Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations

Foundation Engineering Engr. Randy G.
Policarpio MSCE
Lecture 4:
Immediate Settlement
Tarlac State University

Civil Engineering Department
Foundation Engineering Engr. Randy G. Policarpio MSCE
Introduction
The settlement of a shallow foundation are divided into two
categories:
1. Immediate or elastic settlement of a foundation takes place during or
immediately after the construction of the structure, or those which take
place as the load is applied or within a time period of about 7 days.
2. Consolidation settlement or those which are time-dependent and
taking months to years to develop. For extreme case principal settlements
for most projects occur in 1 to 5 years.

Introduction
Components of Settlement
The total settlement of a foundation is composed of three components:
𝛿 = 𝛿𝑖 + 𝛿𝑐 + 𝛿𝑠
where:
𝛿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛿𝑖 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛿𝑐 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝛿𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (creep)
Secondary settlement occurs after the completion of primary consolidation and

caused by slippage and reorientation of soil particles under a sustained load.
This component of settlement is important in organic soils such as peat.

Immediate settlement analysis are used for all fine-grained soils including silts
and clays with a degree of saturation 𝑆 > 90 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 and for all coarse-grained
soils with a large coefficient of permeability.
Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
In a layered soil, the total settlement may be obtained by the summation of the
vertical strains in each layer, whence generally…
1
𝛿𝑧 = ෍ 𝜎 − 𝜈′𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈′𝜎𝑦 𝛿ℎ
𝐸′ 𝑧
𝑛
where: 𝛿𝑧 − 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐸′ − 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝜈′ − 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑛′ 𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝜎𝑧 , 𝜎𝑥 , 𝜎𝑦 − 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝛿ℎ − 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟
𝐸 ′ , 𝜈 ′ − 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
For a reasonably homogeneous soil profile, the stresses may be computed from
the foundation pressure q, and foundation dimension B, so that
𝑞. 𝐵. 𝐼
𝛿𝑧 =
𝐸′
where: 𝐵 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐼 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑦
For a clay soil rapidly loaded, low permeability of the soil retards drainage of
water out of the pores and the clay deforms in the undrained or constant volume
mode. Hence…
𝑞. 𝐵. 𝐼𝑢
𝛿𝑖 = 𝛿𝑢 =
𝐸𝑢
where the subscript u stands for the undrained condition
For a sand soil gradually loaded, high permeability of the soil allows drainage of
water out of the pores and the sand deforms in the drained mode. Hence…
𝑞. 𝐵. 𝐼𝑑
𝛿𝑖 = 𝛿𝑑 =
𝐸𝑑
where the subscript d stands for the drained condition
Influence Coefficient, I may be obtained from
1. Formulas (Point Loading)
2. Charts and tables
3. Approximate Methods
1. Formula: Boussinesq’s Equations

The change in stress is given by
𝑄 3 𝑄
∆𝜎𝑣 = 2 5 = 2 𝐼𝐵
𝑧 𝑧
𝑟 2 2
2𝜋 1 +
𝑧
where:
𝑄 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑟 − ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑧 − 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ

2. Formula: Westergaard Equations
The Westergaard equation is given by
𝑄 𝑎 𝑄
∆𝜎𝑣 = 2 5 = 2 𝐼𝑊
𝑧 2 2 𝑧
𝑟
2𝜋 𝑎 +
𝑧
1 − 2𝜐
𝑎=
2 − −2𝜐
where:
𝑄 − 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑟 − ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑧 − 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ
NOTE: 𝐼𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝑊 not directly used since foundation loadings are not point
loadings.

Δ𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

2. Design Charts for Estimating Immediate Settlements



Probably the most useful chart is that given by Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli (1956) and shown in
Fig. 3.6. The chart provides estimates of the average immediate settlement of uniformly loaded,
flexible areas of strip, either rectangular or circular in shape. The average settlements are obtained
from equation for undrained condition putting 𝐼𝑢 = 𝜇0 𝜇1

For heterogeneous elastic soil, the following charts may be of used….

