POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

Santa Rosa Campus City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

UNIT 1 – 8

The Child and Adolescent Learner and Learning Principles

EDUC 30013

In Partial Fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Business Technology and

Livelihood Education Major in Home Economics

Submitted By:

Padilla, Crishamei Z.

BBTLEDHE-SR 1-1

Submitted to:

Mrs. Teresita Bautista

S.Y. 2020-2021
UNIT 1
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. How does the study of human development help the teacher in the classroom instruction? Write
specific examples and explanation of your answer.

- In order to better address the needs of students, both collectively and individually, it is important for a
teacher to acknowledge human growth and development. Teachers are better equipped to make appropriate
instructional decisions if they understand typical patterns of growth and development. One example is when a
student has a mental incapability. Whether a teacher has a wide experience or is new to a teaching career,
studying human development can help them to understand these kinds of students. Educators will get a better
insight into how the students think, feel, behave, and learn.

2. Cite specific instances that will illustrate the contrast between quantitative and qualitative changes that
occur in human development.

Quantitative Qualitative
changes in height, weight, size of vocabulary, length gradual change in terms of the way children behave,
of hair, size of feet think and perceive the world in a different manner as
they mature or after acquiring language

3. Why is the relationship between the three core issues in human development relevant to the study of
child development?

- Child development theories focus on explaining how children change and grow throughout the course
of childhood. Since human development refers to the development of a human being throughout their lifespan,
it seems both of these studies are relevant to each other as they both focus on the development of a child since
birth.

4. As a future teacher of your field of specialization, write specific implications on each principle on
human development.

Principle 1 The process of growth and development continues

from the conception till the individual reaches
maturity.

Principle 2 It does not come all on a sudden. It is also cumulative

in nature.

Principle 3 Every species, whether animal or human, follows a

pattern of development peculiar to it. This pattern in
general is the same for all individuals.

Principle 4 Individuals differ in the rate of growth and

development. Boys and girls have different
development rates. Each part of the body has its own
particular rate of growth.

Principle 5 Maturity indicators do not occur in a consistent way.

 Principle 6 Individual differences are natural due to genetic and
environmental differences between individuals.

Principle 7 Rate of development is not uniform. There are periods

of great intensity and equilibrium and there are periods
of imbalance.

5. Write some fallacies or beliefs of the Filipinos on factors that affect the development of an individual
and how they are related to the learning process of the child.

- One of the cultural beliefs Filipinos have is being very respectful towards the elderly. The Philippines
show their respect to the elder population with certain gestures and honorifics they use before the person's
name. One of these is using “po” and “opo” or doing “mano” which is an "honoring-gesture" used in Filipino
culture performed as a sign of respect to elders and as a way of requesting a blessing from the elder. These
gestures and honorifics are implemented in children’s minds as they grow up. They are trying to learn that these
indications are appropriate for them as they go through the course of childhood development.

6. Why is the study of Human Growth and Development important to the teaching-learning process?
Relate your answers to the class room setting.

- It is due to make better interaction with the students. Studying Human Growth and Development will
improve a person's ability to communicate efficiently with students. It facilitates teachers in gaining a greater
understanding of the stages of development so that they can feel more at ease when conversing, teaching, and
working with students.

7. List at least 5 more factors that affect the human development (from conception to adolescence).
Explain each factor and give examples.

a. Heredity

- Heredity is the transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through their genes. It
influences all aspects of physical appearance such as height, weight, body structure, color of the eye, texture of
the hair, and even intelligence and aptitudes. Diseases and conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity,
etc., can also be passed through genes, thereby affecting the growth and development of the child adversely.

b. Environment
 - The environment plays a critical role in the development of children and it represents the sum total of
physical and psychological stimulation the child receives. Some of the environmental factors influencing early
childhood development involve the physical surroundings and geographical conditions of the place the child
lives in, as well his social environment and relationships with family and peers.

c. Hormones

- Hormones belong to the endocrine system and influence the various functions of our bodies. They are
produced by different glands that are situated in specific parts of the body to secrete hormones that control body
functions. Their timely functioning is critical for normal physical growth and development in children.
Imbalances in the functioning of hormone-secreting glands can result in growth defects, obesity, behavioural
problems and other diseases.

d. Familial Influence

- Families have the most profound impact in nurturing a child and determining the ways in which they
develop psychologically and socially. Whether they are raised by their parents, grandparents or foster care, they
need basic love, care and courtesy to develop as healthy functional individuals. The most positive growth is
seen when families invest time, energy and love in the development of the child through activities, such as
reading to them, playing with them and having deep meaningful conversations.

e. Geographical Influences

- Where you live also has a great influence on how your children turn out to be. The schools they attend,
the neighbourhood they live in, the opportunities offered by the community and their peer circles are some of
the social factors affecting a child’s development. Living in an enriching community that has parks, libraries
and community centres for group activities and sports all play a role in developing the child’s skills, talents, and
behaviour.
UNIT 2
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. Make a graphic organizer or a flowchart showing the relationships of each child development theories to one
another. You may use one theory as your point of reference.

