CE- 312 Structural Mechanics

Cylinders and Pressure Vassals

Part-2
Engr. Muhammad Usman
Lecturer
Department of Civil Engineering (Narowal
Campus)

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING
& TECHNOLOGY LAHORE
CHANGE IN CYLINDER DIMENSION
a) Change in Length
The change in length of cylinder may be determined from the
total longitudinal strain, neglecting the radial strain.
1
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜀𝐿 − 𝜈. 𝜀𝐻 = 𝜎𝐿 − 𝜈𝜎𝐻
𝐸
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
1
𝛿𝐿 = 𝜎𝐿 − 𝜈𝜎𝐻 × 𝐿
𝐸
1 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
𝛿𝐿 = −𝜈 ×𝐿
𝐸 4𝑡 2𝑡
𝑝𝑑
𝛿𝐿 = 1 − 2𝜈 × 𝐿
4𝑡𝐸
𝑝𝑑
New length = 𝛿𝐿 + L = 4𝑡𝐸 1 − 2𝜈 + 𝐿

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 2

b) Change in Diameter
The change in diameter of cylinder is given as following
Change in Diameter = Diameter Strain x Original Diameter
Now the change in the diameter may be determined from the
consideration of circumferential change. The stress acting
around a circumference σH or Hoop Stress gives rise to the
Circumferential or Hoop Strain , εH.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜀𝐻 × 𝜋𝑑
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐 × 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜋𝑑 + 𝜀𝐻 × 𝜋𝑑 = 𝜋𝑑(1 + 𝜀𝐻 )

New diameter can be obtained dividing the new circumference by π.

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑 × 𝜀𝐻
𝑁𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑(1 + 𝜀𝐻 ) 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 3

 𝑑𝜀𝐻
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛, 𝜀𝑑 = ⇒ 𝜀𝑑 = 𝜀𝐻
𝑑

𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
Therefore, = 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 × 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜀𝐻 − 𝜈𝜀𝐿 × 𝑑
1 1 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
𝛿𝑑 = 𝜎𝐻 − 𝜈𝜎𝐿 × 𝑑 = −𝜈 ×𝑑
𝐸 𝐸 2𝑡 4𝑡
𝑝𝑑
𝛿𝑑 = 2−𝜈 ×𝑑
4𝑡𝐸

c) Change in Internal Volume

The change in internal volume may be determined by the
following expression.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝛿𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ⇒ 𝜀𝑣 =
𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝜋𝑑2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = ×𝐿
4

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 4

 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕 𝜋𝑑2 𝜕 𝜋𝑑 2
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝛿𝑉 = + = ×𝐿 + ×𝐿
𝜕𝑑 𝜕𝐿 𝜕𝑑 4 𝜕𝐿 4
𝜋 𝜋𝑑2
𝛿𝑉 = 𝐿. 2𝑑𝛿𝑑 + 𝛿𝐿
4 4
𝜋 𝜋𝑑2
𝛿𝑉 4 𝐿. 2𝑑𝛿𝑑 + 4 𝛿𝐿 2𝛿𝑑 𝛿𝐿
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝜀𝑉 = = = +
𝑉 𝜋𝑑2 𝑑 𝐿
× 𝐿
4
𝜀𝑉 = 2𝜀𝐻 + 𝜀𝐿

Substituting the value of εH and εL

𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
𝜀𝑉 = 2 2−𝜈 + 1 − 2𝜈 ∴ 𝜀𝐻 = 2−𝜈 ×𝑑
4𝑡𝐸 4𝑡𝐸 4𝑡𝐸
𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑑
𝜀𝑉 = (4 − 2𝜈 + 1 − 2𝜈) = 5 − 4𝜈 ∴ 𝜀𝐿 = 1 − 2𝜈 × 𝐿
4𝑡𝐸 4𝑡𝐸 4𝑡𝐸

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 5

Example Problem # 4
A cylindrical shell, 0.8 m in a diameter and 3 m long is having
10 mm wall thickness. If the shell is subjected to an internal
pressure of 2.5 N/mm2, determine
(a) change in diameter,
(b) change in length, and
(c) change in volume.
Take E = 200 GPa and Poisson’s ratio = 0.25.

