplyweathered,
in placesto morethan90 feet,and largeamounts
of bauxitehavebeenformed. The thickness of bauxiterangesfrom 1 to 23
feet, averaging7 feet; clay overburdenis as much as 6 feet thick. Gabbro
bouldersof all sizesup to 40 feet acrossare mixed with the bauxite. Other
bouldersfrom about6 inchesto 3 feet across,whichappearoutwardlyto be
solid bauxite,actuallyconsistof a skin of bauxite surroundinga core of un-
altered gabbro,the transitiontaking place within 1 to 2 ram.
Prospectingby SematanBauxite Limited indicatesthat about 1{ naillion
tons of washedbauxite occursat Bukit Gebong,comprisingtwo gradesas
follows:

AhOa Total
SiO• Fe,zOa TiO• Losson
ignition Tonnage

52.10 4.66 13.14 0.49 29.61 760,477

46.97 7.27 18.02 0.57 27.17 828,904

The compositionof the bauxiteappearsto vary rathercapriciously,

with areas
of high-aluminabauxitesurroundedby areasof siliceous,ferruginous,low-
aluminabauxite. A.W. Allen (1) statesthat the composition of the bauxite
can be related to altitude, the alumina contentincreasingand the silica con-
tent decreasing
at higherlevelson the hillside;a plot of thesetwo oxidesin
relation to altitude shows,however,that there is no correlation.
The bauxite from Bukit Gebongis commonlyrather friable, porous,and
reddish-brownor yellowish-graywith white specks. Much of it is massive,
piecesabout 8 inchesacrossbeing common,but smaller nodulesalso occur,
and a variableamountof clay is present. The textureof the parentgabbro
can be recognizedin thin sections. Mosaicsof microcrystallinegibbsiteform
pseudomorphs after plagioclase,and iron oxide (limonite?) occursalong
cracksand cleavages and formshollowpseudomorphs after olivineand py-
roxene. Bauxite formedfrom quartzgabbrocontainsquartzcrystalsderived
from the gabbro,and much of the silica in siliceousbauxite is presentas
free quartz, not as clay minerals.
Underlyingthe bauxiteis clay, and a pit 90 feet deepat the easternend
of the depositfailed to reachgabbro. The variationwith depthin chemical
composition of the bauxiteand clay is shownin Figure 3. The chemical
changefrom bauxiteto clay is quite marked,taking place between15 and
17 feetin the pit. The mineralogyof the clayis difficultto determinemicro-
scopically,but it commonlycontainsa few quartz crystalsin a fine matrix
 BAUXITE IN SARAWAK 977

of gibbsiteor clay minerals,heavilystainedwith iron oxide. A significant

feature of the clay is that no relic igneoustexture can be discerned,but it
has so far only beenpossibleto examinesamplesfrom directlybelow the
bauxite. Gordonet al. (3, p. 102) describedclay,occurringbetweenbauxite
and nephelinesyenitein Arkansas,U.S. A., whichwas texturelessadjacent
to the bauxite,but showedan igneoustextureat depth.

PERCENT

30

Figure•. Voriotionwithdepthi• com•ition of boulit• ondu•derlyin•

cloyot Bukit Oeb•9. Anoly•esby British AlumimumCornpony •imited

Elsewhere in the Sematan and Lundu areas, bauxite has formed from
gabbroand hybrid rocksof dioriticcomposition.The type of bauxiteformed
is governedby the natureand composition of the sourcerock. East and south
of TanjongPelandok,two gabbrointrusionshavebeenextensivelyhybridized
by a granite intrusion, and rocks of dioritic and tonalitic compositioncon-
taining large poikilitic quartz crystalshave formed. Bauxite formed from
gabbrois similar in compositionand mineralogyto that at Bukit Gebong,
but that formed from hybrid rocksis high in silica (Table 2), as the quartz
crystalsin the parentrocksare unaffectedby the bauxitization.
Evidencefrom bauxiteat Bukit Siol, near Kuching,supportsthis con-
clusion. This bauxite formed from quartz diorite and is high in silica, as
free quartzin the dioritewasnot removedduringbauxitization.
978 E. B. WOLFENDEN

Bauxite Formed ]rom Pla#ioclase.dmphiboliteand SaussuritizedGabbro.

