Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Group Presentation :-
GROUP-7 ( 81 – 85 )
• Muhammad Saad Khan
• Mohsin Khan
• Afaq Marwat
• Abdullah Khan Sikandar
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MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS
Topics
Asbestos
Plaster of Paris
Abrasives
Cork
Bitumen
Asphalt
Road Metal
Rubber
ASBESTOS
ASBESTOS
Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous mineral with high tensile
strength, ability to be woven and provide resistance to heat and
most chemicals
Asbestos-Chrysotile
All types of asbestos may break into very tiny fibers
Some fibers maybe up to 700 times smaller than a human hair and
can be identified using a microscope
PROPERTIES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos have good tensile strength and may bear greater load
They are flexible
They are Heat resistant and provide good insulation
They provide Electrical resistance
They are chemical resistant
They have Sound proofing/Heat proofing properties
Theydo not burn rapidly when ignited hence they also have fire
proofing properties
TYPES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestosis the name given to six naturally occurring minerals that
are mined from the earth
The most common types are :-
Chrysotile – White Asbestos
Amosite – Brown Asbestos
Crocidolite – Blue Asbestos
The other types are :-
Tremolite
Actinolite
Anthophyllite
TYPES OF ASBESTOS
Thechemical composition of various types of asbestos
(Table 2.1)
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USES OF ASBESTOS
Asbestos can be used for Pipe insulation
Asbestos-cement pipes are used for carrying
underground water
It can be used in plaster for acoustic proofing
It can be used in the manufacture Ceilings and Tiles
HEALTH HAZARDS
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure may lead to Lung
Cancer
The diseases caused by asbestos exposure include Asbestosis and
Mesothelmia
The cancer resulting from asbestos exposure spreads very quickly,
eventually resulting in death
It can be caused by very low exposure
PVA fiber
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PLASTER OF PARIS
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USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
Plaster
of Paris is a building material that is used for protective
coating on walls and ceilings
Used to fill small gaps on walls & roofs
It
is used as a casting agent decorative elements. It is used to give
aesthetic finishing touches to the buildings
USES OF PLASTER OF PARIS
It
is used as a fireproofing material and for making
chalks
Used for false ceilings and other decorative patterns
as it can be easily moulded to any shape
Used in hospitals for immobilizing the affected part in
case of bone fracture or sprain
ABRASIVES
An
abrasive is a hard material , that is used to shape or finish a
workpiece through rubbing/Polishing, this leads to part of the
workpiece being worn away by friction
Abrasive
materials maybe used in the form of abrasive wheels or
sand paper
Abrasives may be classified as either natural or synthetic
TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Natural Abrasives :-
Natural Abrasives occur as rocks
or minerals in the earth crust,
which are :- Quartz Mineral
Diamond
Garnet
Corundum Diamond
Quartz Corundum
TYPES OF ABRASIVES
Synthetic Abrasives :-
Synthetic abrasives include
Al2O3
Carborundum Carborundum
Aluminum Oxide ))ریگ مال
Boron Carbide
Boron Carbide
FORMS OF ABRASIVES
Abrasives
maybe used both in Block form and
powdered form
Block form are pieces cut in suitable shapes from the
abrasive material
Block form are generally used as
grindstone, whetstone
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APPLICATION OF CORK
The
broken stones or cinders used in making and
repairing of roads or railroads are referred to as
Road Metal
Road metal later became the name of the Road
surfacing material. Nowadays we call them Road
surfacing material.
A wide variety of materials are used in the road
surfacing material such as natural soil,
aggregates(fine or coarse aggregates), lime,
bituminous materials, cement etc for improved
performance of roads under heavy loads and traffic.
MATERIALS USED IN ROAD
CONSTRUCTION SURFACES
Gravel
Gravel is a practical, affordable and usually used for
low traffic volume particularly in rural areas. These are
invariably derived by breaking the naturally occurring
rocks to the required sizes. They are also used as part
of bituminous mixes and cement concrete.
Disadvantages of gravel:
Develops cracks during hot weather
Rough and noisy
Generates dust and stones
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Asphalt :
Almost all newly constructed roads and highways
are surfaced with asphalt. These type of roads are
built to handle high traffic volumes and heavy loads.