Computation Of Immediate Settlements
Problem Encountered:
1. Availability of Charts/Tables
2. Where to get 𝐸𝑢 𝑜𝑟 𝐸𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝐸 ?
3. How to treat heterogeneity of soil profile in settlement computation?
4. Which to use?
Determination of Elastic Modulus, E
1. Unconfined Compression Test (highly conservative)
2. Triaxial Compression Test ( OK but… UU,CU, CD? )
3. In-Situ Test
a. SPT (E ia a function of N see Bowles p266)
b. CPT (E is a function of Cr see Bowles p266)
c. Plate Load Test (OK but limited depth)
4. Others (Pressuremeter – Eh is measured)

Fig. 3.11 Moduli determined

from triaxial tests on 38 mm
and 98 mm diameter
specimens, and from 865 mm
diameter plate tests on London
clay at Chelsea, after Marsland
(1971 (c))

It has been suggested that a more realistic determination of 𝐸𝑢 will be obtained
if:
• Samples are reconsolidated under a stress system equal to that existing in
the field.
• Samples are reconsolidated isotropically to a stress equal to 1Τ2 𝑡𝑜 2Τ3 of
the in-situ vertical stress.
The Effects of Heterogeneity and anisotropy

1. The use of an average value of 𝐸𝑢 may with experienced give a reasonable
estimate of the average initial settlement of a structure.
2. The effect of heterogeneity and anisotropy must taken into account if we
want to determine the initial deflected shape of the soil strata.


Problem:
Consider example given in Fig.3.7. Determine the total settlements from layer 1
to layer 3 using chart given by Janbu, Bjerrum and Kjaernsli.

Solution:
For layer 1:
The compression of layer 1 if it had a rigid base
𝑞𝐵𝐼𝑢
𝛿𝑢 =
𝐸𝑢
Referring to Fig.3.6.
𝐼𝑢 = 𝜇0 𝜇1
𝑞𝐵
𝛿 1 20 = 𝜇0 𝜇1
𝐸1
𝐷 = 3𝑚, 𝐵 = 10𝑚, 𝐿 = 40𝑚
𝐷 𝐿
= 0.3 =4
𝐵 𝐵
𝜇0 = 0.96
𝐻 = 10 𝑚
𝐻 𝐿
= 1.0 =4
𝐵 𝐵
𝜇1 = 0.55
0.05𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2 10000𝑚𝑚
𝛿 1 20 = 0.96 0.55 = 13.2 𝑚𝑚
20𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2

For layer 2: Assuming layer 2 extends to the surface
The compression of layer 1 and 2 if 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 30 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚2 and if layer 2 had a rigid base
𝑞𝐵
𝛿 1,2 30 = 𝜇0 𝜇1
𝐸2
𝐷 = 3𝑚, 𝐵 = 10𝑚, 𝐿 = 40𝑚

𝐷 𝐿
= 0.3 =4
𝐵 𝐵
𝜇0 = 0.96
𝐻 = 15 𝑚
𝐻 𝐿
= 1.5 =4
𝐵 𝐵
𝜇1 = 0.67
0.05𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2 10000𝑚𝑚
𝛿 1,2 30 = 0.96 0.67 = 10.72 𝑚𝑚
30𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2
The compression of layer 1 if 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 30 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚2 and if layer 1 had a rigid base

0.05𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2 10000𝑚𝑚
𝛿 1 30 = 0.96 0.55 = 8.8 𝑚𝑚
30𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2

For layer 3: Assuming layer 3 extends to the surface
The compression of layer 1, 2 and 3 if 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 𝐸3 = 40 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚2 and if layer 3 had a rigid
base
𝑞𝐵
𝛿 1,2,3 40 = 𝜇0 𝜇1
𝐸3
𝐷 = 3𝑚, 𝐵 = 10𝑚, 𝐿 = 40𝑚
𝐷 𝐿
= 0.3 =4
𝐵 𝐵
𝜇0 = 0.96
𝐻 = 25 𝑚
𝐻 𝐿
𝐵
= 2.5 𝐵
=4
𝜇1 = 0.88
0.05𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2 10000𝑚𝑚
𝛿 1,2,3 40 = 0.96 0.88 = 10.56 𝑚𝑚
40𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2
The combined compression of layer 1 and 2 if 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 40 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚2 and if layer 2 had a rigid
base
0.05𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2 10000𝑚𝑚
𝛿 1,2 40 = 0.96 0.67 = 8.4 𝑚𝑚
40𝑀𝑁ൗ𝑚2
The overall total settlement,
𝛿 1 20 2 30 3 40 =𝛿 1 20 +𝛿 1,2 30 −𝛿 1 30 +𝛿 1,2,3 40 −𝛿 1,2 40
𝛿 1 20 2 30 3 40 = 13.2 + 10.72 − 8.8 + 10.56 − 8.4 𝑚𝑚
𝛿 1 20 2 30 3 40 = 17.28 𝑚𝑚

