See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/322144169

Lecture note on modern geometry

Book · March 2016

CITATIONS READS
0 18,913

1 author:

Temesgen Desta Leta

Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology
24 PUBLICATIONS   73 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

Graph Theory View project

Functional analysis, differential geometry View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Temesgen Desta Leta on 30 December 2017.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 LECTURE NOTE ON MODERN GEOMETRY

MODULE CODE: Math-M2051 ; MODULE ECTS: 10

COURSE NAME: FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOMETRY

COURSE CODE: Math2051

COURSE ECTS: 5

Temesgen Desta Leta (PhD)

November, 2017
Department of Mathematics,
Zhejiang Normal University,
Jinhua, Zhejiang; 321004; P. R. China
 INTRODUCTION TO THE MODULE
This module constituting of two courses. These are fundamentals of Geometry and trans-
formations with module code Math-M2051and ECTS of 10. The competency of the module are
-to relate various types of elementary geometry concepts from an advanced standpoint.
-to perform advanced mathematical proofs in subsequent courses.
-to interplay between transformation and geometry.
-to treats various transformation in Affine spaces.
-to have basic foundation in differential, projective and other advanced geometries.

This module covers absolute geometry, Euclidean geometry and its consistency, Hyperbolic
geometry and its consistency; group of transformations, Affine Geometry, orthogonal
transformations, orientation preserving transformations, representation of orthogonal
transformations, similarity transformations, Affine transformations, and projective
transformations.

The objectives of the module are to enable students to:

- understand the basic notions in different types of geometry,
- apply concepts of algebraic geometry in Euclidian and hyperbolic geometry,
- develop skills in mathematical proofs,
- understand the basic properties of similarity, orthogonal and affine transformations,
- understand the relationship between affine transformations and linear mappings

The teaching learning methods to offer the module are Lecture method; Question and answering;
Problem solving; Discussion and presentation in small group; Reading assignment. After
completion of the desired objectives an instructor may give students Tests; Quiz; Take-Home
Exam; Group Work; Assignment (Group/individual); Presentation as formative assessment;
Final Examination as summative assessment.
 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
This course is a part and parcel of the module Modern geometry with course code of Math-
M2051. The objective of the course is to enable students
 to understand the basic notions in absolute geometry,
 to apply concepts of algebraic geometry in Euclidian and hyperbolic geometry,
 to apply the distance function and related concepts to prove the congruence between
triangles,
 to understand the basic axioms of Euclidian geometry and its consistency,
 to apply axioms and theorems to solve different problems;
 to understand the basic axioms and unique properties of hyperbolic geometry and its
consistency;
 to understand The Poincare Model;
This course contains five chapters. The first two units discuss about Absolute Geometry and
Euclidean Geometry. The goal of these units is to teach the concept of Axioms of incidence,
distance functions and the ruler postulate, the axiom of betweenness, plane separation postulate,
angular measure, congruence between triangles, geometric inequalities, sufficient conditions for
parallelism, Saccheri quadrilaterals, the angle-sum inequality for triangles, the critical function
and pen triangles and critically parallel rays; Parallel postulate and some consequences, the
Euclidean parallel projections, the basic similarity theorem, similarity between triangles, the
Pythagorean theorem and equivalent forms of the parallel postulate.
The next two units discuss about Hyperbolic Geometry and Consistency of Hyperbolic Geometry.
The aim of these units is to teach the Poincare model, the hyperbolic parallel postulate, closed
triangles and angle sum and the defect of a triangle and the collapse of similarity theorem,
inversion of a punctured plane, cross ratio and inversion, angular measure and inversion,
reflection across L-line in the Poincare model, uniqueness of the L-lines through two points and
the ruler postulate; betweenness: Plane separation and angular measure.

2
The last unit discusses about Consistency of Euclidean Geometry. The aim of this unit is to teach
the coordinate plane and isometries, the ruler postulate, incidence and parallelism, translations
and rotations, plane separation postulate and Angle congruence.

welcome for your suggestions. We suggest that be given as a reading assignment. We also
suggest that 14, 10, 7, 6 and 6 periods be allocated to unit 1, unit 2, unit 3, unit 4 and unit 5
respectively.

3
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION TO THE MODULE ................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE .................................................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER I: ABSOLUTE GEOMETRY ............................................................................................................... 7

1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 7

1.2 Axioms of Incidence (Connection) ...................................................................................................... 8

1.3 Distance Functions and the Ruler Postulate ..................................................................................... 11

1.4. The Axiom of betweenness .............................................................................................................. 19

1.5 The Plane Separation Postulate ...................................................................................................... 24

1.6 Angular Measures ............................................................................................................................. 27

1.7 Axioms of Congruence ................................................................................................................. 30

1.8 Congruence between triangles ........................................................................................................ 32

1.9 Geometric Inequalities ..................................................................................................................... 41

1.10 Sufficient Conditions for Parallelism .............................................................................................. 49

1.11 Saccheri Quadrilaterals ................................................................................................................... 52

1.12 The Angle-Sum Inequality for Triangles .......................................................................................... 61

1.13 The Critical Function ....................................................................................................................... 68

1.14 Open Triangles and Critically Parallel Rays ................................................................................... 74

CHAPTER TWO: Euclidean Geometry.......................................................................................................... 82

2.1 Euclidean parallel postulate and some consequences ..................................................................... 82

2.2 Equivalent form of the Euclidean parallel postulate ........................................................................ 86

2.3 Euclidean Parallel Projection ............................................................................................................ 90

2.4 Basic similarity Theorem ................................................................................................................... 95

2.5 Similarities between Triangles ........................................................................................................ 100

4
 2.6 Pythagorean Theorem .................................................................................................................... 108

CHAPTER THREE: Hyperbolic Geometry................................................................................................... 115

3.1. The Poincare Model ....................................................................................................................... 116

3.2. The Hyperbolic Parallel Postulate .................................................................................................. 120

3.3. Closed triangles and angle Sum ..................................................................................................... 122

3.4. The defect of a triangle and the collapse of similarity Theory ...................................................... 127

CHAPTER FOUR: Consistency of the hyperbolic geometry ....................................................................... 132

4.1. Inversions of a Punctured Plane .................................................................................................... 132

4.2. Cross Ratio and Inversions ............................................................................................................. 137

4.3. Angular Measure and Inversions ................................................................................................... 139

4.4. Reflections across L-Lines in the Poincare Model .......................................................................... 143

4.5. Uniqueness of the L-line Through Two Points ............................................................................... 146

4.6. The Ruler Postulate; betweenness: Plane Separation and angular measure ................................ 148

CHAPTER FIVE: The Consistency of Euclidean Geometry......................................................................... 154

5.1. The Coordinate Plane and Isometries ............................................................................................ 154

5.2 The Ruler Postulate ......................................................................................................................... 155

5.3. Incidence and Parallelism .............................................................................................................. 158

5.4 Translations and Rotations ............................................................................................................. 160

5.5. Plane Separation ........................................................................................................................... 165

5.6. Angle Congruence .......................................................................................................................... 169

Reference .................................................................................................................................................. 177

Appendex .................................................................................................................................................. 178

View publication stats