POWER SEMICONDUCTOR

SWITCHING
DMX5313

THE CONTENT EXTRACTED FROM THE DMX 5313-POWER ELCTRONICS AND MOTOR DRIVES
NOTE SET-BY R.M.P.M.D RATHNAYAKE

DMX 5313
 oduc io
ha ac e is ics of a deal Swi ch
ha ac e is ics of a Real Swi ch
o duc io Losses
Swi chi g Losses
Swi chi g Losses – Resis ive Loads (R)
Swi chi g Losses – duc ive Loads (L)
Swi chi g Losses – (R-L)
S ubbe i cui s
Hea Si k fo PS Devices

DMX 5313
TRODUCT O

2
 DMX 5313
TRODUCT O

(a) leme a y M SF d ive ci cui ;

(b) Double emi e -followe d ive ci cui ;
(c) d ive wi h double emi e -followe buffe .

DMX 5313

he selec io of a powe device fo a pa icula

applica io depe ds o o ly o he equi ed vol age
a d cu e levels bu also o i s swi chi g
cha ac e is ics.

Swi chi g speeds a d he associa ed powe losses

a e ve y impo a i powe elec o ics ci cui s.

BJ swi chi g imes may be a mag i ude la ge

ha hose fo he M SF .
 DMX 5313

DEAL SW TCH

DMX 5313
TRODUCT O

4
 DMX 5313
TRODUCT O

A ideal swi ch, whe o , will ca y a y cu e i

a y di ec io .

Whe off: i will eve ca y cu e , o ma e

wha vol age is applied. is e i ely lossless, a d
cha ges f om i s o s a e o i s off s a e
i s a a eously.

DMX 5313
TRODUCT O

Powe loss i he semico duc o swi ch = x

Fo a ideal powe semico duc o device du i g he

off-s a e = x =0 => 0 2
 DMX 5313

DMX 5313

REAL SW TCH
 DMX 5313
A eal swi ch ca o ly app oxima e a ideal swi ch.

limi s o he amou a d di ec io of o s a e
cu e

a o ze o o -s a e vol age d op (such as a diode

fo wa d vol age)

some level of leakage cu e whe he device

is supposed o be off

limi a io s o he vol age ha ca be applied

whe off; a d ope a i g speed. he ime of
a si io be wee he o a d off s a es ca
be impo a .

REAL SW TCH

eal powe semico duc o swi ches, powe losses

do ake place a d he mai wo sou ces of powe
loss a e:

CO DUCT O ( ) loss a d SW TCH G loss

 CO DUCT O & SW TCH G LOSS DMX 5313

h ng
u en , vo ge nd
po e vefo m
7

CO DUCT O & SW TCH G LOSS DMX 5313

Mi imizi g powe losses i elec o ic swi ches is a

impo a objec ive whe desig i g powe
elec o ics ci cui s.

-s a e powe losses:

occu because he vol age ac oss a co duc i g swi ch

is o ze o.
Swi chi g losses powe losses:

occu because a device does o make a a si io f om

o e s a e o he o he i s a a eously,
A d swi chi g losses i ma y co ve e s a e la ge ha
o -s a e losses.
 CO DUCT O LOSS DMX 5313

Whe he powe semico duc o device is off as

show i Fig. 6(a), he powe loss ac oss he
device is give by
= x leak 4

Fo a swi ch epea edly u ed o a d off, he

ave age powe loss du i g he off s a e is give
by

avg = x leak x t /T 5
whe e: T – ime pe iod of o e comple e elec ical
cycle a d t – ime pe iod i o e elec ical cycle fo
which he a sis o is off.

CO DUCT O LOSS
Leakage cu e is ve y small (of he o de of few
hu d ed μA) ha he powe loss du i g he off s a e
is almos ze o a d he ce, ca be eglec ed.

Al e a ively, whe he powe Semico duc o device

o , a small vol age called o -s a e vol age n CE Sat
i Fig.6(b) d ops ac oss he swi ch.
f we assume ha he o -s a e cu e h ough he
device is n, he he ave age co duc io loss due o
he o -s a e vol age d op is give by (6)

n avg = n x n x t n/T 6
whe e: t n – ime pe iod i o e elec ical cycle fo which
he a sis o is o . o mally, is much small
i compa iso wi h n a d he efo e, ca be
eglec ed.
 DMX 5313
Exampl - 0

DMX 5313

Sol t on:
 DMX 5313
Exampl - 02

Sol t on:

SW TCH G LOSSES

Besides, he co duc io loss, a eal powe

semico duc o swi ch also has he swi chi g losses,
because he device ca o be swi ched o o off
i s a a eously.

