Activity 1: Introduction to Transcultural Nursing

Name: Ling-oy, Ana Marie Joy A. Date: February 15, 2022

Instructions: Read the concepts and theories presented at the Ppt Pres posted at the LMS
and then provide answers for the following essay questions. Submit output at the LMS
on or before the scheduled date. Happy working!

1. Give the definition of the key terms found at the first part of the ppt presentation.

1. Anthropology - is the systematic study of humanity, with the goal of understanding our
evolutionary origins, our distinctiveness as a species, and the great diversity in our forms of
social existence across the world and through time.
2. Assessment - the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or
something.
3. Assumptions - something that you assume to be the case, even without proof.
4. Chronemics - is the study of the communicative role of time in nonverbal behaviour (e.g.
pauses, punctuality). The use of time is highly culturally variable.
5. Communication - the act or process of using words, sounds, signs, or behaviors to express
or exchange information or to express your ideas, thoughts, feelings, etc., to someone else.
6. Core Curriculum - the body of knowledge, skills and attitude expected to be learned by all
students, generally related to a set of subjects and learning areas that are common to all
students, such as languages, mathematics, arts, physical education, science and social
studies.
7. Cross-cultural communication - process of creating and sharing meaning among people
from different cultural backgrounds using a variety of means.
8. Cultural competence - ability to understand, appreciate and interact with people from
cultures or belief systems different from one’s own.
9. Cultural context - related to society where individuals are raised in and at how culture
affects behavior.
10. Culturally competent care - ability for healthcare professionals to demonstrate cultural
competence toward patients with diverse values, beliefs, and feelings.
11. Culturally congruent nursing care - providing care to a patient while being aware and
inclusive of their cultural values, beliefs, and practices.
12. Cultural-specific - cultural means relating to a particular society and its ideas, customs, and
art.
13. Cultural universals - behaviors, perspectives, institutions, and other features that are found
in all cultures throughout the world.
14. Culture - the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation,
people, or other social group.
15. Culture-specific nursing care - Culture-specific approaches encourage deep understanding
of one cultural context through detailed cultural knowledge.
16. Culture-universal nursing care - Cultural universals are patterns or traits that are globally
common to all societies.
17. Ethnicity - the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or
cultural tradition.
18. Ethnonursing research - research method for describing, documenting, and explaining
nursing care phenomena by the study of the beliefs, values, and practices concerning
nursing care that belong to a specific culture.
19. Evaluation - the making of a judgement about the amount, number, or value of something;
assessment.
20. Evidence-based practice - conscientious, problem-solving approach to clinical practice that
incorporates the best evidence from well-designed studies, patient values and preferences,
and a clinician’s expertise in making decisions about a patient’s care.
21. Hijab - a head covering, generally a veil or a scarf, worn in public or in the presence of non-
familial adult males by some Muslim women.
22. Implementation - the plan of putting a decision or plan into effect; execution.
23. Interprofessional collaboration - practice of approaching patient care from a team-based
perspective.
24. Interprofessional health care team - the practice of approaching patient care from a team-
based perspective.
25. Language - principal method of human communication, consisting of words used in a
structured and conventional way and conveyed by speech, writing, or gesture.
26. Modesty - behavior, manner, or appearance intended to avoid impropriety or indecency.
27. Monochronic culture - doing one thing at a time, value certain orderliness and sense of
there being an appropriate time and place for everything.
28. Mutual goal setting - nursing process of assessing patient values and identifying mutual
goals in ordere to promote, maintain and restore health.
29. Nonverbal communication - transfer of information through the use of body language
including eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and more.
30. Paralanguage - wide range of vocal characteristics which help to express and reflect the
speaker’s attitude.
31. Personal space - or proxemics, a form of non-verbal communication, is the space
surrounding each person.
32. Polychronic culture - doing multiple things at the same time, work several tasks
simultaneously.
33. Problem-solving process - consists of sequences of sections that fit together depending on
the type of problem to be solved.
34. Race - category of humankind that shares certain distinctive physical traits.
35. Proxemics - study of human use of space and the effects that population has on behaviour,
communication, and social interaction.
36. Subculture - a cultural group within a larger culture, often having beliefs or interests at
variance with those of the larger culture.
37. Transcultural Interprofessional-Practice (TIP) Model - provide a patient- or client-centered
systematic, logical, orderly, scientific process for delivering safe, culturally congruent and
competent, affordable, accessible, evidence-based, and quality care for people from
diverse backgrounds across the life span.
38. Transcultural nursing - nursing with a primary focus on care that is culturally sensitive and
inclusive.
39. Transcultural nursing certification - it centers on combining international and transcultural
content into the training of nurses. It includes learning cultural differences, nursing in other
countries, international health issues, and international health organizations.
40. Verbal Communication - the use of words to convey a message. Some forms of verbal
communication are written and oral communication.

