Manage

mentisanar
tofgett
ingt
hing
sdonewit
handthr
oughothe
rs.Managementca
nbedefi
neda
s,
t
heproces
sofget
ti
ngthi
ngsdonewit
htheai
mofachi
evi
ngorga
nizat
iona
lgoal
seff
ect
ive
lya
nd
ef
fi
ci
entl
y.

E
FFI
CIE
NCYANDE
FFE
CTI
VENE
SS

Ef
fi
ci
encymea nsdoi
ngthetaskcorr
ect
lyatminimumc os
tthroughopti
mumut il
iz
ati
onofre
sourc
es
whi
leef
fect
ivenessi
sconcer
nedwi t
hendresultmeanscompleti
ngthetas
kcorrect
lywi
thi
nsti
pul
ate
d
t
ime.Al
thoughe f
fi
ci
encyandeffec
ti
venes
saredi f
fer
entyett
he yar
einter
rel
ated.I
tisi
mport
antf
or
manage
me nttoma i
ntai
naba l
ancebetwe
ent hetwo.

CHARACT
ERI
STI
CSOFMANAGE
MENT

(i
)Managementi
saGoalori
ent
edProces
swhichi
sunde
rta
kent
oac
hiev
eal
rea
dys
pec
if
ieda
nddes
ir
ed
obj
ect
ivesbypr
operut
il
iz
ati
onofa
va i
l
abler
esour
ces
.

(i
i
)Ma nagementi
sAl
lPerv
asi
veandisus
edinall
typesoforga
niz
ati
onswhet
herec
onomi
c,s
oci
alor
pol
it
ic
a l
irr
espec
ti
veofi
tssi
zena
tureandloc
ati
onanda tev
eryle
vel
.

(
ii
i
)Ma na
g e
mentisMul
ti
di
mens
iona
l.I
tdoe
snotc
ont
ainonea
cti
vi
ty.
iti
sac
ompl
exa
cti
vi
tyi
ncl
udi
ng
t
hreemainact
ivi
ti
es

(
a)Ma
nag
eme
ntofhous
e

(
b)Ma
nag
ementofpe
opl
e

(
c)Ma
nag
eme
ntofoper
ati
ons

(
iv
)Ma nag
ementi saCont
inuousPr
ocess
.Iti
saneverendi
ngproc
ess
.Itc
onsi
stsofseri
esofinterre
lat
ed
f
uncti
onswhic
hpe rf
ormsconti
nuousl
y.T
heproces
sofma nag
ementcont
inue
suntil
a norganiz
a t
ion
e
xist
sforat
tai
ningit
sobje
ctiv
es.

Cont
inuousL
oopofMa
nag
ement

(
v)Managementi
saGroupAct
ivi
ty.Or
gani
sat
ioni
sac
oll
ect
ionofma
nyi
ndi
vi
dua
ls,
eve
ryi
ndi
vi
dua
l
c
ontr
ibut
estowar
dsac
hievi
ngthegoal
.

(
vi)Mana
gementisaDyna
micfunc
ti
on:Iti
sadyna
micf
unc
ti
ons
inc
eitha
stoa
dapta
ccor
dingt
one
ed,
t
imeandsit
uat
ionoft
hechang
ingenvi
ronment
.

E
xampl
e:Mc
Dona
ld'
sma
dema
jorc
hang
esi
nit
s‘Me
nu’
tos
urv
ivei
ntheI
ndi
anma
rke
t.

(v
ii
)Managementisa
nInt
ang
ibl
eFor
ce.
Itc
annotbes
eenort
ouc
hedonl
yitc
anbef
elti
nthewa
ythe
orga
nis
ati
onfunc
ti
ons.
OBJ
ECT
IVE
SOFMANAGE
MENT

Obj
ect
ive
sca
nbec
las
sif
iedi
ntoor
gani
sat
iona
l,s
oci
alorpe
rsona
l

(
i)Or
gani
sat
iona
lObj
ect
ives

S
urv
iva
l:I
tex
ist
sforal
ongt
imei
nthec
ompe
tit
ionma
rket
.

Pr
ofi
t:I
tpr
ovi
desav
ita
linc
ent
ivef
ort
hec
ont
inueds
ucc
ess
ful
ope
rat
ions
.

Gr
owt
h:S
ucc
essofa
nor
gani
sat
ioni
sme
asur
edbyg
rowt
handex
pans
ionofa
cti
vi
ti
es.

(
ii
)Soci
alobj
ect
ivesofgi
vi
ngbenef
itst
osoci
etyl
ikeusi
ngenv
ironment
alfr
iendl
yprac
ti
cesandg
ivi
ng
e
mpl oy
menttodisadva
ntag
edsect
ionsofs
oci
e t
yetc.
Exampl
e: TI
SCO,
ITC,andAsi
anPai
nts
.