Determination of the Influence Coefficient, 𝐼

BOUSSINESQ EQUATION FOR UNIFORM LOADING
Recall:
3𝑧 3 𝑄
Δ𝜎𝑣 = 5
2𝜋 𝑟2 + 2
𝑧 2
Consider a differential load dQ, the above equation may be transformed, noting
that…
Δ𝜎𝑣 = 𝑑 Δ𝜎𝑣
𝑄 = 𝑑𝑄
whence:
3𝑧 3 𝑑𝑄
𝑑(Δ𝜎𝑣 ) = 5
2𝜋 𝑟2 + 2
𝑧 2
Integrate both sides with 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑞𝑑𝐴, we get
3𝑧 3 𝑞
Δ𝜎𝑣 = න 5 𝑑𝐴 − General Equation
2𝜋 𝑟 2 + 𝑧2 2
For a Circular Footing

𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟. 𝑑𝑟. 𝑑𝜃
Substitute to the General Equation with limits
0 < 𝜃 < 2𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑟 < 𝑅
We have…
2𝜋 𝑅
3 𝑧3𝑞 𝑟
Δ𝜎𝑣 = න න 5 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
0 0 2𝜋 𝑟 2 + 𝑧2 2
or
3 𝑧 3 𝑞 2𝜋 𝑅 𝑟
Δ𝜎𝑣 = න න 5 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
2𝜋 0 0 𝑟2 + 𝑧2 2
Integrating we have…
𝑧3
Δ𝜎𝑣 = 𝑞 1 − 3
𝑟2 + 2
𝑧 2
Note: The term in parenthesis is called the Influence Coefficient 𝐼𝐵

For a Square Footing

From the General Equation
3 𝑧3𝑞
∆𝜎𝑣 = න 5 𝑑𝐴
2𝜋 𝑟 2 + 𝑧2 2
Substitute: 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
where: 0 < 𝑥 < 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0 < 𝑦 < 𝐿
Hence:
𝐵 𝐿
3 𝑧3𝑞
∆𝜎𝑣 = න න 5 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
0 0 2𝜋 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧2 2
Note: The above equation may be solved analytically or numerically

One of the few available solution is given below…
1 2𝑀𝑁 𝑉 𝑉+1 −1
2𝑀𝑁 𝑉
∆𝜎𝑣 = 𝑞 + tan
4𝜋 𝑉 + 𝑉1 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉1
where:
𝐵
𝑀=
𝑧
𝐿
𝑁=
𝑧
𝑉 = 𝑀2 + 𝑁 2 + 1
𝑉1 = 𝑀 𝑁 2

2𝑀𝑁 𝑉
When 𝑉1 > 𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒 tan−1 term is negative (−) and it is necessary to
𝑉−𝑉1
add 𝜋.
1 2𝑀𝑁 𝑉 𝑉+1 −1
2𝑀𝑁 𝑉
∆𝜎𝑣 = 𝑞 + tan +𝜋
4𝜋 𝑉 + 𝑉1 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉1
The above equation is given by Newmark, applicable beneath the corner of the
area B x L.

Numerical Solution:
1. Derive the influence formula numerically.
2. Assume a rectangular base (B x L) and divide it into small areas of side ‘a’ so
a series of point loads are produced. Use ‘a’ not greater than 0.1.
3. Iterate on x, y, and z coordinates of the vertical pressure profile line.
Note:
𝑎 𝑎
𝑥1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 =
2 2
𝑥𝑖 = 𝑥𝑖−1 + 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 < 𝑖 < 𝐵
𝑦𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖−1 + 𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 1 < 𝑗 < 𝐿
𝑧𝑘 = 𝑧𝑘−1 + ∆𝑧 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∆𝑧 = 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝐵 𝐿
𝑖= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑗 =
𝑎 𝑎
𝑧
4. Plot the Influence Curve 𝐼 𝑣𝑠 and/or tabulate the results
𝐵