A eal powe semico duc o swi ch akes a fi i e ime

(o de of few μ ) o swi ch o , t w n a d swi ch off
tw .

hese swi chi g imes o o ly i oduce powe losses

bu also limi he swi chi g f eque cy of he device.
SW TCH G LOSSES RES ST VE LOADS DMX 5313

9 A ypical a sis o swi chi g ci cui i co po a i g a

esis ive load

SW TCH G LOSSES RES ST VE LOADS DMX 5313

SW TCH G LOSSES RES ST VE LOADS DMX 5313

SW TCH G LOSSES RES ST VE LOADS DMX 5313

0
 SW TCH G LOSSES RES ST VE LOADS DMX 5313

he u -o a d u -off e e gy losses i a eal swi ch

du i g swi chi g ca be calcula ed by

(7)

whe co side i g a a sis o swi ch, he ;

(8)

SW TCH G LOSSES DUR G TUR -O DMX 5313

Du i g u -o we have

a d (9)

e gy loss du i g u -o
 SW TCH G LOSSES DUR G TUR -O DMX 5313

J (10)

he ave age powe loss du i g u -o is

wa s (11)

SW TCH G LOSSES DUR G TUR -O DMX 5313

Du i g u -off we have

-
a d +1) (12)

e gy loss du i g u -off
 SW TCH G LOSSES DUR G TUR -O DMX 5313

J (13)

he ave age powe loss du i g u -off is

wa s (14)

DMX 5313
SW TCH G LOSSES DUR G TUR -O & TUR -O

he o al e e gy loss du i g swi chi g i o e cycle is

give by

joule (15)
6
he ave age powe dissipa io i he swi ch ove o e
Swi chi g cycle is

× Wa s (16)
6
 DMX 5313
Exampl - 03

Sol t on:

DMX 5313
Exampl - 04
 DMX 5313

DMX 5313
Sol t on:
 ca be see f om he example ha a low f eque cy
he o -s a e powe loss is he majo pa of he o al
loss.

Howeve , whe he swi chi g f eque cy is i c eased, i

is he swi chi g losses (98.94%) hose become he
majo pa of he o al loss.

Mo eove , due o he i c ease i he f eque cy he

ave age powe dissipa io also i c eases sig ifica ly
(1895 W).

he efo e, ca e mus ake i selec i g devices fo

high f eque cy ope a io s.

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

 SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

duc ive load

Resis ive load

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

Whe he swi ch is o full cu e 0 flows h ough he

swi ch a d he diode is eve se biased.

Whe he swi ch is off 0 flows h ough he diode a d

he full i pu vol age c o d appea s ac oss he
swi ch.

Le be he swi chi g f eque cy a d = /T

where, T be he swi chi g ime pe iod.
 SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

u e build up co sis s of a sho ime delay td n a d

followed by a cu e ise ime tri .

ly af e he full 0 flows h ough he swi ch he

diode becomes eve se biased a d he vol age s a s o
fall wi h a vol age fall ime of t v .

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

 SW TCH G LOSSES DUCT VE LOADS DMX 5313

mpo a obse va io s f om eq . (23) a e ha is

directly pr p rti nal o a d t w n + t w .

Devices wi h sho t w n a dt w a e desi able.

Ave age powe loss du i g he o -s a e is:

(24)

hus, n should be made as small as possible.

o al ave age powe dissipa io , T

(25)

COMPAR SO O SW TCH G LOSS OR DMX 5313

RES ST VE & DUCT VE LOADS

duc ive swi chi g e e gy loss is almos three time

higher ha ha wi h esis ive load.

(joule)

(joule) (26)

Maximum powe loss expe ie ced by he device du i g

swi chi g fo a i duc ive load is ur time higher ha
ha expe ie ced wi h he esis ive load.