2. When Dr. Madeleine Leininger established transcultural nursing in the middle of the
20th century, she identified eight reasons why this specialty was needed. Review the
reasons and discuss the relevance of these reasons in contemporary nursing and
health care.
1. A marked increase in the migration of people within and between countries worldwide.
-People migrate for many reasons, ranging from security, demography and
human rights to poverty and climate change. They transfer from one place to another
bringing their own culture to another community with a different belief from them. In
relation to this, a nurse must be aware that a variety of culture exists in a
community and he/she must be aware of it to know exactly how to act and what to
do.

2. A rise in multicultural identities, with people expecting their cultural.

-Because individuals in multicultural settings are exposed to multiple cultural
influences, or have backgrounds in more than one cultural group, they may develop and
manifest identities that reflect and even combine more than one source. Therefore,
nurses must be competent and flexible enough to learn multiculturally.

3. An increase in health care providers’ and patients’ use of technologies that connect
people globally and simultaneously may become the source of conflict with the
cultural values, beliefs, and practices of some of the people receiving care.
-Technological advancements reduce costs of transportation and communication
across nations. As society becomes more globally connected the ability to
communicate across cultural boundaries has gained increasing prominence. However,
this can be a source of conflict as people around the world are able to witness the
differences on our beliefs which may not please others causing them to react negatively.

4. Global cultural conflicts, clashes, and violence that impact health care as more
cultures interact with one another.
-Attacks on health care in armed conflict, including those on health workers,
facilities, patients and transports, represent serious violations of human rights and
international humanitarian law. These conflicts diminished visitors' trust in some
healthcare professionals because they were considered aggressive and insufficiently
understanding of the patient's needs. These conflicts also led to healthcare
professionals' perception of some families as aggressive and easily affronted.

5. An increase in the number of people traveling  and working in different parts of the
world.
-One of the advantages breached upon the sharing of cultures. While this is a
great interaction of beliefs and customs, it can become destructive to a host country’s
culture. One of the ways cultures can be disrespected is through the commercialization
of countries’ cultures. When tourism booms, large industries swoop in and sell figures of
the cultures’ icons or traditional wear, disrespecting the countries’ indigenous beliefs and
 can be harmful to the people living there. Moreover, poor behavior from tourists who
don’t respect the spoken or unspoken codes of conduct held by indigenous peoples also
undermines the sacred beliefs held within the country.
6. An increase in legal actions resulting from cultural conflict, negligence, ignorance,
and the imposition of health care practices.
-This indicates that there is problem in terms of nurses providing care. Through
transcultural nursing, nursing can recognize and appreciate cultural differences in
healthcare values, beliefs, and customs. Importantly, nurses must acquire the necessary
knowledge and skills in cultural competency.

