BITUMINOUS

M AT E R I A L
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND TESTING
BITUMENS

• is a mixture of organic liquids made of complex hydrocarbons that occur naturally or are
heat-produced from materials like coal and wood. Highly viscous, black, and sticky
bitumens exist in gaseous, liquid, semi- solid, or solid states.
Properties

Bitumens has an
excellent water Flammable Softening point
resistance

Cold-flow Viscous Ductile

Bituminous materials
Asphalt Tar
Produced by the distillation of petroleum crude Produced by the destructive distillation of organic
oil. A mixture of bitumen and sand, used for materials like wood or coal.
road construction
Tar

■ Brown or black bituminous material, liquid or

semisolid in consistency, in which the
predominating constituents are bitumens obtained
as condensates in the destructive distillation of
coal, petroleum, oil shale, wood, or other organic
materials, and which yields substantial quantities of
pitch when distilled.
■ Produced as a by-product also during the production
of coke.
Tar

■ Destructive distillation: heating a solid substance in

a closed container and collecting the volatile
products.
■ The process of heating coal in the absence of air is
called destructive distillation of coal. When coal is
heated without air, it does not burn but produces
many by-products e.g. coke, coal tar, amino acid
liquor and cool gas. Therefore, coal distillate is the
other name for tar.
Tar

■ Coke is a fuel with few impurities and a high carbon

content, usually made from coal. It is the solid
carbonaceous material derived from destructive
distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal.
■ Cokes made from coal are grey, hard, and porous.
While coke can be formed naturally, the commonly
used form is man- made. The form known as
petroleum coke, or pet coke, is derived from oil
refinery coker units or other cracking processes.
Tar

■ Although they made a top-quality fuel, coking

poisoned the surrounding landscape. After 1900,
the serious environmental damage of coke attracted
national notice, even though the damage had
plagued the district for decades.
■ The smoke and gas from ovens caused air pollution
and destroy all vegetation around the small mining
communities.
 • A dark-brown to black cementitious material
in semisolid or solid form, consisting of
bitumen found in deposits of natural asphalt.
• A manufactured asphalt is produced from
ASPHALT residues from the distillation of petroleum.
Petroleum provides the raw material for the
manufacturing of most asphalt used today
 • Asphalt is used for many construction
components, including roofing, siding, and
paving materials. It is added to paints, acid-
and alkali-resistant coatings, and damp and
waterproofing.
• It can be found in adhesives, cementitious
materials, and in the manufacture of drain
ASPHALT and sewer pipe. Some types, such as
waterproof coatings, are applied on site,
while others, such as coating for fibrous
panels, are applied in a factory
 ASPHALT

• Egyptians made use of asphalt in the mummification

process and as building material
• Greeks and Romans not only used asphalt as a building
material but also used burning asphalt as a military weapon
• Asphalts used by ancient civilizations was natural asphalt
formed when crude petroleum oils rose to earth’s surface
and formed pools
 NATURAL ASPHALT

Largest natural pools of asphalt today are in:

• Lake Bermudez or Lake Guanoco located in Estado Sucre,
Venezuela.
• La Brea Pitch Lake - Asphalt lake in Trinidad and Tobago
(largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world).
 NATURAL ASPHALT

• Rock asphalt is asphalt impregnated in porous rock. It has

limited commercial value because of its low asphalt
content.
• Gilsonite is a hard, brittle, and relatively pure asphalt which
can be economically extracted from the earth for
commercial purposes.
ASPHALT
PRODUCTION
• Asphalt is produced from
crude oil by distillation.

• The method preferred for the

production of asphalt for
paving construction is
fractional distillation. The
crude oil is heated and the
lighter oils vaporize and are
drawn off at their
condensation temperature,
leaving a residual material –
asphalt cement.
■ To increase the production of the lighter constituents
of crude oil such as fuels and lubricating oils,
destructive distillation is employed. The crude oil is
heated under pressure to higher temperatures than
used in fractional distillation. The resulting asphalt
from this system is called cracked asphalt
■ Cracked Asphalts are less durable and less weather
resistant and are not used in highway surface
construction, but they are used in base construction
where they are protected from weathering by the
surface course
In fractional distillation or destructive distillation,
distillation may be stopped while the residue is still
liquid or semisolid.
■ When the resulting product is liquid, the material is
then called residual oil.
■ When the resulting product is solid or semisolid, it is
called asphalt cement
Major Classes and Uses of Bituminous Materials
Grades of asphalt used for Paints, Coatings, adhesives, and Cements
Types of Asphalt Used for Paints, Coatings, Adhesives, and Cements
Physical Characteristics of Roofing Materials
 • Asphalt cements are binders used to produce
high- quality asphalt pavements. They are
highly viscous and made in several grades
based on consistency. Asphalt cements are
tested for viscosity at 140°F (60°C) and are
semisolid at normal ambient temperatures.
• Asphalt cements are graded from the softest,
ASPHALT AR 1000, to the hardest, AR 16000.
CEMENT • Asphalt cements are blended with aggregates
graded into a range of sizes. Typical aggregates
include crushed stone, gravel, and sand.
Aggregates compose about 90 percent of a
paving mix’s weight.
CUTBACK ASPHALT

■ Produced by dissolving asphalt cement into a petroleum solvent.

