Java Threads

Threads allow a program to operate more efficiently by doing multiple things at the same time.

Threads can be used to perform complicated tasks in the background without interrupting the
main program.

There are two ways to create a thread:

1. By extending Thread class

2. By implementing Runnable interface.

Commonly used methods of Thread class:

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for a thread.

2. public void start(): starts the execution of the thread.JVM calls the run() method on the
thread.
3. public void sleep(long milliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep
(temporarily cease execution) for the specified number of milliseconds.
4. public void join(): waits for a thread to die.
5. public void join(long milliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specified
milliseconds.
6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of the thread.
7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of the thread.
8. public String getName(): returns the name of the thread.
9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread.
10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executing thread.
11. public int getId(): returns the id of the thread.
12. public Thread.State getState(): returns the state of the thread.
13. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread is alive.
14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and
allow other threads to execute.
15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend the thread(deprecated).
16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspended thread(deprecated).
17. public void stop(): is used to stop the thread(deprecated).
18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemon thread.
19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or user thread.
20. public void interrupt(): interrupts the thread.
 21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has been interrupted.
22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has been interrupted.

Encapsulation:

Encapsulation in Java is a process of wrapping code and data together into a single unit, for
example, a capsule which is mixed with several medicines.

We can create a fully encapsulated class in Java by making all the data members of the class
private. Now we can use setter and getter methods to set and get the data in it.

The Java Bean class is the example of a fully encapsulated class.

Advantage of Encapsulation in Java:

By providing only a setter or getter method, you can make the class read-only or write-only. In
other words, you can skip the getter or setter methods.

It provides you with control over the data. Suppose you want to set the value of id which
should be greater than 100 only, you can write the logic inside the setter method. You can write
the logic not to store the negative numbers in the setter methods.

It is a way to achieve data hiding in Java because other classes will not be able to access the
data through the private data members.

The encapsulated class is easy to test. So, it is better for unit testing.

The standard IDE's are providing the facility to generate the getters and setters. So, it is easy and
fast to create an encapsulated class in Java.
Exception Handling

It's a mechanism to handle the runtime errors so that the normal flow of the application can be
maintained.

Exception Handling is a mechanism to handle runtime errors such as ClassNotFoundException,

IOException, SQLException, RemoteException, etc.

Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application. An
exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application; that is why we need to handle
exceptions.

Let's consider a scenario:

1. statement 1;
2. statement 2;
3. statement 3;
4. statement 4;
5. statement 5;//exception occurs
6. statement 6;
7. statement 7;
8. statement 8;
9. statement 9;
10. statement 10;

Suppose there are 10 statements in a Java program and an exception occurs at statement 5; the
rest of the code will not be executed, i.e., statements 6 to 10 will not be executed. However,
when we perform exception handling, the rest of the statements will be executed. That is why we
use exception handling in Java.