The primary use of asphalt about 70% is in road
construction. However it costs more than gravel
because it has high performance ratio than gravel.
Quick to apply, fast drying.
Relatively low road noise
Easy to repair
Recyclable
Can last over 40 years
Flexible load distribution
Concrete
Concrete road surfaces are composed from cement
and other materials such as aggregate and chemical
admixtures. One of the major advantage of concrete
pavement is that they are typically stronger and more
durable than Asphalt roadways. They may be
constructed directly over a compacted well soil
subgrade. It long as 30 to 50 years.
Highly compressive strength
Durability and maintenance free life
Vehicles consumes less fuel
Resistant to fire and extreme weather
Eco friendly process
Also wide variety of other materials are used in the
construction of roads surface such as soil , bitumen,
composite pavements etc.
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TYPES OF ROADS
Earth road (used where traffic level is rare)
Kankar road (impure form of limestone is used in these Brick Road
type of roads)
Murram road (obtained from igneous rocks, low cost
road and similar to gravel road)
Brick
aggregate road (Burnt bricks are used as an Gravel Road
aggregate)
Concrete road
Bituminous road
Murram
RUBBER saadkhankhalel@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION
SYNTHETIC RUBBER
NATURAL RUBBER (NR)
Naturalrubber is made from a runny milky white liquid
called LATEX that oozes from certain plants when you
cut them
Common Dandelions produce latex if you snap off
their stem
NR
is a polymer of isoprene also known as (2-
methylbuta-1,3-diene)
LATEX :-
Latex is a sticky, milky white sap drawn off by making
incisions In the bark of rubber tree
Inmost plants, latex is white, but some have yellow,
orange or scarlet latex
Latex is natural polymer of Isoprene
VULCANIZATION :-
Chemical process for converting rubber into more
durable materials by adding Sulphur or equivalent
materials
Vulcanization normally results in increased elasticity,
strength , durability and also increased resistance to
chemical agents
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SYNTHETIC RUBBER :-
Rubber
produced by artificial chemical process is
known as Synthetic Rubber
Synthetic
Rubber is derived from petroleum
byproducts.
SyntheticRubbers are superior to Natural rubbers
in two major respects, thermal stability and
resistance to oil and related compounds
EXAMPLES
Some Examples of Manufactured Synthetic Rubbers
Butyl Rubber
Neoprene Silicon Rubber
TYPES OF BITUMEN
Thereare different types of bitumen available with different
properties, specifications
Penetration Grade Bitumen
Bitumen Emulsion
Cut-Back Bitumen
Blown Bitumen
Plastic Bitumen
01- PENETRATION GRADE BITUMEN
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02-BITUMEN EMULSION
Itis a liquid compound which
contains a large amount of
bitumen in aqueous medium
It
is suspended by some
appropriate stabilizing agents in the
aqueous medium.
Bitumen emulsion are used
extensively in bituminous road
construction
Otherthan this they are used for
maintenance and repair work.
03- CUT-BACK BITUMEN
These are a grade of bitumen
that comes under penetration
grade bitumen. This type of
bitumen has a temporarily
reduced viscosity
Itis generally derived from coal
tar.
Cut-back bitumen can be used
as bitumen paint in cold.
04- BLOWN BITUMEN
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05- PLASTIC BITUMEN
It
comprises of bitumen thinner and
appropriate inert reagent (about 40%)
The plastic waste coated aggregate is
mixed with hot bitumen and the
resulting mix is used for road
construction
Plasticbitumen can be used for filling
cracks, leakages , in masonry
structures etc
PROPERTIES OF BITUMEN
They are extremely Hard and have greater
Strength
They have adhesive properties and hence easily
bind
They are Viscous and not easy to flow , However
this property is temperature dependent
Chemical resistant and also show resistance to
water
Ductile and can be molded into thin sheets during
road constructions
They have greater durability and may last longer
then concrete and other members
APPLICATION OF BITUMEN
Road construction
Basins, Dam linings
Water barriers, waterproofing, Drainage
gutters etc.
Damp proofing