7. A rise in awareness of gender issues, with growing demands on health care systems
to meet the gender- and age-specific needs of men, women, and children.
-Gender has implications for health across the course of every person's life.
Gender can influence a person's experiences of crises and emergency situations, their
exposure to diseases and their access to healthcare, water, hygiene and sanitation. If
health services are to meet the needs of both women and men then all these sex
differences need to be taken seriously in the planning and delivery of care

8. An increased demand for community- and culturally based health care services in
diverse environmental contexts (Leininger, 1995) beliefs, values, and ways of life
to be understood and respected by nurses and other health care providers.
-The deemed importance knowing and understanding different cultures
concerning nursing and health-illness caring practices, beliefs, and values to provide
meaningful and efficacious nursing care services to people's cultural values health-
illness context.

3. In your own words, describe the meaning of culture and its relationship to nursing.
Based on my understanding, culture is the the way people live through their belifs and
traditions. Subsequently, nursing as a profession is multifaceted, varying from caring for the
unwell to providing treatment plans and caring clients in their homes. Healthcare workers
throughout the world are now caring for a growing number of culturally and linguistically diverse
patients. In relation to that, cultural competency in nursing is a must because it enables nurses
to have the capacity to provide the best medical treatment to patients while displaying cultural
understanding for their beliefs, race, and values. It requires being aware of patients' cultural
variety and treating them accordingly.

4. Identify at least five nonethnic cultures and describe the characteristics of each.
1. The culture of the PWDs (such as the culture of the deaf and the blind - Studies of
disability culture indicate that people who have impairments often define themselves not
by their impairments but in relation to disablement in cultural contexts. Culture of
disability relates to how disabled people as a larger community or a sub-community of
people with specific impairments view themselves.
2. Sexual orientation (such as the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT ) - LGBT
culture is a culture shared by lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer individuals. It
is sometimes referred to as queer culture (indicating people who are queer), while the
 term gay culture may be used to mean "LGBT culture" or to refer specifically to
homosexual culture.
3. Workplace culture - is the environment that you created for employees. It plays a
powerful role in determining their work satisfaction, relationships and progression. It is
the mix of organisation’s leadership, values, traditions, beliefs, interactions, behaviours
and attitudes that contribute to the emotional and relational environment of workplace.
These factors are generally unspoken and unwritten rules that help to form bonds
between colleagues.
4. Age (such as the culture of adolescence) - Culture has a strong influence on
development, behavior, values and beliefs. Family rituals and good communication have
a positive affect on teens. ... Parental pressure that focuses on social and academic
achievement can cause adolescents to suffer from a higher rate of depression and
anxiety.
5. Education Culture - It refers to the way in which teachers develop their activities in
educational institutions. Through this, the work accomplished acquires significance and
the new teachers learn to solve their problems, being, little by little, integrated into the
professional community.

5. Discuss the Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) Model.

 A new model, uses the scientific process for delivering culturally congruent, quality care to
people from diverse backgrounds across the life span.
 Facilitates the delivery of nursing and health care consistent with cultural beliefs and
practices of clients from diverse backgrounds.
 Provides a conceptual framework to guide nurses in the delivery of culturally congruent care
that is theoretically sound.
Components of the model; the context from which people's health-related values, attitudes,
beliefs, and practices emerge:
1. Interprofessional Health Care Team
2. Communication
3. Problem Solving

Interprofessional Health Care Team

 Client at its core
 May also include: Family and support persons, other healthcare personnel, traditional,
folk and religious healers
 All providers working together to deliver the highest quality of care
 A partnership among client and providers that establishes trust, collaboration,
cooperation, and communication
Communication
 Verbal—spoken word, language (over 6,000 worldwide), tone of voice, abbreviations,
idioms
 Nonverbal—how people convey meaning without words. Facial expressions, gestures,
posture, physical distance, silence, eye contact
 Mixed—modesty, technology assisted
Problem solving
 Guides health care teams in determining what the client needs to obtain optimal well-
being and health.
 Comprehensive assessment skills
 Mutual goal setting
 Planning care
 Implementing care
 Evaluation of care to achieve the goals of:
  Culturally congruent, competent, quality care based on evidence and best practice

Proficiency in using the problem-solving process requires time and repeated simulated and/or
clinical experiences.
Developing competence is uneven and nonlinear, as is the process of developing cultural
competence.