(
ii
i
)Pe
rsonalObj
ect
ivesbeca
usediver
seper
sonal
obj
ect
ive
sofpeopl
ewor
kingi
ntheor
gani
zat
ionha
ve
t
obereconc
il
edwit
hor gani
zat
iona
lobje
cti
ves
.

I
MPORT
ANCEOFMANAGE
MENT

(
i)Ac
hiev
ingGr
oupGoal
s:Manag
ementcr
eatesteamworkandcoordi
nati
oninthegroup.Mana
ger
s
g
ivecommondir
ect
iont
oindi
vi
dual
eff
ort
sinachie
vingt
heover
a l
lgoal
softheorga
nizati
on.

(
ii
)Increas
esEff
ic
ienc
y:Mana
gementi
ncrea
sese
ffi
ci
enc
ybyus
ingr
esour
cesi
nthebes
tpos
sibl
ema
nner
t
ore ducecos
tandincr
eas
eproduc
ti
vi
ty.

(
ii
i
)Cr
eat
esDynami
cor
gani
zat
ion:
Ma na
g e
me nthel
pst
heemploy
eesover
comet
hei
rre
sis
tanc
eto
c
hang
eandadapta
spe
rchangi
ngsit
uat
iontoensur
eit
ssur
viv
alandg
rowth

(
iv)Ac
hie
v i
ngper
sonalobj
ecti
ves:Managementhe
lpst
hei
ndi
vi
dua
lsa
chi
evet
hei
rper
sona
lgoa
lswhi
l
e
worki
ngtowar
dsorga
nizat
ionalobj
ect
ive
s.

(v
)DevelopmentofSoc
iet
y:Manag
eme nthel
psint
hedevel
opme
ntofsoci
etybypr
oduc
ingg
oodqua
li
ty
produc
ts,cr
eat
ingemploy
mentoppor
tunit
iesanda
dopt
ingnewt
echnol
ogy.

MANAGE
MENTASANART

Ar
tref
erstoski
l
lf
ulandper
sonal
appl
i
cat
ionofexi
st
ingknowl
edget
oachi
evedes
ir
edr
esul
ts
.Itc
anbe
ac
quir
edthroug
hstudy,
obser
vat
iona
nde x
peri
ence.T
hefeat
ure
sofar
tasfol
l
ows:

(
i)E
xis
tenc
eoft
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edg
e:I
nev
erya
rts
yst
ema
tica
ndor
gani
zeds
tudyma
ter
ial
shoul
dbe
a
vai
l
abl
ecompul
sor
il
ytoa
cqui
ret
heor
eti
cal
knowl
edg
e.

(
ii
)Per
sonal
i
zedappl
ic
a t
ion:T
heus
eofba
sick
nowl
edg
edi
ff
ersf
rompe
rsont
oper
sona
ndt
hus
,ar
tisa
v
erypers
onal
iz
edconcept.

(
ii
i)Ba s
edonpr a
cticeandcreat
ivi
ty:Artinvol
vest
hec r
eati
vepract
iceofexi
sti
ngtheoret
ic
alknowledge.
I
nma nagementalsoahugev ol
umeofl iter
atur
eandbook sareava
il
ableondif
fer
e nta
spectsof
ma nagement.Ev
eryma nagerhashisownuni questy
leofma nag
ingthi
ngsandpeople.Heuseshis
cr
ea t
ivi
tyinappl
yingma na
g ementtechniquesandhissk
il
lsi
mprovewi t
hregul
arappli
cati
onS i
nceall
t
hef eatur
esofarta r
epresenti
nma na gementsoitcancal
le
da nart.

MANAGE
MENTASAS
CIE
NCE

S
cie
ncei
sasys
tema
tizedbodyofknowledget
hatisbasedong
ene
ral
trut
hswhi
chc
anbet
est
ed
a
nywher
e,a
nyti
me.Thefeat
uresofSci
encear
ea sfol
l
ows :

(
i)S
yst
emati
zedbodyofk
nowl
edg
e:S
cie
nceha
sas
yst
ema
tiz
edbodyofk
nowl
edg
eba
sedonpr
inc
ipl
es
a
nde x
per
iments
.

(i
i
)Pri
nci
plesbasedonexperi
ment
sandobs
erv
ati
on:
Sci
ent
if
icpr
inc
ipl
esa
rede
vel
opedt
hroug
h
exper
imentsandobser
vati
on.

