THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

IVY JEAN A. FELICIANO

MAEd-Teaching Mathematics I
i.feliciano.459388@umindanao.edu.ph

DR. ANGELITO D. GARDOSE

Course Teacher
MATH 211 (4036) Linear Algebra

FINAL EXAMINATION IN MATH 211

I. Short Response Test.

1. Based on the most essential concepts in the study of the linear algebra and the
learning exercises that you have done, please feel free to write your arguments
or lessons learned.

I had a great understanding on linear algebra as I learned it the second time around.
When I was in college, I only encountered the overview of this course. I learned that there
are real-world problems that can be solved using matrix equation, so the process of finding
solutions became tractable. It was made easier for us because it’s an organized way to
solve problems.

2. What are your challenges and coping strategies/innovations in remote teaching

and learning?

There’s a lot of challenges in a remote teaching and learning but I’ll just give some
situations that are common. In my point of view, as a learner, since we are far away from
one another during the teaching and learning process, it’s quite difficult to stay focus and
motivated. I easily get distracted w/ the environment. Aside from that, some challenges to
me and to teachers is the internet connection. Sometimes it causes delays to communicate
with teachers or classmates, conduct independent research, or seek online homework
assistance. And the challenge for the teachers is that how they will improvise/ innovate
something to give an effective and meaningful learning to students. As a strategy to cope
up w/ the challenges in the remote and teaching and learning, I always set my mind to focus
and be motivated by meditating first before opening my laptop.
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

II. Show your solutions completely.

1. Find all the six-digit numbers in which the first digit is one less than the second, the
third digit is half the second, the fourth digit is three times the third and the last two
digits form a number that equals the sum of the fourth and fifth. The sum of all the
digits is 24.

Solution: Let h,i,j,k,l,m denote any such six-digit number and convert each
requirement in the problem statement into an equation.
h = i-1
1
j= i
2
k = 3j
10l+m = k+l
24 = h+i+j+k+l+m

standard form:

h-i = -1
-i+2j = 0
-3j+k = 0
-k+9l+m = 0
h+i+j+k+l+m = 24
RREF:
1 0 0 0 0 16/75 5
0 1 0 0 0 16/75 6
0 0 1 0 0 8/75 3
0 0 0 1 0 8/25 9
[0 0 0 0 1 11/75 1]
This corresponds to the linear system:
16
h+75i = 5
16
i+ j = 6
75
8
j+75k = 3
8
k+25m = 9
11
l+75m = 1

check: 5+6+3+9+1 = 24

2. Prove that if A is an invertible matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)-1=(A-1)T

Proof.
By definition of inverse matrices, if there is an n x n matrix B such that

ATB = I and BAT = I,

 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

where I is the n x n identity matrix, then AT is invertible and its inverse is B, that is, B =
(AT)-1 .

We claim that we can take (A-1)T for this B.

In fact, we have
AT (A-1)T = (A-1A)T = IT = I .

Here in the first equality, we used the fact about transpose matrices that

(CD)T = DTCT

for any matrices C, D such that the matrix product CD is well-defined.

Similarly, we have
(A-1)TAT = (AA-1)T = IT = I
This proves the transpose AT is invertible and that (A-1)T is the inverse matrix of AT, that
is,

(AT)-1 = (A-1)T
as required.

2 3 5
−1 2
3. Suppose that S = {[ ] , [ ]} . Let W= <S> and let x = [ 8 ]. Is x ϵ W? If so, provide
3 −2 −12
4 1 −5
an explicit linear combination that demonstrates this.

Rephrasing the question, we want to know if there are scalars a1 and a2 such that
2 3 5
a1 [−1] + a2[ 2 ] = [ 8 ]
3 −2 −12
4 1 −5

Theorem SLSLC(Solutions to Linear System are Linear Combinations) allows us to

rephrase the question again as a quest for solutions to the system of for equations in
two unknowns with an augmented matrix given by
2 3 5
[−1 2 8 ]
3 −2 −12
4 1 −5

Transforming matrix to the Reduced Row Echelon Form

Step1
2 3 5 1 3/2 5/2
[ −1 2 8 ] 1/2(R1) [−1 2 8 ]
3 −2 −12 3 −2 −12
4 1 −5 4 1 −5

Step 2
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

1 3/2 5/2 1 3/2 5/2

−1 2 8 ] 0 7/2 21/2
[ 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → 𝑅2 [ ]
3 −2 −12 3 −2 −12
4 1 −5 4 1 −5

Step 3
1 3/2 5/2 1 3/2 5/2
0 7/2 21/2 0 7/2 21/2
[ ] 3𝑅1 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 [ ]
3 −2 −12 0 −13/2 −39/2
4 1 −5 4 1 −5