Alteredbasicigneousrocksare common in the Sematanarea. The degree
of alterationvariesconsiderably, and the rocksrangefrom slightlyaltered,
uralitizedand saussuritized gabbro,as at GunongAngus,to plagioclase am-
phibolite,as at TanjongSerabang, whichis sointenselyalteredthat its origi-
nal natureis difficultto determine. Rocksfrom the SerayanValley, south
of Sematan,illustratethe progressive changefrom ophiticgabbroto plagio-
claseamphibolite,apparentlyidenticalwith that at Tanjong Serabang. The
gabbroconsists of lathsof labradorite,crystalsof diallage,and accessory
iron
ore. Dynamic metamorphismand saussuritization have altered this rock to
give plagioclaseamphibolitecomposedof albite and actinolite,with various
amountsof hornblende,and accessoryiron ore, clinozoisite,calcite,and some
quartz; the amphiboliteshowsa typical cataclastictexture, closelysimilar to
that describedby Harker (9)
TABLE 2

ANALYSES OF SILICEOUS BAUXITE FORMED FROM HYBRID ROCKS

Sample
number Locality AhO: Total
SiO: Fe:O: TiO: Losson
ignition
--

S7374 Munggu Makissam, east of S1.20 1S.80 3.3S 2.2S 26.40

Gunong
S737S Pandan 43.3S 27.85 4.7S 1.0S 23.00
S7400 Sungai Nangkut, tributary of 44.40 26.90 3.70 1.SS 23.4S
Sungai Bajo

Analyses by Sematan Bauxite Limited.

Bauxite has beenformed from suchrocksat Tanjong Serabang,Gunong

Angus, Gunong Tamin Tungku, Gunong Puting, and Bukit Batu. Many
pits were dug duringpreviousprospecting at theselocalities,but the location
of most of them and their relationto the geologyis uncertain.
The mostthoroughlyexaminedof thesedepositsis at Tanjong Serabang,
where it is belived that about 1 million tons of ferruginousbauxite occurs,
containingan averageof 47 percentaluminaand 6 percenttotal silica. The
averagethicknessof bauxiteis 5 feet, and it occursas hard, reddish-brown
pebblesand nodulesin a reddish-brownclay. The bauxite is overlainby
as muchas 4 feet of clay, and is underlainby variegatedclay.
The otherdepositshavenot beenexaminedin detail. Two pits at Bukit
Batupenetrated 32« and8 feetof ferruginous,
low-aluminabauxite,composed
of microcrystalline
gibbsiteand an iron mineral,probablylimonite,and show-
ing the cataclastictexture of the amphibolitefrom which it formed. At
GunongAngus,five pits were dug in bauxite; the averagethicknessof ore
was7 feet,andthe qualityvariedfrom bauxitewith 59.85% A12Oaand 3.06%
total SiO2,to 49.12% A12Osand 10.48%total SiO2. Ferruginous,siliceous,
low-alumina bauxite was found at most of the other localities.
Bauxite Formed]rom Altered Intermediateand Basic VolcanicRocks.--
Altered intermediateand basicvolcanic rocks, lavas, tuffs, agglomerates,and
breccias,
are widespread
in westSarawak,and havebeendescribed
by Haile
 BAUXITE IN SARAWAK 979

(4) and Wilford (16). Most of the lavasare andesiteor basalt,with pheno-
crystsof augite,rare olivine,and plagioclase, in a groundmassof plagioclase
andpyroxene. The rocksare intenselyaltered,beingchloritized,prehnitized,
silicified,serpentinized,and calcitized.
Bauxite, apparentlyin smallamounts,has beenformedfrom suchrocksat
Bukit Sandongin the Sebangan Valley, and in the Bukit Pundaand Gunong
Nguat areasin the SimunjanKahan Valley. The bauxiteis of variedgrade
but is commonlylow in alumina,high in silica,and invariablyhigh in iron
andtitaniumoxides(Table 3). A pit in the Bukit PundaandGunongNguat
area penetrated12 feet of low-aluminabauxitebelow 7 feet of clay over-
burden;the bauxitewas underlainby clay.
TABLE 3

ANALYSES OF BAUXITE FORMED FROM ALTERED VOLCANIC ROCKS

Sample
number Locality AhO, Total
SiO• Fe•O,-I-T•O• Losson
ignition
-- Bukit $andong 44.09 2.77 28.80 28.34
4582 57.34 3.54 10.96 28.16
4583 Bukit Punda and 53.14 3.82 15.20 27.84
4584 Gunong Nguat area, 45.39 16.09 15.44 23.08
4585 Simunjan Kanan 44.71 7.85 23.76 23.68
4741 Valley 49.28 14.26 11.36 25.10

Analyses by British Aluminium Company Limited.

