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Table of Contents
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MODULE 8
PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES
Introduction
Gases are distinguished from other forms of matter, not only by their power of indefinite
expansion so as to fill any vessel, however large, and by the great effect heat has in dilating
them, but by the uniformity and simplicity of the laws which regulate these changes
(Todayinsci, n.d.).
Learning Outcomes
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Figure 8.1 Isometric Process
b. Nonflow work
(a)
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(
(b)
Example
1. Ten cu ft of air at 300 psia and 400 is cooled to 140 at constant volume. What are
(a) the final pressure, (b) the work, (c) the change of internal energy, (d) the transferred
heat, (e) the change of enthalpy, and (f) the change of entropy? (Sta. Maria, 2008).
Solution
Given:
V = 10 cu ft
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a)
b) W= 0
c)
e)
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a. Relation between p and T.
b. Non-flow work
(a)
(b)
Example
A perfect gas has a value of R= 319.2 J/kg.K and k=1.26. if 120 kJ are added to 2.27 kg of
this gas at constant pressure when the initial temperature is 32.2 , find
(Sta. Maria, 2008).
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Figure 8.4. Constant Pressure Diagram
Given:
k = 1.26
m=2.27 kg
R= 319.2 J/kg-K
Q = 120 kW
Solution
a)
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Lesson 3. Constant Temperature Process
b. Nonflow work
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g. steady flow Isothermal
(a)
(b)
Example
Air flows steadily through an engine at constant temperature, 400K. Find the work per
kilogram if the exit pressure is one-third the inlet pressure and the inlet pressure energy
variation is negligible.
Given
T – 400 K
R = 287.08 kJ/(kg-K)
Solution
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Assessment Task 8
Summary
b. Nonflow work
b. Nonflow work
b. Non-flow work
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References
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MODULE 9
PROCESSES OF IDEAL GASES
Introduction
“The 2nd law of thermodynamics has the same degree of thrith as the statement that if
you throw a trumblerful of water into the sea, you cannot get the same tumblerful of water
out again” – James Clerk Maxwell, (Izquotes, n.d.).
Learning Outcomes
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1. Relation among p, V, and T.
2. Non-flow work.
a)
b)
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Example
1. From a state defined by 300 psia 100 cu ft and 240 , helium undergoes and isentropic
process to 0.3, psig. Find a) and , b) and , c) , d) – , e) Q and .
What is the work (f) if the process is non-flow, (g) if the process is steady flow with = 10
Btu? (Sta. Maria, 2008).
Given:
Solution
a)
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Lesson 2. Polytropic Process
2. Non-flow work.
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3. The change of internal energy.
a)
b)
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Assessment Task 9
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Summary
2. Non-flow work.
2. Non-flow work.
a)
b) a)
b)
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References
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MODULE 10
GAS CYCLES
Introduction
Ideal cycles are simplified thermodynamic closed cycles to analyze the compression,
combustion, and expansion process in an engine with a focus on extraction of work from
combustion of the fuel–air mixture (Folkson, 2014).
Learning Outcomes
1. Understand the principle and specific and latent heat and apply it to gases and vapor;
and
2. Appreciate the process which can be applied to a gas and the corresponding heat and
work energy transfer involved;
Heat engine or thermal engine is closed system (no mass crosses boundaries) that
exchanges only heat and work with its surrounding and that operates in cycles (Sta. Maria,
2008).
Elements of a thermodynamics heat engine with a fluid as the working substance (Sta.
Maria, 2008).
1. A working substance, matter that receives heat, rejects heat, and does work:
2. A source of heat (also called a hot body, a heat reservoir, or just source), from which the
working substance receives heat:
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3. A heat sink (also called a receiver, a cold body, or just sinks), to which the working
substance receives het:
4. An engine, wherein the working substance may do work or have work done it.
A thermodynamics cycle occurs when the working fluid of a system experiences a number of
processes that eventually return the fluid to its initial state.
ENGINE
= Heat Added
Heat Rejected
Net work
Available energy is that part of the heat that was converted into mechanical work.
Unavailable energy is the remainder of the het that had to be rejected into the receiver
(sink) (Sta. Maria, 2008).
All energy received as heat by a heat- engine cycle cannot be converted into mechanical
work (Sta. Maria, 2008).
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Work of a cycle
(a)
(Algebraic sum)
( Arithmetic difference)
(b) The net work of a cycle is the algebraic sum of the works done by the individual
processes (Sta. Maria, 2008).
The carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle conceivable. The are other ideal cycles as
efficient as the Carnot cycle, but none more so , such a perfect cycle forms a standard of
comparison for actual engines and actual cycles and also for other less efficient ideal cycles,
permitting as to judge how much room there might be for improvement (Sta. Maria, 2008).
A cylinder C contains m mass of a substance. The cylinder head, the only place where
heat may enter or leave the substance (system) is placed in contact with the source of heat
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or hot body which has a constant temperature . Heat flows from the hot body into the
substance in the cylinder isothermally, process 1-2, and the piston moves from 1’ to 2’. Next,
the cylinder is removed from the hot body and the insulator I is placed over the head of the
cylinder, so that no heat may be transferred in or out. As a result, any further process is
adiabatic. The isentropic change 2-3 now occurs and the piston moves from 2’ to 3’. When
the piston reaches the end of the stroke 3’, the insulator I is removed and the cylinder head
is placed in contact with the receiver or sink, which remains at a constant temperature .
Heat then flows from the substance to the sink, and the isothermal compression 3-4 occurs
while the piston moves from 3’ to 4’. Finally, the insulator I is again placed over the head
and the isentropic compression 4-1 returns the substance to its initial condition, as the
piston moves from 4’ to 1’ (Sta. Maria, 2008).
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The thermal efficiency is a defined as the fraction of the heat supplied to a
thermodynamics cycle that is converted into work (Sta. Maria, 2008).
But and
Therefore,
Then,
Compression ratio =
The isentropic compression ratio is the compression ratio most commonly used.
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Example:
1. A Carnot power cycle operates on 2 lb of air between the limits of 70 and 500 . The
pressure at the beginning of isothermal; expansion is 400 psia and at the end of isothermal
expansions is 85 psig. Determine (a) the volume at the end of isothermal compression, (b)
during an isothermal process, (c) , (d) , (e) W, (f) e, (g) the ratio of expansion
during isothermal heating and the overall ratio of a expansion, and (h) the mean effective
pressure (Sta. Maria, 2008).
Give:
Point 1:
Point 2:
Point 3:
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Point 4:
(b)
(d)
Assessment Task 10
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Summary
References
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