2. Write specific examples on the application of Bronfenbrenner theory to the learning development of a child.
 The ecological systems theory of Bronfenbrenner views child development as a complex system of
relationships influenced by several layers of the surrounding environment, ranging from intimate home
and school settings to broad societal values, laws, and practices. To study a child's development, we
must include not only the child and her local environment, but also how the greater environment
interacts with the child.
3. Write the implications to child’s learning process of the following theory:
a. Jean Piaget Cognitive Development
 The educational relevance of Piaget's thesis is that instruction should be tailored to the degree of
development of the learner. It is critical that the topic of education be appropriate for the learner's
developmental level.

b. Erik Erikson Psychosocial Theory

 Erikson's theory can have a variety of educational consequences based on the learner's age group
and the tasks they are required to do. Allowing the child to play with many natural, simple
materials, as well as role-playing to express fantasy and creativity, are examples.
c. Lawrence Kohlberg Moral Development
 Kohlberg's six-stage model of moral development is a great tool for figuring out where children
are in their moral growth. Teachers may guide their students' moral personalities and help them
become the best they can be by knowing this notion of moral growth.
UNIT 3
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. From the videos, write the summary of the factors affecting Learning and explain each factor given. Write at
least one specific example for each factor.

a. Intellectual
 The word refers to a person's mental state. In general, academic success is linked to intellectual
ability. Low-intelligence students sometimes struggle to master curriculum. Because of particular
intellectual limitations, some students are unable to learn.
b. Physical
 Health, physical development, nutrition, visual and bodily deformities, and glandular
abnormalities are all included in this category. It is widely acknowledged that poor health
hinders physical and motor development, and that hunger obstructs learning and physical growth.
c. Emotional and Social
 Personal and social elements such as instincts and emotions, as well as collaboration and rivalry,
are all linked to a complicated psychology of motivation. It is a well-known truth that an
individual's diverse responses to various types of stimuli are influenced by a wide range of
tendencies.
d. Teacher’s Personality
 The teacher's personality has an essential role in the learning environment, as well as the
learner's failures and successes. The way his personality interacts with the characteristics of the
students he is teaching influences the type of behavior that results from the learning setting.
e. Environmental
 The physical conditions required for learning are influenced by the environment. The
environment in which learning takes place is one of the aspects that influences its efficiency.
Classrooms, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and other educational resources are all
included.

2. By means of graphic organizer, summarize the scope and nature of the Learner and the Learning Principles.
3. Write your own insight on the quote below. Relate your answer to Unit I and Unit III of this module.

“When I was 5 years old, my mom told me that happiness was the key to life. When I went to school, they
asked me what I wanted to be when I grew up. I wrote down “happy”. They told me I didn’t understand the
assignment. I told them they didn’t understand life –John Lennon.”

 It makes no difference how much money you have, how much money you spend, how much money you
make, how much money you drive, or how much money you wear. It doesn't matter if you're not content
with yourself. Happiness is the most valuable asset we will ever possess.

4. Defend your answer: in the context of “Learning is an active process”, what do we mean by “Hands on-minds
on-hearts on” learning?

 During hands-on activities, students should have mind-on and/or head-on experiences. The learner
learns by doing in a hands-on activity, but in a minds-on activity, the learner is thinking about what she
or he is learning and doing. Hands-on learning is a method of teaching in which students learn by doing.
Rather than simply listening to a teacher or instructor talk on a topic, the student interacts with it to solve
a problem or create something.
UNIT 4
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. Identify the marked physical changes and motor skills development of an individual from infancy to
adolescents and explain the implications of these changes to the parenting, caregiving, and in the teaching
process.

 An infant's physical development begins with his head and progresses to the rest of his body. Physical
growth follows the same pattern for all children, albeit the pace or rate of development may differ.
Because it appears that children do not exhaust, they keep moving, and their activity level is incredibly
high, motor skills developed at such a rapid rate during preschool.
 Middle childhood, which occurs between the ages of 6 and 12, is a time when children go through a lot
of changes. In comparison to infants in infancy or early childhood, children in this stage receive less
attention. During this stage of growth, the child's family and friends are extremely significant. Physical
development in primary school is slow but steady.
 Late-childhood children appear to be in a constant state of urgency. They are preoccupied with
education, social interactions, and researching other options, yet this period of physical development
appears to go at a slow rate.

