IV - PROCESSES OF

IDEAL GASES

(ABE40) Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

 Review
Ideal gas
a hypothetical gas composed of molecules which follow a few
rules: Ideal gas molecules do not attract or repel each other.
An ideal gas is an imaginary substance that obeys the relation Pv = RT.
Characteristics of ideal gas
The volume of the gas molecules is negligible. In other words, the
volume is much smaller than the container’s volume.
The gas molecules are of equal size and do not interact.
The gas molecules move randomly and follow Newton’s law.
The collisions among the gas molecules are perfectly elastic without
any energy loss.
Ideal Gas Law
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation
of the state of a hypothetical ideal gas.
Reversible and Irreversible Process
The second law of thermodynamics states that no heat engine can
have an efficiency of 100 percent.
A reversible process is defined as a
process that can be reversed without
leaving any trace on the surroundings.
This is possible only if the net heat and
net work exchange between the system
and the surroundings is zero for the
combined (original and reverse) process.
Processes that are not reversible are
called irreversible processes.
Reversible processes actually do not occur
in nature. They are merely idealizations of
actual processes.
 Processes of ideal gas
There are five processes involved in any system
undergoing a change in a state for an ideal gas where it can
be nonflow for a closed system or steady flow for an open
system

1. Isometric or Isochoric Process (V=c)

2. Isobaric Process or Isopiestic Process (p=c)
3. Isothermal Process (T=c)
4. Isentropic Process or Adiabatic Process (s=c)
5. Polytropic Process (pVn=c)
 Constant Volume Process (V = c)
An Isometric or Isochoric process is a reversible
constant volume process. A constant volume process may
be reversible or irreversible. In this process, the working
substance is contained in a rigid vessel. The curve for an
isometric process is called an isomer or isochore.
(a) Relation between p and T.

(b) Nonflow work.

(c) The change of internal energy

(d) The heat transferred.

(e) The change of enthalpy.

(f) The change of entropy.

(g) Reversible steady flow constant volume.

(a)

(b)
(h) Irreversible nonflow constant volume process.

For reversible nonflow, Wn = 0.

For irreversible nonflow, Wn
Wn =nonflow work
Ws=steady flow work
 Sample Problem

There are 1.36 kgm of gas, for which R = 377 J/kgm.K

and k = 1.25, that undergo a nonflow constant volume
process from p1 = 551.6 kPa and t1= 60C to p2 = 1655
kPa. During the process the gas is internally stirred
and there are also added 105.5 kJ of heat. Determine
(a) t2, (b) the work input and (c) the change of
entropy.
 Constant Pressure (p = c)
An isobaric process is an internally reversible
process of a substance during which the pressure
remains constant. In this process, the boundary of
the system is inflexible as in a V=c process. The
curve for an isobaric process is called isobar
(a) Relation between V and T.

(b) Nonflow work

(c) The change of internal energy.

(d) The heat transferred.

(e) The change of enthalpy.

(f) The change of entropy.

(g) Steady flow isobaric

(a)

(b)
 Sample Problem
A certain gas, with cp=0.529 Btu/lb.R and R=96.2
ft.lb/lb.R, expands from 5 cu ft and 80F to 15 cu ft
while the pressure remains constant at 15.5 psia.
Compute (a) T2, (b) H, (c)U and (d) S. (e) For an
internally reversible nonflow process, what is the
work?
 Isothermal Process (T = c)
An isothermal process is an internally reversible
constant temperature process of a substance. The
curve for an isothermal process is called isotherm.
(a) Relation Between p and V

(b) Nonflow work

(c) The change in internal energy

(d) The heat transferred.

(e) The change of enthalpy.

(f) The change of entropy.

(g) Steady flow isothermal.
(a)

(b)
From
 Sample Problem
During an isothermal process at 88F, the pressure on 8
lb of air drops from 80 psia to 5 psiag. For an internally
reversible process, determine (a) the and the work of a
nonflow process, (b) the and the work of a steady flow
process during which (c) , (d) and , and (e) (R of air is
53.353 ft.lbf/lbm.R)
 Isentropic Process (S = c)
An isentropic process is a reversible adiabatic
process. Adiabatic simply means no heat. A reversible
adiabatic is one of constant entropy.
1. Relation among p, V, and T.
(a) Relation between p and V.

(b) Relation between T and V.

From , we have
 (c) Relation between T and p.

2. Nonflow work.

From

Integrating and simplifying,

3. The change of internal energy.

4. The heat transferred.

5. The change of enthalpy.

6. The change of entropy.

7. Steady flow isentropic.
(a)

(b)
Let

Integrating and simplifying,

 Sample Problem
An adiabatic expansion of air occurs through a nozzle
from 828 kPa and 71C to 138 kPa. The initial kinetic
energy is negligible. For an Isentropic expansion,
compute the specific volume, temperature and the
speed at the exit section. (R is 0.287 kJ/kg.K)
 Polytropic Process (pVn = c)
A polytropic process is an internally reversible
process during which

Where n is any constant.

1. Relation among p, V, and T
(a) Relation between p and V.

(b) Relation between T and V.

 (c) Relation between T and p.

2. Nonflow work

3. The change of internal energy

)
4. The heat transferred

)
)
)

, the polytropic specific heat

5. The change of enthalpy

6. The change of entropy

7. Steady flow polytropic

(a)

(b)
 Sample Problem
During a polytropic process, 10 lb of an ideal gas,
Whose R = 40 ft.lb/lb.R and cp=0.25 Btu/lb. R ,
changes state from 20 psia and 40 F to 120 psia and
340F. Determine (a) n, (b) U and H, (c) S, (d) Q, (e),
(f) . (g) If the process is steady flow during which ,
what is Ws? What is if Ws=0? (h) What is the work
for a nonflow process?
END