POWER FLOW PROBLEM

WORKED EXAMPLES
Power balance equations
 Power balance equations
• The power balance equations for injected power were earlier derived from;
n
P  jQ
k
inj inj
k   Y ki.V k.Vi Cos  ki   k   i   jSin ki   k   i ............(1)
i 1
• Where k-bus is taken as the reference bus/ injection bus while i-bus is any other
bus in the system.
• Remember that;
Y ik Y ik  ik Y ik Cos ik jSin ik  G ik  jB ik .................( 2)

• If the Y –admittance is left in terms of its catesians rather than the polar form,
then equation 1 becomes
n
Pkinj  jQkinj   V k.Vi Gki  jBki Cos i   k   jSin i   k ............(3)
i 1
 Power balance equations
• Simplifying equation 3 above gives;
n
Pkinj  jQkinj   V k.Vi Gki Cos  i   k   Bki Sin i   k 
i 1
n
 j  V k.Vi Bki Cos  i   k   Gki Sin i   k .................( 4)
i 1
• Therefore;
n
Pkinj   V k.Vi Gki Cos  k   i   Bki Sin k   i ................(5)
i 1
n
Qkinj   V k.Vi Gki Sin k   i   Bki Cos  k   i ..............(6)
i 1
 Power balance equations
• If
 k   i    ki
• Then; n
Pkinj   V k.Vi Gki Cos ki  Bki Sin ki ................(7)
i 1
n
Qkinj   V k.Vi Gki Sin ki  Bki Cos ki ..............(8)
i 1

• Equations 7 and 8 are typical power balance equations.

• Consider a simple 3 bus network below
3 bus network
Developed power balance equations
 Implicit and explicit equations
• In order to solve the above power flow problem, we need to separate the equations obtained
above into implicit and explicit equation.
• Implicit equations are the ones whose injections are known. For the above example, P2, Q2 and
P3 are known. It is easier to solve for the unknown variables
P2  1.5
Q2  0.8
P3  1.0

• Equations below are implicit

 Implicit and explicit equations
• Explicit equations are the ones where the injections are unknown

• Equations below are explicit

Application of Newton-Raphson method
• The implicit equations obtained can be written as Mismatch equation such that;

• The variables are therefore;

 NRM continued
• Remember:
Solution with NRM
Solution with NRM
Solution with NRM
• The jacobian simplifies to;

• The next step is to start the iteration.

• In this case the variables start off with flat values as shown in the calculation
Overall solution to the power flow problem with NRM