2. As a future educator, how do you perceive the relevance of play to your future students and to their learning
process? How can it benefit your teaching strategies and make your learning objectives more efficient?

 Play is an activity in which children demonstrate their incredible capacity to explore, imagine, and make
decisions. While play is sometimes referred to be "children's work," it is actually a lot of fun for them.
From infancy until adolescence, the types of play that children engage in and the objectives for which
they play change. Students improve critical thinking skills, develop their language talents, broaden their
range of knowledge, and increase their social emotional awareness—all without understanding how
much they're learning in an academic context.

3. Choose a specific topic or lesson based on your major (e.g. Filipino, English, Mathematics, TLE) and discuss
the process IN DETAIL on how will you teach it to your future class using PLAY as one of your main teaching
strategy.

 Teachers educate children's academic abilities and knowledge in a dynamic, engaging manner,
concentrating on playful learning processes, fun and enjoyment, and the use and development of
children's creativity to encourage active participation. So, when I am starting to notice that my students
are not bored and not paying attention anymore, I will conduct some ice breakers to bring their interest
back in the class. I will often throw some jokes also to lighten up the mood and make the interactions
with my students easy and fun.

4. Study the Filipino Games on the next page. If you are one of the players in these games, what lessons do you
think you would gain in playing these games?

 SUNGKA
 It is known that Sungka improves mathematical thinking and teaches patience and observation
skills.
 PATINTERO
  In playing the game of Patintero, you can get the values of being on time or punctual, having
cooperation and making decisions quickly and effectively.
 PIKO
 This game helps children to master body control. Piko also helps children to manage body
rhythm, which is the core of numerous other skills. Movements involved build body strength,
balance, eye/hand coordination and more. It's a great “social campfire” for young children.

5. Interview your parents or anybody older than you who had experienced playing any of the Filipino games.
Write how they feel playing the game and what lesson/s have they learned from playing the games.

 My parents said that when they were a child, there are a lot of things that they learned from playing
Filipino games. One is peer interaction, especially through play it aids in the development of children.
Through play, children get to learn social, physical, language, emotional, and cognitive skills. There are
different types of games, but nowadays, many Filipino children rarely play group games.

6. Describe the brain and its functions or implications to the learning process of children and adolescents.

 Myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex grow during adolescence, boosting
information processing efficiency and strengthening neuronal connections between the prefrontal cortex
and other brain regions. However, this development takes time and is uneven.
UNIT 5
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. What four main ideas did Piaget use to describe cognitive processes?

a. Sensorimotor Stage
b. Pre-Operational Stage
c. Concrete-Operational Stage
d. Formal Operational Stage

2. Give a classroom situation wherein you can apply the Connectionism Theory of Thorndike.
 It can be used in the classroom by presenting the concepts of pleasure and pain, as well as reward and
punishment. When a student does something wrong and is punished for it, he will refuse to perform the
task in the future since punishment causes him pain.
UNIT 6
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. Compare and contrast the different theories involving the socio-emotional development of an individual.

 The importance of positive social and emotional development cannot be underestimated. Self-
confidence, empathy, the ability to form meaningful and lasting friendships and relationships, and a
sense of importance and value to those around him/her are all influenced by this development. All other
aspects of a child's growth are influenced by their social and emotional development. Moral
development relates to how we learn to discern between right and wrong as we grow older. Moral
development in very young children is typically lower than in adults.

2. Cite examples on the different theories to an individual’s social-emotional development.

 Healthy social and emotional development includes abilities such as bouncing back after being teased or
sitting patiently in a group to listen to a story. They entail the ability to control one's emotions and
impulses, which is necessary for growth and learning. Emotional management, like any other skill, must
be learned.

3. How do family influence the early social experiences of their children? Explain your answers using your own
words.

 What your child learns from your interactions with them will be what they carry with them for the rest
of their lives in terms of how to treat others. Your children will learn to trust, seek companionship from
others, and find comfort in others as a result of this socialization with family.

4. How well do you think your own socio-emotional development can be described using Erikson’s theory?

 Erikson emphasizes that a person's personality develops as a result of their interactions and experiences
with important individuals as a child. During the preschool years, a lot of this connection is around all of
the many talents that are developing.