(
ii
i)Universalv
ali
dit
y:Sci
entif
icpri
ncipl
eshaveunivers
alvalidi
tyanda ppl
icat
ion.Managementha s
s
yste mati
cbodyofk nowledgeandi t
spri
ncipl
esaredevelopedov erape r
iodoftimeba se
donr epeate
d
ex
per iments&obs er
vati
onswhi c
ha reuni
versal
l
ya ppl
ica
bl ebuttheyha v
et obemodi f
iedaccordi
ngto
gi
ve nsit
uati
on.Astheprinci
plesofma nag
eme ntarenota se x
actastheprinci
plesofpuresci
ence,soit
ma ybec al
l
e d-
aninexac
ts ci
ence.Theprominenceofhuma nf act
orinthema nagementma kesitaSoci
al
Sc
ienc e.

MANAGE
MENTASPROF
ESS
ION

Prof
essi
onmeansa
noccupat
ionf
orwhichs
peci
al
izedknowl
edg
eands
kil
l
sar
erequi
reda
nde
ntr
yis
re
s t
ri
ct
ed.Themai
nfea
ture
sofprof
ess
ionar
easfoll
ows:

(
i)We
ll
-de
fine
dbodyofKnowl
edg
e:Al
lthepr
ofe
ssi
onsa
reba
sedonwe
ll
-def
ine
dbodyofk
nowl
edg
e.

(
ii
)Rest
ri
ct
edE
ntr
y:Theentr
yineverypr
ofes
sioni
sres
tri
ct
edt
hroug
hex
ami
nat
ionort
hroug
hsome
mini
mumeduc
ati
ona
l qua
li
fi
cat
ion.

(
ii
i
)Profes
siona
lAs
soci
ati
ons:Al
lpr
ofessi
onsa
reaf
fi
li
ate
dt oapr
ofe
ssi
ona
las
soc
iat
ionwhi
chr
egul
ates
e
ntryandframesc
odeofconductr
ela
tingtot
hepr
ofess
ion.

(
iv
)Et
hic
alCodeofConduc
t:Al
lpr
ofes
sionsa
reboundbyac
odeofc
onduc
twhi
chg
uidest
hebeha
viour
ofi
tsmembe
rs.

(v)S
e r
vic
eMot iv
e:T hema i
na i
mofapr ofess
ionistoservei
tscl
ie
nt s
.Ma nagementdoesnotf
ulf
il
lal
l
thefeat
uresofaprof es
sionandthusiti
snotaf ul
l-
fl
edgedprofes
sionbecauseanybodycanprocl
ai
mto
beama nager;pres
c ri
bedcompulsor
ye ducat
ionaldeg
r e
eorlic
enseisrequir
ed.Besi
desther
ea r
enot
anyformalet
hicalcodeswhicharerequir
e dt
obeobs erved.

L
EVE
LSOFMANAGE
MENT

“Le
v el
sofmanag
ement”me ansdif
fere
ntcate
goriesofma
nag
ers
,thel
owe
stt
othehi
ghe
stont
heba
sis
ofthei
rrel
ati
ver
espons
ibi
l
iti
es,author
itya
nds t
atus.

TopLevelc
onsi
stsofChai
rpers
on, ChiefEx
ecuti
veOffi
cer,Chi
efOper
ati
ngOff
ic
e rore
quiv
ale
ntand
the
irteam.Chi
eftaski
stoint
eg r
atea ndtocoordi
nat
et hevar
iousac
ti
vi
ti
esofthebusi
nes
s,fr
aming
pol
ici
es,f
ormul
atingorg
aniza
tionalgoals&str
ategi
es.

Mi
ddl
eLeve
lcons
ist
sofDi
vi
si
ona
lorDe
par
tment
alhe
ads
,Pl
antS
upe
rint
ende
ntsa
ndOper
ati
on
Ma
nager
setc.

Maintas
ksar
etointer
pretthepol
i
ciesofthetopmana
gementtoensur
etheava
il
abil
i
tyofr
esourcest
o
i
mplementpol
ic
ies
,tocoordina
teal
lacti
vi
ties
,ens
ureava
il
abi
l
ityofnec
ess
aryper
sonnel
&a s
signduti
es
andre
sponsi
bi
li
ti
estothem.

LowerLevelandSuperv
isor
yL ev
elc
onsi
stsofForemenandsuperv
isoretc.
Mai
nt a
skist
oensur
eact
ual
i
mpl e
me nta
tionofthepoli
cie
sasperdi
rect
ions,
bringwor
kers’
gri
ev anc
esbef
orethemana
gement&
maintai
ndisc
ipl
ineamongt hework
ers.

F
UNCT
IONSOFMANAGE
MENT

Pl
anni
ngItr
efe
rstodeci
dingi
nadv
anc
ewha
ttodo,
howt
odoa
ndde
vel
opi
ngama
yofa
chi
evi
ngg
oal
ef
fi
ci
entl
yandeff
ect
ivel
y.

Orga
nis
ingI
tre
ferst
otheass
igni
ngofduti
es,gr
oupi
ngt
ask
s,e
sta
bli
shi
nga
uthor
it
yanda
ll
oca
tingof
re
sourc
esre
quir
edtocar
ryoutaspeci
fi
cplan.