(wa s)

(wa s) (27)
Af e goi g h ough he above discussio s we would like
o eph ase he desi ed cha ac e is ics of a
co ollable swi ch as:

- Small leakage cu e i he off-s a e

- Small o -sa e vol age d op n o mi imize o -s a e powe losses

- Sho u -o a d u -off ime

- La ge fo wa d a d eve se vol age blocki g capabili y

- High o -s a e cu e a i g o avoid pa allel co ec io s

- Posi ive empe a u e coefficie of o -s a e esis a ce

- Small co ol powe equi ed o swi ch he device o o off

- apabili y o wi hs a d a ed vol age a d cu e simul a eously

while swi chi g so as elimi a e he eed fo s ubbe ci cui

- La ge dv/dt a d di/dt wi hs a di g capabili y

S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

 S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Sig ifica powe loss akes place i powe

semico duc o devices du i g swi chi g

S ubbe ci cui s ca be used o educe swi chi g

s esses o safe levels:

- Limi i g vol age applied o devices du i g u -off

a sie
- Limi i g device cu e du i g u -o a sie
- Limi i g a e of ise cu e di/dt h ough he
device u -o
- Limi i g he a e of ise vol age dv/dt du i g
device u -off
- Shapi g of swi chi g ajec o ies of he device

S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

dealized
swi chi g
c
Loci
L5 L t4
t5
L2
u -off
0 t0
t
d Cd u -o
L3

t3
L4 t2
d ce

Figu e 13.a. S ep-dow co ve e ci cui Figu e 13.b. associa ed swi chi g

wi h s ay i duc a ce show ajec o y a d
explici ly wi h

whe e: …
 S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

t0 t t2 t3 t4 t5

Figu e 13.c. device cu e a d vol age wavefo ms du i g u -o a d u -off.

S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

(b)

(a) (c)
Figu e 14 flue ce of s ubbe o swi chi g device wavefo ms.
(a) S ubbe ci cui (b) Swi chi g device wavefo m du i g u -o
(c) Swi chi g device wavefo m du i g u -off
 S UBBER C RCU TS
Du i g u -o , a e of ise of he cu e is much
fas e ha he a e a which he vol age falls
(Fig 14.(b)).
Du i g u -off, a e a which vol age ises is much
fas e ha he a e a which he cu e falls
(Fig. 14.(c))
his causes he swi chi g losses o be sig ifica a d
ma y esul s i he des uc io of he device due o
ove hea i g.
f he a e of ise of he cu e du i g u -o a d he
a e of ise of vol age du i g u -off ca be slowed
dow he powe dissipa io ca be mi imized.
his ca be achieved by usi g u -o a d u -off s ubbe
ci cui .

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

u -o s ubbe s p o ec he device
f om simul a eously high vol age a d
cu e du i g u -o .

As wi h he u off s ubbe , he
pu pose of he u -o s ubbe is o
modify he vol age-cu e
wavefo ms o educe powe loss.

A i duc o i se ies wi h he
a sis o slows he a e of cu e
ise a d ca educe he ove lap of
high cu e a d high vol age. A u -
o s ubbe is show i Fig. 15.a
Figu e 15.a u -o S ubbe ci cui
 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

A i duc o i se ies wi h he
v ic powe semico duc o device
slows dow he a e of ise of
he cu e a d educes he
device swi chi g loss du i g
vce u -o

ime
t t2

Figu e 15.b u -o S ubbe ci cui wavefo m

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

ℎ L la ge
ic
vce

ℎ
d

Figu e 15.c he a sis o Figu e 15.d. fo la ge values of

vol age a d cu e wavefo ms
fo small values of a d

whe e: tri : cu e ise- ime,

trr : eve se- ecove y ime
 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Du i g 0 ≤ ≤ , cu e h ough he device ises

a d he f eewheel diode D co duc s o p ovide he
o al load cu e .
F om fig 15.b. wavefo m du i g he pe iod 0 ≤ ≤

ic 1− (28)
v
− V− 1− (29)

vce
−→ (30)
ime
t t2 Subs i u i g fo f om (29) i (30)
Figu e 15.b u -o S ubbe
(31)
ci cui wavefo m

DMX 5313
Du i g 0 ≪ ≪ ,

∫ (32)
Swi chi g loss du i g u -o :

2
×
2
−
3 4
(33)

he i duc o e e gy is give by
1 (34)
2 4

he o al loss is give by
−
2 (35)
2 3 2

a d he o al loss will be mi imum whe

 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Load ime
t t2

Figu e 16 u -off S ubbe ci cui

Du i g u -off, decay of cu e is slowe ha he

a e of ise of vol age ac oss he device. his causes
s ess fo he device a d esul s i i c eased
swi chi g loss.

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Du i g u -off, e e gy s o ed i he i duc o is
dissipa ed as hea i he s ubbe f eewheeli g diode.