5. Cut-out pictures showing the varied emotional expressions of a person without any label. Show these pictures
to young children (ages 4-7years old) and ask them to identify the emotions expressed. Write your observations
on how they react during the time they say the pictures.

 I tried this with the youngest sibling of my friend. She managed to identify and differentiate the
emotions expressed, but while doing that, she is also laughing at the pictures at the same time.

6. Search the experiment done by Albert Bandura about BOBO DOLL. How does this experiment help you as a
future teacher?

 The Bobo doll experiment demonstrated that children can learn social behavior such as violence through
observation learning, which involves studying another person's conduct.

7. What are the educational implications of Bandura’s experiment?

 This theory may undoubtedly be used to educate kids’ positive actions. Positive role models can be used
by teachers to enhance desired behaviors and thereby improve a school's culture.
UNIT 7
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. What is moral development? What levels of moral development were identified by Kohlberg? By Giligan?
and what are the criticisms of the theories?

 The process by which humans develop a progressive awareness of what is right and wrong, proper and
improper, is referred to as moral development. Kohlberg identified three distinct levels of moral
reasoning: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional. Males and females are typically
socialized differently, according to Gilligan, and females are more likely than males to value
interpersonal relationships and accept responsibility for others' well-being. Kohlberg has a
discriminatory attitude toward women. This problem arises when Kohlberg fails to account for the
disparities between men and women. Women, for example, are more prone to base their moral problem
explanations on ideas like caring and personal ties.

2. Resolve issues and concerns raised by Carol Gilligan from Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory.

 Her application of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral growth is her most well-known contribution to
psychology. Kohlberg discovered that men were more likely than women to achieve this stage of moral
thinking, and those men were more concerned with fairness. Gilligan slammed this theory, claiming that
it was skewed toward men.

3. As a future teacher, what can you do to your students to develop in them the moral behavior?

 Allow pupils to witness how you live these values in and out of the classroom by judging fairly,
practicing honesty and respect, sharing, and demonstrating accountability. It should be related to your
topic. Set clear expectations for your children in terms of the values you hold dear.

4. Interview at least four preschool teachers or elementary school teachers (grades 1- 4). Ask them “How do you
promote moral development among your students inside or outside the classroom?” Answers should be specific.
Submit the picture of the conversation between you and the teachers. Write their names and the level of students
they are handling.
Sir Jesus Padilla
Grade 4 Teacher
Ma’am Jhoi Yaon
Grade 4 Teacher
Ma’am Emy Babiano
Grade 5 Teacher
Ma’am Vangie Arcillas
Grade 5 Teacher
UNIT 8
ACTIVITIES/ASSESSMENT:
1. Based on what you remember, write a simple journal of your development (EXPERIENCES) from Puberty
stage to young adolescents (time you had your first menarche up to your 18 years old). Classify the
development as to:

a. Physical changes
 When I was younger, I was chubbier for my age. But when I had dengue, I became really skinny
and remained like that up until now.
b. Cognitive changes
 When it comes to cognitive changes, as I age older, the way I observe people, think and solve
problems had progressed through time.
c. Social/Emotional changes
 As time passes by my social/emotional development improved and I managed to establish a
positive and rewarding relationships with others.
d. Moral changes
 My moral development has become better as time goes by since by getting older it means you
grow not just physically but also mentally and intellectually. Your mindset can change for the
better as time passes by.

2. As a future Secondary School Teacher, why do you think it is important to study the changes that occur from
Puberty to young Adolescent?

 Both children and their families may experience excitement and worry as a result of the
numerous physical, sexual, cognitive, social, and emotional changes that occur during this
period. Understanding what to expect at different stages of adolescence and early adulthood
might help to encourage healthy development.

3. How will you relate the following theories to the development of young adolescents?

a. Jean Piaget’ Cognitive Development

 The ability to think and reason is referred to as cognitive development. Adolescence signifies the
start of the maturation of more complicated thought processes (also called formal logical
operations). This period can include abstract thinking as well as the ability to come up with fresh
ideas or inquiries on their own.
b. Erik Erikson’s Psycho-Social stage of Development
 Identity vs. role confusion is the fifth stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory,
and it occurs during adolescence, between the ages of 12 and 18. Adolescents go through a
period of intense examination of own values, beliefs, and aspirations in order to find a sense of
self and personal identity.
c. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Moral Development
 Kohlberg felt that by early adolescence, most teenagers had achieved the Conventional Degree, a
middle level of moral thinking. Morality is defined at this level by social norms, or the rules and
social customs that have been expressly or tacitly agreed upon by a group of individuals.