ORIGIN OF THE BAUXITE

Althoughbauxitehasbeenformedfrom a widevarietyof rocksin different

partsof the world, in Sarawakit hasbeenformedonly from intermediateand
basicigneous
rocks. Harrison(10) showed
thatundertropicalconditions,
the
weatheringof such rocks, at or closeto the water table with free movement
of ground-water,is accompanied by the almostcompleteremovalof certain
elements,leavinga mixturemainlyof aluminiumtrihydrate(as gibbsite)and
limonite,togetherwith the various resistantmineralsoriginallypresentin
the rock.
A satisfactoryexplanationof the origin of Sarawakbauxitemust account
for the fact that a thick bed of clay, which from its high silicacontentalmost
certainlycontainskaolinite-typeclay minerals,lies betweenthe bauxite and
the underlyingfreshrock. Thick bedsof kaoliniticclay commonlyoccurin
sucha positionin otherpartsof the world. Somegeologists have suggested
that the formationof the clay was an intermediatestagein the formationof
the bauxite,but that this is not necessarily so was shownby Gordonet al.
(3, p. 140). The direct alterationof intermediateand basicigneousrock
to bauxiteis provedby the commonoccurrence of boulderscomposed of a
coreof freshrock with a skin of bauxite,the transitiontaking placewithin
1 to 2 mm. On similar evidence,Harrison (10, p. 37) concludedthat in
basicigneousrocksweatheringin a humid tropicalclimate"the mineral of
firstanddirectformationfromtheplagioclase
feldsparsis gibbsite."However,
980 E. B. WOLFENDEN

V. T. Allen (2) has established that undercertainconditionssimilarigneous

rocks alter directly to kaolinite-typeclay minerals.
These differencesin the primary productsof weatheringhave been ex-
plainedby Keller (11 ) by relatingtheir formationto differencesin pH at the
surfaceof the parent mineral undergoinghydrolysis,the pH at the min-
eral surfacebeingdeterminedby the abrasionpH of the mineraland the pH
of the ground-water. The term abrasionpH was introducedby Stevensand
Carron (15) and is the pH that mineralsdevelopwhen pulverizedunder
water. If the pH of the hydrolyzingsystemis between7 and 9.5, alumina
is practicallyinsolublebut silicais relativelysoluble. Under suchconditions,
aluminais likely to remainas gibbsite,but silicawill probablybe removedin
solution. If the pH of the systemfalls to between4.5 and 7, both alumina
and silicaare only slightlysoluble,and under suchconditionsare likely to
combineas clay minerals.
The conditionsnecessaryto give a hydrolyzingsystemwith a pH of 7 to
9.5, suchthat bauxitewouldform, includethe followingaccordingto Keller
(11):

(a) Minerals in the rock with an abrasionpH of 9 or more. Minerals

with suchan abrasionpH occurin andesite,gabbro,and plagioclase
amphibolite,the bauxitesourcerocksin Sarawak.
(b) Profuserainfall to keep the solutionsdilute and the concentration
of
silicabelowsaturationpoint, and'alsoto maintainat a minimumthe
concentrationof carbonicand humic acids which, if present,would
lowerthe pH and causesilicato be precipitated.
(c) High temperatureto acceleratethe hydrolyticreaction.
(d) An abundantmicroflorain the soil, such as occursin a tropical
climate, to consumehumus and thereby reduce the concentrationof
humic acids in solution.
(e) High permeabilityof the rocksundergoingweathering,to permit the
ground-watercontainingdissolvedsilica to escape.