Problem:
The footing shown in the figure below exerts a uniform pressure of 300 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚2
to the soil. Determine vertical stress increase due to uniform pressure at a point
4m directly under (a) point O’, (b) point O. Use Newmark Formula for the
determination of influence coefficient.
𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝑂
𝑎 4m
𝑒 𝑂′
4m

Solution:
a. Point O’: use O’ebd
∆𝜎𝑣 = 𝑞 𝐼
Solve for I:
𝐵=4
𝐿=4
𝑧=4
𝐵 4
𝑀= = =1
𝑧 4
𝐿 4
𝑁= = =1
𝑧 4
𝑉 = 𝑀2 + 𝑁 2 + 1 = 12 + 12 + 1 = 3
𝑉1 = 𝑀 𝑁 2 = 1 1 2 =1
1 2𝑀𝑁 𝑉 𝑉+1 2𝑀𝑁 𝑉
𝐼= + tan−1 +𝜃
4𝜋 𝑉 + 𝑉1 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉1

hence:
𝑉1 < 𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 0
1 2 (1) (1) 3 3 + 1 2 (1) (1) 3

𝐼= + tan−1
4𝜋 3+1 3 3−1
𝐼 = 0.175
∆𝜎𝑣 = 𝑞 𝐼
𝑘𝑁
∆𝜎𝑣 = 300 2 0.175
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
∆𝜎𝑣 = 52.5 2
𝑚

b. Point O: use Oabc

∆𝜎𝑣 = 4 𝑞 𝐼
Solve for I:
𝐵=2
𝐿=2
𝑧=4
𝐵 2
𝑀 = = = 0.5
𝑧 4
𝐿 2
𝑁 = = = 0.5
𝑧 4
𝑉 = 𝑀2 + 𝑁 2 + 1 = (0.5)2 +(0.5)2 +1 = 1.5
𝑉1 = 𝑀 𝑁 2 = 0.5 0.5 2 = 1 = 0.0625
1 2𝑀𝑁 𝑉 𝑉+1 2𝑀𝑁 𝑉
𝐼= + tan−1 +𝜃
4𝜋 𝑉 + 𝑉1 𝑉 𝑉 − 𝑉1

hence:
𝑉1 < 𝑉 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝜃 = 0
1 2 (0.5) (0.5) 1.5 1.5 + 1 −1

2 (0.5) (0.5) 1.5
𝐼= + tan
4𝜋 1.5 + 0.0625 1.5 1.5 − 0.625
𝐼 = 0.084
∆𝜎𝑣 = 4 𝑞 𝐼
𝑘𝑁
∆𝜎𝑣 = 4 300 0.084
𝑚2
𝑘𝑁
∆𝜎𝑣 = 100.80 2
𝑚


Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations

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Immediate Settlement of Shallow Foundations

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Foundation Engineering Engr. Randy G.

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Secondary settlement occurs after the completion of primary consolidation and

Tarlac State University

1. Formula: Boussinesq’s Equations

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Δ𝜎𝑧 − 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Fig. 3.11 Moduli determined

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The Effects of Heterogeneity and anisotropy

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

𝐷 = 3𝑚, 𝐵 = 10𝑚, 𝐿 = 40𝑚

The compression of layer 1 if 𝐸1 = 𝐸2 = 30 𝑀𝑁Τ𝑚2 and if layer 1 had a rigid base

Tarlac State University

The overall total settlement,

𝛿 1 20 2 30 3 40 =𝛿 1 20 +𝛿 1,2 30 −𝛿 1 30 +𝛿 1,2,3 40 −𝛿 1,2 40

𝛿 1 20 2 30 3 40 = 13.2 + 10.72 − 8.8 + 10.56 − 8.4 𝑚𝑚

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Determination of the Influence Coefficient, 𝐼

For a Circular Footing

Note: The term in parenthesis is called the Influence Coefficient 𝐼𝐵

For a Square Footing

Note: The above equation may be solved analytically or numerically

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One of the few available solution is given below…

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

Tarlac State University

1 2 (1) (1) 3 3 + 1 2 (1) (1) 3

Tarlac State University

b. Point O: use Oabc

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1 2 (0.5) (0.5) 1.5 1.5 + 1 −1

Tarlac State University

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