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Contents
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'11\ Chemical Equilibrium

.,. Unit 39 An introduction to chemical equilibrium 2

39.1 Irreversible and reversible reactions 2
39.2 Equilibrium 4
39.3 Chemical equilibrium for a reversible reaction 4
39.4 The importance of a closed system 7
39.S Equilibrium attained from either direction of a reaction 8
39.6 Effect of changing conditions on chemical equilibrium systems 9
39.7 Characteristics of a system in dynamic equilibrium 10
39.8 The equilibrium constant 11
39.9 The equilibrium law 12
39.10 Calculating equilibrium constants 14
39.11 What does the equilibrium constant tell us? 17
39.12 Determining the equilibrium constant for an esterification
reaction experimentally 23
Have you mastered? 27
Un it Exercise 30

Unit 40 Factors affecting chemical equilibrium systems 36

40.1 Position of equ il ibrium 36
40.2 Effect of changing conditions on systems in equilibrium 36
40.3 The effect of concentration changes on chemical equilibrium
~mm 37
40.4 Predicting the shift in equilibrium position using the reaction
q uotient, Q, 44
40.S Effect of pressure changes on chemical equilibrium systems 45
40.6 Effect of temperature changes on chemical equilibrium
systems 52
40.7 Applying principles of equilibria and reaction rates to the
Haber process 58
40.8 Linking equilibria together 63
Have you mastered? 6S
Unit Exercise 69

Topic Exercise 79

Index 87
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'11. Chemical Equilibrium
Unit 39 An introduction to chemical equilibrium

39.1 Irreversible and reversible reactions

39.2 Equilibrium
39.3 Chemical equilibrium for a reversible reaction 4
39.4 The importance of a closed system 7
39.S Equilibrium attained from either direction of a reaction 8
39.6 Effect of changing conditions on chemical equilibrium systems 9
39.7 Characteristics of a system in dynamic equilibrium 10
39.8 The equilibrium constant 11
39.9 The equilibrium law 12
39.10 Calculating equilibrium constants 14
39.11 What does the equilibrium constant tell us? 17
39.12 Determining the equilibrium constant for an esterification reaction
experimentally 23
Have you mastered? 27

Unit Exercise 30

Unit 40 Factors affecting chemical equilibrium systems 36

40.1 Position of equilibrium 36

40.2 Effect of changing conditions on systems in equilibrium 36
40.3 The effect of concentration changes on chemical equilibrium 37

'11. Chemical Equilibrium 1

 40.4 Predicting the shift in equilibrium position using the reaction quotient, Q,
44
40.S Effect of pressure changes on chemical equilibrium systems 45
40.6 Effect of temperature changes on chemical equilibrium systems 52
40.7 Applying principles of equilibria and reaction rates to the Haber process
58
40.8 Linking equilibria together
Have you mastered?

Unit Exercise
Topic Exercise 79
Index 87

'11. Chemical Equilibrium 2