Addi io al se ies esis a ce R ca be added o solve

he p oblem of la ge e e gy dissipa i g ime co s a .

is ecessa y ha he powe semico duc o device

mus have a mi imum u -off ime of

5 (36)
 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Figu e 17.(a) u -off S ubbe ci cui Figu e 17.(b) quivale ci cui

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Figu e 17.(c) u -off S ubbe ci cui wavefo ms

 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

Figu e 17.(d) Swi chi g ajec o ies du i g u -off fo va ious values

of s ubbe capaci a ce C .

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

A s ubbe capaci o C ac oss he swi ch (as show fig.

16) delays he a e of ise of vol age he eby educes
swi chi g loss i he device.

Du i g he pe iod 0 ≤ ≤ ,

1−

− (37)
ime
t t2
Af e t > t , vc = a d fo wa d
biases he load f eewheeli g diode which s a s o
co duc a d he capaci o vol age is held a .
 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

A t = t he cha ge o he capaci o is q = C a d
f om he exp essio fo icap f om (37) we have

→ (38)
2

Du i g he pe iod 0 ≤ ≤

1
→ (39)

Swi chi g losses du i g u -off:

2 (40)
× → −
2 3 4

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

apaci o s o ed e e gy

1
(41)
2 4

o al e e gy loss:
2
− (42)
2 3 2

is mi imum whe t = 2/3 t2 (de ive i you self.)

 TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

As he s ubbe capaci a ce C i c eases, he

semico duc o swi chi g loss is p og essively educed,
howeve , a he expe se of i c eased s ubbe
associa ed loss.
S ubbe o o ly educes he o al loss howeve ,
because he loss is dis ibu ed be wee he powe
device a d he esis o effec ive hea dissipa io is
achieved.
he capaci o s o ed e e gy is emoved a u -o a d
mai ly dissipa ed as hea i he s ubbe esis o a d
powe device i self.
he powe a i g of he s ubbe esis a ce ca be
de e mi ed as: 1
wa s (43)
2

TUR -O S UBBER C RCU TS DMX 5313

he choice of he s ubbe esis o value is gove ed

by wo fac o s:

- o e su e p ope capaci o discha ge,

5 (44)

- i i ial capaci o discha ge cu e /R is added o

he load cu e a u -o

Use of s ubbe ci cui is mul ipu pose as hey a e used

fo p o ec io , fo shapi g he vol age a d cu e
wavefo ms fo allevia i g he a sie ove shoo s.

Fo fas swi chi g applica io s e e gy s o ed i he s ubbe

capaci o a d i duc o which is subseque ly was ed as hea
dissipa ed ac oss he s ubbe esis o ca be sig ifica ;
modified ci cui s a e available o ecove pa o all of he s o ed
e e gy fo efficie usage.
DMX 5313

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DMX 5313

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 DMX 5313

HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Figu e 18 Powe a sis o s mou ed o hea si ks

Powe loss i s a ic powe semico duc o devices causes

he ju c io empe a u e o ise.

he e e gy mus be emoved a d dissipa ed o he

su ou di g ai o keep he device ju c io empe a u e
below he maximum allowable limi .
 HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Hea a sfe ca be ca ied ou by

- o duc io
- o vec io a d
- Radia io

co duc io as well as i co vec io hea a sfe is

li ea ly depe de o he empe a u e diffe e ce
be wee he wo su faces.

HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Figu e 19 A isola ed ec a gula od ha co duc s

wa s of hea e e gy pe u i ime.

e gy flow pe u i ime ( ha is powe )

Δ
 HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Δ
(45)

− , A - c oss-sec io al a ea i m2, d – le g h i m,
– he mal co duc ivi y i .

he he mal esis a ce
Δ
, (46)

HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Figu e 20.a.

S eady-s a e
hea flow a d he mal
Resis a ce i a mul iple laye
s uc u e i cludi g a
hea si k

Figu e 20.b.

A equivale ci cui
based o he mal
esis a
 HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

f e hea flows f om he ju c io o ambie

h ough seve al diffe e ma e ials.

o al he mal esis a ce f om ju c io - o-ambie

(47)

keepi g Tj wi hi limi is he joi espo sibili y

of device ma ufac u e a d device use .
Ma ufac u e mi imize s , use mus ake ca e o
mi imize .

is k ow f om device da a-shee s a d
depe ds o he mal compou d a d i sula o s (if used)

HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Fo a give powe loss a d k owi g Tj max n a d Ta ,

ca be calcula ed.

, − ,
− − (48)

K owi g a sui able hea si k ca be chose f om

he available hea si ks.
 HEAT S K OR PS DEV CES DMX 5313

Figu e 20.c. A selec io of available hea si ks