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 6

 Example Problem # 4 (Solution)
Data
Diameter of the shell, d = 0.8 m = 800 mm.
Thickness of the shell, t = 10 mm.
Internal pressure, p = 2.5 N/mm2. E = 200 GPa and
Poisson’s ratio = 0.25
To Find
δd, δL and δV = ?
𝑝𝑑
𝛿𝑑 = 2−𝜈 ×𝑑
4𝑡𝐸
𝑝𝑑 V V   d 2    d 2 
Change𝛿in
𝐿 =
volume , V 1
= − 2𝜈 + × =𝐿   L  +   L 
4𝑡𝐸 d L d  4  L  4 
 d 2
V = L.2dd + L
4 4
 Department
d2
L.2dd +
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM
L of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 7
STRESSES IN SPHERICAL CYLINDERS
Because of the symmetry of the sphere, two mutually
perpendicular hoop or circumferential stresses (σH) of equal
value and a radial stress will be set up owing to internal
pressure. For the thin spherical cylinder (t < di/20) radial stress
is neglected. Thus, the stress system is one of equal biaxial
hoop stresses.
Considering, the equilibrium of the half-sphere
Bursting force = Resisting force σL=p.πdt
p.(πd2/4)

𝜋𝑑 2
𝑝. = 𝜎𝐻 . (𝜋𝑑𝑡)
4
𝑝𝑑
𝜎𝐻 =
4𝑡

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 8

CHANGE IN VOLUME OF SPHERICAL CYLINDER
As for the cylinder,
Change in volume = Original volume x Volumetric strain
But,
Volumetric strain = Sum of three mutually perpendicular strains
(in this case all equal)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 3𝜀𝑑 = 3𝜀𝐻
3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎𝐻 − 𝜈𝜎𝐻 ∴𝜎𝐿 = 𝜎𝐻
𝐸
3𝑝𝑑
𝜀𝑉 = 1−𝜈
4𝑡𝐸
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 + 𝑂𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
3𝑝𝑑
𝜀𝑉 = 1−𝜈 ×𝑉
4𝑡𝐸
4 3 4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑 3
3 24
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 9
Example Problem # 5 (Andrew Pytel 2nd Edition)
A cylindrical steel pressure vessel has hemispherical
end-caps. The inner radius of the vessel is 24 in. and the
wall thickness is constant at 0.25 in. When the vessel is
pressurized to 125 psi, determine the stresses and the
change in the radius of
(1) the cylinder; and
(2) the end-caps.
Use E = 29 x 106 psi and Poisson’s ratio = 0.28 for steel.

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 10

Example Problem # 5 (Solution)
Data
Radius of cylinder, r = 24 in
Thickness of the shell, t = 25 in.
Internal pressure, p = 125 lbs/in2. E = 29 x 106 Psi and
Poisson’s ratio = 0.28
To Find
Part-1
i- Circumferential and Longitudinal Stress within cylinder
ii- Change in Radius of Cylinder
Part-2
i- Stress at the spherical end (i.e. end cap of the cylinder)
ii- Change in Radius of end-cap

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 11

Example Problem # 5 (Solution)
Part-1
i- Circumferential and Longitudinal Stress within cylinder
𝑝𝑟
𝜎𝐻 = 𝜎𝐶 =
𝑡
𝑝𝑟 𝜎𝐻
𝜎𝐿 = =
2𝑡 2

ii- Change in the radius of Cylinder

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 12

Example Problem # 5 (Solution)
Part-2
i- The stress in the spherical end-caps

ii- Change in the radius at spherical end-caps of Cylinder

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 13

VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FLUID PRESSURE
The fluid changes the volume as the pressure is increased,
which must be taken into account, while calculating the
amount of fluid which must be pumped into the cylinder to
raise the pressure by a specified amount.
Now, the bulk modulus, K is defined as following
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 , 𝐾 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑝 𝑝 𝑝𝑉
𝐾 = = =
𝜀𝑉 Τ
𝛿𝑉 𝑉 𝛿𝑉
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑝𝑉
= 𝛿𝑉 =
𝐾
The extra fluid require to raise the pressure must take up this
volume together with the increase in the internal volume of the
cylinders.
By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 14
Extra Fluid Require to raise Increase in the Change (reduction)
the cylinder pressure by p = volume of cylinder + in the fluid volume

Extra Fluid Required to = 𝑝𝑉

2𝜀𝐻 + 𝜀𝐿 . 𝑉 +
raise the cylinder pressure 𝐾
𝑝𝑑 𝑝𝑉
by p = 5 − 4𝜈 . 𝑉 +
4𝑡𝐸 𝐾

Example Problem # 6
A copper tube of 50 mm diameter and 1200 mm length has a
thickness of 1.2 mm with closed ends. It is filled with water at
atmospheric pressure (p = 0.101 Mpa).
Find the increase in pressure when an additional volume of 32
cc of water is pumped into the tube. Take E for copper = 100
GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3 and K for water = 2000 N/mm2.

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 15

Example Problem # 6 (Solution)
d = 50 mm, L =1200 mm t = 1.2 mm
Additional volume of water = 32 cubic centimetre
Take E for copper = 100 GPa, Poisson’s ratio = 0.3 and
K for water = 2000 N/mm2.

By Dr. Nauman KHURRAM Department of Civil Engineering, UET Lahore 16