■ The solvents are sometimes called distillate, diluent, or cutter
stock.
■ The solvent will evaporate after the completion of construction,
leaving the asphalt cement to perform its function.
Types of Asphalt Used for Paints, Coatings, Adhesives, and Cements
 EMULSIFIED ASPHALT

• An emulsion group of asphalts consists of

emulsified asphalt cement mixed with water
and is used in road construction.
• Emulsified asphalts are either anionic or
cationic, depending on the emulsifying agent
used. Anionic emulsions are those in which
the asphalt globules in the mix are
negatively charged. Cationic emulsions have
positively charged asphalt globules. Each
comes in three grades that are used for the
same purposes as cutback asphalts.
■ Plastic asphalt cements are made using asbestos fibers and asphalts
with good plasticity and elastic properties. This black cement is used to
bond flashing and to make roof repairs.
■ Quick-setting asphalt cement is much like plastic asphalt cement but has
greater adhesive properties and sets up rapidly. It is used to cement the
free tabs on shingles and the laps between layers of roll roofing.
■ Asphalt roofing tape is a porous fabric strip saturated with asphalt. It is
used with plastic asphalt cements to patch holes in roofing, to patch
seams, and to seal flashing.
■ Blown Asphalt are obtained by oxidizing the asphalt by blowing air through
the residual oil. Used mainly for roofing materials, automobile under-
coatings, pipe coatings and crack & joint sealers and as an under-sealing
asphalt to fill cavities under Portland cement concrete pavements
ASPHALT PAVING

■ Asphalt is widely used for paving because it is a

cementitious substance and will bind other
ingredients, such as aggregates.
■ Sulfur has been used experimentally
as a pavement binder because it is
plentiful and economical, and it
exhibits certain desirable properties
when mixed with other engineering
materials.
■ Sulfur Extended Asphalt (SEA) is a
binder in which up to 50 percent of
the asphalt is replaced with elemental
sulfur.
■ Sand Asphalt Sulfur (SAS) is a blend
of sand, asphalt and sulfur, with the
sulfur comprising 8 to 14 percent of
the mix weight
■ Plasticized Sulfur (PS) is elemental
sulfur combined with one or more
chemical modifiers
ASPHALT TESTING
ASPHALT CEMENTS
§ PenetrationTests
§ ViscosityTests
§ Flash PointTests
§ Thin – Film OvenTests
§ DuctilityTests
§ SolubilityTests
Penetration Test
§ ASTM D5 / D5M – 20
§ StandardTest Method for
Penetration of Bituminous
Materials
§ Determines the relative
hardness or consistency of an
asphalt cement
§ The distance the needle
penetrates into the sample is
measured in units of 0.1 mm
and is called the penetration
Viscosity Test
§ ASTM D4402 / D4402M - 15
§ StandardTest Method for
Viscosity Determination of
Asphalt at Elevated
Temperatures Using a
RotationalViscometer
§ This test method is used to
measure the apparent
viscosity of asphalts at
handling, mixing, or
application temperatures
Flash Point Test
§ ASTM D8254 - 19
§ StandardTest Method for
Flash and Fire Points of
Asphalt by Cleveland Open
CupTester
§ The flash point is one measure
of the tendency of the test
specimen to form a flammable
mixture with air under controlled
laboratory conditions
§ Tells the user the maximum
temperature to which the
material may be heated before
an instantaneous flash will occur
in the presence of an open flame
Thin – Film Oven Test
§ ASTM D2872 – 19 § There should be no appreciable
difference in consistency when
§ StandardTest Method for
the material is heated to 325°F
Effect of Heat and Air on a and then cooled
Moving Film of Asphalt
(RollingThin-Film OvenTest)
§ A procedure used to expose the
asphalt to conditions which
occur in heating operations
§ This test method indicates
approximate change in
properties of asphalt during
conventional hot-mixing at
about 302 °F (150 °C) as
indicated by viscosity and other
rheological measurements
 Ductility Tests
§ Unless otherwise specified,
§ ASTM D113 - 17 the test shall be made at a
§ Standard Test Method for
temperature of 25 ± 0.5 °C [77
Ductility of Asphalt Materials ± 0.9 °F] and with a speed of 5
cm/min ± 5.0 %.
§ This test method
one measure of
properties of
materials and may be used to
measure ductility for
specification requirements
§ Specimens are pulled apart at
a specified speed and at a
specified temperature
Solubility Tests
§ ASTM D2042 - 15 § A 2-g sample of asphalt is
§ StandardTest Method for dissolved in 100ml of solvent
Solubility of Asphalt Materials and the solution filtered
inTrichloroethylene through an asbestos mat in a
porcelain crucible
§ Determines the purity of an
asphalt cement
§ This test method is a measure
of the solubility of asphalt in
trichloroethylene. The
portion that is soluble in
trichloroethylene represents
the active cementing
constituents
LIQUID ASPHALTS
§ KinematicViscosityTests
§ Flash PointTests
§ DistillationTests
§ WaterTests
Kinematic Viscosity Test
§ RC, MC, and SC are
classified into standard
grades
§ The basic test procedures
are the same as for asphalt
cement.
Flash Point Test
§ The Cleveland Open Cup
Test is used to determine
the flash point of SC
materials
§ Indirect heating is used for
the flash point on RC and
MC grades because of the
volatile nature of the
diluent in these grades
Distillation Test
§ Separates the asphalt
cement and diluents to
determine their quantities
and for other testing
Water Test
§ Asphaltic materials, except emulsified asphalts, are
usually specified to be water free
§ Water present in the asphalt materials creates hazardous
condition by causing foaming when the materials are
heated
§ To determine the amount of water present in the liquid
asphalt, if any, a sample of the material is mixed with
xylol or high – boiling range of petroleum naptha in a
glass or metal still