S
taf
fi
ngI
timpl
i
esr
ightpeopl
efort
her
ight
.job.
Di
rec
ti
ngI
tinv
olv
esl
eadi
ng,
inf
lue
nci
ng.
mot
iva
tingempl
oyee
stoper
for
mthet
aska
ssi
gnedt
othem.

Contr
oll
i
ngItr
eferst
otheper
formanc
eme
asur
eme
nta
ndf
oll
owupa
cti
onst
hatk
eept
hea
ctua
l
perf
ormanc
eont hepat
hofpl
a n.

COORDI
NAT
ION(
THEE
SSE
NCEOFMANAGE
MENT
)

Coordi
nati
onistheforcewhi c
hs y
nchronizesal
lthef uncti
onsofma nageme nta ndacti
vi
ti
e sofdiff
erent
depart
me nts
.Lackofcoordinat
ionresul
tsinoverlapping,dupli
cat
ion,del
ay sandc haos.I
tisconcerned
wit
ha l
lthethreele
v el
sofma nagementa si
fa l
lthelevelsofma nagementa relookedattog ethe
r,they
becomeag roupanda sinthecaseofeveryg r
oup,t heyalsorequi
recoordinati
ona mongt he msel
ves.So,
i
tisnotas e
pa r
atefunct
ionofma nagement ,r
atheri ti
sthee ss
enceofma na gement.

(
i)Coordi
nati
oninte
g r
atesgr
oupef
for
ts:
Iti
ntegr
ate
sdiv
ersebus
ines
sacti
vi
ti
esint
opurpos
eful
group
a
c t
ivi
tyensur
ingthatal
lpeopl
eworki
nonedire
cti
ontoachi
eveorg
aniz
ati
onalg
oals.

(
ii
)Coor
dinat
ionensur
esunit
yofa
cti
on:I
tdi
rect
stheact
ivi
ti
esofdi
ff
erentdepa
rtme
ntsa
ndempl
oyee
s
t
owardsachi
evementofcommongoal
sandbri
ngsuni
tyi
nindiv
idua
leff
orts
.

(
ii
i
)Coor
dina
tioni
sacont
inuouspr
ocess
:Iti
snotaspeci
fi
cact
ivi
tyma
tte
riti
srequi
reda
tal
ll
eve
ls,
in
a
llde
par
tmentsti
l
ltheor
ganiz
ati
onconti
nuesi
tsoper
ati
ons.

(
iv
)Coordi
nat
ioni
sall
perva
siv
efunc
ti
on:I
tisuniver
sal
innat
ure.
Itsync
hr oni
zest
heact
ivi
ti
esofa
ll
l
evel
sanddepar
tmentsa
stheyar
einte
rde
pe ndentt
oma i
nta
inorga
niza
tionalbal
anc
e.

(v)Coordi
nationi
stheres
ponsi
bi
li
tyofal
lmana
g ers
:Iti
sequal
lyi
mport
antatal
lthethr
ee-t
op,
middl
e
andl owerle
velsofmanagement
.Thusi
tist
heresponsi
bi
li
tyofal
lmana
gerstha
ttheyma k
eeff
ort
sto
establi
shcoordi
nati
on.

(
vi
)Coordi
nati
onisade l
i
berat
efunct
ion:Coordinat
ionisnev
erestabl
ishedbyits
elfr
atheri
tisa
c
onsci
ouseff
ortonthepartofev
eryma nager.Coopera
tioni
sv ol
untaryef
for
tofemployeestohel
pone
a
nother
. E
ffe
cti
vecoordi
nati
oncannotbeac hi
evedwithoutcooperat
ionofgroupmember s
.

I
MPORT
ANCEOFCO-
ORDI
NAT
ION

Gr
owt
hinS
izeWhent
her
eisag
rowt
hins
ize
,thenumbe
rofpeopl
eempl
oye
dbyt
heor
gani
sat
iona
lso
i
ncr
eas
es.
Thust
oint
egr
atet
hee
ffor
ts.
co-
ordi
nat
ioni
snee
ded.

Funct
iona
lDiff
erenti
ati
onInanor
gani
sat
ion.
ther
earesepar
atede
par
tmenta
nddi
ff
erentg
oal
s.T
he
proc
essofli
nki
ngt hos
ea c
ti
vi
ti
esi
sachi
evedbyco-
ordi
nati
on.

S
peci
al
isa
tionModernorg
ani
sat
ionisc
hara
c t
eri
sedbyahighdegr
eeofspec
ial
i
sati
on.Co-
ordi
nat
ioni
s
r
equi
redamongdif
fere
ntspe
cia
li
stsbe
causeofthei
rdi
ff
erenta
pproa
ches,j
udgementetc
.