Step 4
1 3/2 5/2 1 3/2 5/2
0 7/2 21/2 0 7/2 21/2
[ ] −4𝑅1 + 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 [ ]
0 −13/2 −39/2 0 −13/2 −39/2
4 1 −5 0 −5 −15

Step 5
1 3/2 5/2 1 3/2 5/2
0 7/2 21/2
[0 1 3 ]
2
[ ] 𝑅
7 2
→ 𝑅2
0 −13/2 −39/2 0 −13/2 −39/2
0 −5 −15 0 −5 −15

Step 6
1 3/2 5/2 1 3/2 5/2
[ 0 1 3 ] 13
𝑅 + 𝑅3 → 𝑅3 [0 1 3 ]
0 −13/2 −39/2 2 2 0 0 0
0 −5 −15 0 −5 −15

Step 7
1 3/2 5/2 1 3/2 5/2
[0 1 3 ] 5𝑅2 + 𝑅4 → 𝑅4 [0 1 3 ]
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 −5 −15 0 0 0

Step 8
1 3/2 5/2 1 0 −2
[0 1 3 ] [0 1 3]
3
− 2 𝑅2 + 𝑅1 → 𝑅1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

This matrix row-reduces to

1 0 −2
[0 1 3]
0 0 0
0 0 0

From the form of this matrix, we can see that a1 = -2 and a2 = 3 is an affirmative
answer to our question. More convincingly,
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

2 3 5
−1 2
(-2) [ ] + (3)[ ] = [ 8 ]
3 −2 −12
4 1 −5

4. Prove that if A and B are invertible matrices of the same size, then AB is
invertible and (AB)-1 = B-1A-1

Proof.
We need to show that (B-1A-1) (AB) = I and (AB) (B-1A-1) = I

Note: (B-1A-1) (AB)

= ((B-1A-1)A)B by associativity of matrix multiplication
= (B-1(A-1A))B by associativity of matrix multiplication
= (B-1I)B A-1A = I
= B-1B I is the identity
=I B-1 is the inverse of B

Likewise
(AB)(B-1A-1)
= ((AB)B-1)A-1 by associativity of matrix multiplication
= (A(BB-1))A-1 by associativity of matrix multiplication
= (AI)A-1 B-1 is the inverse of B
= AA-1 I is the identity
=I A-1 is the inverse of A
Thus AB is invertible and the (AB)-1 = B-1A-1 .

5. A parking lot has 66 vehicles (cars, trucks, motorcycles, and bicycles) in it. There are
four times as many cars as trucks. The total number of tires (4 per car or truck, 2 per
motorcycle or bicycle) is 252. How many cars are there? How many bicycles?

Solution: Let c, t, m, b denote the number of cars, trucks, motorcycles, and bicycles.
Then the statements from the problem yield the equations:

c + t + m + b = 66
c – 4t = 0
4c + 4t + 2m + 2b + = 252

The augmented matrix for this system is

1 1 1 1 66
[1 −4 0 0 0 ]
4 4 2 2 252
Which row-reduces to
 THE UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO
PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS
DAVAO CITY, PHILIPPINES
1ST SEMESTER A.Y. 2021-2022

1 0 0 0 48
[0 1 0 0 12]
0 0 1 1 6
c = 48 is the first equation represented in the row-reduced matrix so there are 48 cars.
m + b = 6 is the third equation represented in the row-reduced matrix so there are anywhere
from 0 to 6 bicycles.
We can also say that b is a free variable, but the context of the problem limits it to 7 integer
values since cannot have a negative number of motorcycles.

6. Assuming that the sizes of the matrices are such that the indicated operations can be
performed. Show that A(B+C) = AB + AC
Proof.
Let aij denote the ij entry of A,
bij denote the ij entry of B, and
cij denote the ij entry of C.
The ij entry of B+C is bij + Cij. Then the ij entry of A(B+C) is∑𝑚
𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 (𝑏𝑘𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘𝑗 )

Now the ij entry of AB is ∑𝑚

𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗

Also the ij entry of AC is ∑𝑚

𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑘𝑗

Now the ij entry of AB + AC is ∑𝑚 𝑚

𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗 + ∑𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑘𝑗

= ∑𝑚
𝑘=1(𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑏𝑘𝑗 + 𝑎𝑖𝑘 𝑐𝑘𝑗 )

=∑𝑚
𝑘=1 𝑎𝑖𝑘 (𝑏𝑘𝑗 + 𝑐𝑘𝑗 ),

But this is the same as the ij entry of A(B+C).

Thus A(B+C) and AB+AC have identical ij entries, thus they must be equal.