Conditionsproducinga hydrolyzingsystemwith a pH of 4.5 to 7, such

that kaolinite would form, are most likely to occur below the water table,
where the ground-wateris likely to have a lower pH. As shown by Mohr
and van Baren (12, pp. 289-290), this is mainlydue to the fact that organic
matter in the soil is brokendown much lessrapidly below the water table
than in the betteraeratedsoil above,causingthe concentrationof humic acids
to increase(12, pp. 289-290). In addition,ground-waterbelow the water
table containshigher concentrationsof dissolvedsalts,reducingthe solubility
of silica. The clays below the bauxite probablyformed contemporaneously
with the bauxite,but someclay might have formedat a later date, when the
water table rose during the depositionof the alluvium that coverssomeof
the bauxite.
Chemicalevidence(Table 1 and Fig. 3) suggeststhat iron has beenre-
moved from the bauxite, but more data is required to discussin detail this
aspectof bauxiteformation. The mannerin which the iron was removed
 BAUXITE IN SARAWAK 981

is oneof the mostperplexingproblemsassociated with the genesisof bauxite,

and no satisfactoryexplanationappearsto have beenproposed. The condi-
tionsthat havebeenpostulatedfor the formationof bauxiteare suchthat iron
would be in the ferric state. Neutral to slightly alkaline conditionshave also
beenpostulated.Ferric iron, however,is solublein notableamountsonly if
the pH is lessthan 3, and the great differencein the precipitationof ferric
and aluminiumhydroxidescannotthereforebe the causeof the separationof
thesetwo hydroxides,as suggested by Rankamaand Sahama(13, pp. 228-
229). Possible methods by whichthe iron mighthavebeenleachedare pro-
vided by the fact that ferric hydroxidereadilyformscolloidalsolutions,and
that humiccomplexes of iron form ratherstablecolloidalsolutions.
GEOLOGICALSURVEY DEPARTMENT,
KUCHING, SARAWAK,
Feb. 16, 1961

REFERENCES

1. Allen, A. W., 1952, The geology of the Lundu District, West Sarawak: British Borneo
Geol. Survey Ann Rept., p. 41-85.
2. Allen, V. T., 1952, Petrographie relations in some typical bauxite and diaspore deposits:
'Geol. Soe. America Bull., v. 63, p. 649-688.
3. Gordon, M., Tracey, J. I. and Ellis, M. W., 1958, Geology of the Arkansas bauxite
region: U.S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 299, 268 p.
4. Haile, N. S., 1954, The geology and mineral resources of the Strap and SadohS Valleys,
West Sarawak, including the Klingkang Range coal: British Borneo Geol. Survey
Memoir 1, 150 p.
5. --, 1957, The geology and mineral resources of the Lupar and Saribas Valleys, West
Sarawak: British Borneo Geol. Survey Memoir 7, 123 p.
6.--, 1958, Geological observations along the Serian-Simanggang Road: British Borneo
Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., p. 62-64.
7. •, 1960, Progress report on work in the Sematan area: British Borneo Geol. Survey
Ann. Rept. (in press).
8. Harder, E. C., 1930, Ores of aluminium: in J. D. Edwards, F. C. Frary, and Z. Jeffries,
The Aluminium Industry: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., p. 60-123.
9. Harker, A., 1950, Metamorphism: London, Methuen and Co. Ltd., 362 p.
10. Harrison, J. B., 1933, The katamorphism of igneous rocks under humid tropical condi-
tions: Imp. Bur. Soil Science (Harpenden), 79 p.
11. Keller, W. D., 1958, Argillation and direct bauxitization in ternas of concentrations of
hydrogen and metal cations at surface of hydrolyzing almninimn silicates: Am. Assoc.
Petrol. Geol. Bull., v. 42, p. 233-245.
12. Mohr, E. C. J., and van Baren, E. A., 1954, Tropical Soils: New York, Interscience
Publishers, 498 p.
13. Rankama, K., and Sahama, Th. G., 1955, Geochemistry: The University of Chicago Press,
912 p.
14. Roe, F. W., and Haile, N. S., 1959, Origin of Sematan bauxite: British Borneo Geol.
Survey Ann. Rept., p. 34-38.
15. Stevens, R. E., and Carton, M. K., 1948, Simple field test for distinguishing minerals
by abrasion pH: Am. Mineralogist, v. 13, p. 195-197.
16. Wilford, G. E., 1955, The geology and mineral resourcesof the Kuching-Lundu area,
West Sarawak, including the Bau Mining District: British Borneo Geol. Survey
Memoir 3, 254 p.
17. Wolfenden, E. B., 1960a, Sarawak mineral resources: British Borneo Geol. Survey Ann.
Rept. (in press).
18. --., 1960b, Progress report on work in the Sematan and Lundu areas: British Borneo
Geol. Survey Ann. Rept. (in press).