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~• Contents

- ~- Chemistry of Carbon Compounds

Gb Unit 29 Naming and physical properties of carbon compounds 2

29.1 Functional groups: centre of reactivity 2
29.2 Naming alkanes and alkenes 4
29.3 The IUPAC rules of naming carbon compounds 5
29.4 Naming haloalkanes 8
29.5 Naming alcohols 10
29.6 Naming aldehydes and ketones 13
29.7 Naming carboxylic acids 15
29.8 Naming esters 17
29.9 Naming amides 19
29.10 Naming amines 20
29.11 Intermolecular forces and physical properties of carbon
compounds 21
29.12 Physical properties of haloalkanes 21
29.13 Physical properties of alcohols 22
29.14 Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones 25
29.15 Physical properties of carboxylic acids 26
29.16 Physical properties of esters 29
29.17 Physical properties of amides 31
29.18 Physical properties of amines 32
29.19 Common names of carbon compounds 35
Have you mastered? 37
Unit Exercise 41
Unit 30 Isomerism 47
30.1 Isomerism 47
30.2 Structural isomerism 48
30.3 Cis-tmns isomerism 53
30.4 Chirality 55
30.5 Enantiomers 56
30.6 Test for chirality - plane of symmetry 59
30.7 Distinguishing the enantiomers of a chiral compound 61
Have you mastered? 65
Unit Exercise 69

Unit 31 Typical reactions of selected functional groups 77

31. 1 Introduction 77
31.2 Important reactions of alkanes 78
31.3 Addition reactions of alkenes 79
31.4 Substitution reactions of haloalkanes 85
31.5 Reactions of alcohols 86
31.6 Reactions of aldehydes and ketones 104
31.7 Reactions of carboxylic acids 108
31.8 Hydrolysis of esters 114
31.9 Hydrolysis of amides 116
Have you mastered? 118
Unit Exercise 124
Unit 32 Synthesis of carbon compounds 135
32.1 Planning a synthesis 135
32.2 Two-step synthetic routes 138
32.3 More complicated synthetic routes 141
32.4 Laboratory preparation of simple carbon compounds 143
32.5 Common separation and purification methods in carbon
compound preparations 144
32.6 Preparing 1-bromobutane in the laboratory 148
Have you mastered? 157
Unit Exercise 162

Unit 33 Important organic substances 172

33.1 Introduction 172
33.2 Aspirin - a common painkiller 172
33.3 Detergents 174
33.4 How do detergents help water to clean? 175
33.5 The wetting and emulsifying properties of detergen ts in
relation to their structures 177
33.6 The cleansing action of detergents 178
33.7 Making soaps and soapless detergents 180
33.8 Fats and oils 182
33.9 Polyesters 186
33.10 Nylon 191
Have you mastered? 196
Unit Exercise 200

Topic Exercise 207

Index 216
 🔩
'08. Chemistry of Carbon
Compounds
Unit 29 Naming and physical properties of carbon compounds
29.1 Functional groups: centre of reactivity
29.2 Naming alkanes and alkenes
29.3 The IUPAC rules of naming carbon compounds
29.4 Naming haloalkanes
29.5 Naming alcohols
29.6 Naming aldehydes and ketones
29.7 Naming carboxylic acids
29.8 Naming esters
29.9 Naming amides
29.10 Naming amines
29.11 Intermolecular forces and physical properties of carbon compounds
29.12 Physical properties of haloalkanes
29.13 Physical properties of alcohols
29.14 Physical properties of aldehydes and ketones
29.15 Physical properties of carboxylic acids
29.16 Physical properties of esters
29.17 Physical properties of amides
29.18 Physical properties of amines

'08. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds 1

 29.19 Common names of carbon compounds
Have you mastered?

Unit Exercise

Unit 30 Isomerism

30.1 Isomerism
30.2 Structural isomerism
30.3 Cis-tmns isomerism
30.4 Chirality
30.5 Enantiomers
30.6 Test for chirality - plane of symmetry
30.7 Distinguishing the enantiomers of a chiral compound Have you
mastered?

Unit Exercise

Unit 31 Typical reactions of selected functional groups

31.2 Important reactions of alkanes

31.3 Addition reactions of alkenes
31.4 Substitution reactions of haloalkanes
31.5 Reactions of alcohols
31.6 Reactions of aldehydes and ketones
31.7 Reactions of carboxylic acids
31.8 Hydrolysis of esters
31.9 Hydrolysis of amides
Have you mastered?

Unit Exercise

Unit 32 Synthesis of carbon compounds

32.1 Planning a synthesis

32.2 Two-step synthetic routes
32.3 More complicated synthetic routes
32.4 Laboratory preparation of simple carbon compounds 143
32.5 Common separation and purification methods in carbon compound
preparations 144
32.6 Preparing 1-bromobutane in the laboratory 148
Have you mastered? 157

Unit Exercise 162

'08. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds 2

 Unit 33 Important organic substances 172

33.1 Introduction 172

33.2 Aspirin - a common painkiller 172
33.3 Detergents 174
33.4 How do detergents help water to clean? 175
33.5 The wetting and emulsifying properties of detergents in relation to their
structures 177
33.6 The cleansing action of detergents 178
33.7 Making soaps and soapless detergents 180
33.8 Fats and oils 182
33.9 Polyesters 186
33.10 Nylon 191
Have you mastered? 196

Unit Exercise 200

Topic Exercise 207
Index 216

'08. Chemistry of Carbon Compounds 3