Sub-synchronous oscillations with

type 3 WT and MMC-HVDC

Anton Stepanov*, Ulas Karaagac~, Jean Mahseredjian*

*PolytechniqueMontréal, Canada
~Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
 Plan
Introduction
System overview
SSO demonstration
Analysis
Conclusions

2
 Introduction
Sub-synchronous oscillations (SSO) in power systems

◼ Energy exchange between different parts of the system happening

below grid frequency

◼ Undesirable phenomenon (overcurrents/overvoltages, equipment

damage, protection system operation, …)

Different types of SSO

◼ Inductance <-> capacitance (compensated network)

◼ Mechanical <-> electrical (torsional oscillations)

◼ Control system interaction

3
 System overview
◼ WT, electrical grid, MMC-HVDC, nominal freq. = 50Hz

◼ Control system impacts SSO

34.5 kV 200 kV

Voltage
source
ASM Grid MMC1 MMC2

= ~ V, f VDC, Q
150 MW ~ = control control
4
 System overview
Wind turbine:

◼ Type 3 (DFIG), average value model

◼ Aggregated model of a wind park (100 x 1.667 MVA)

◼ Constant wind speed

◼ 2-mass mechanical model (turbine, generator)

◼ Cascade control of AC/DC converters (inner loop: decoupled dq frame)

wind stator 0.575 kV
ASM
rotor
= ~ RL choke
~ =
MPPT, Q VDC
control control 5
 System overview
Half-bridge SM
Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC):
CSM
◼ Lower switching frequency, losses, harmonics

◼ 200 SMs, arm equivalent model

IDC
◼ 200 MVA varm iua iub iuc
iarm SM SM SM
◼ Cascade control Rarm VDC
SM SM SM 2
◼ Circulating current suppression (CCSC) Larm Larm Larm
IAC
Proportional-Resonant controller

Larm Larm Larm

VAC
SM SM SM
VDC
2
SM SM SM
ia ib i c
6
 System overview
MMC-HVDC controls:

◼ AC grid side control: VDC-Q, PR current control

◼ WF-side control: provides AC voltage reference for the grid

◼ V-f control

◼ CCSC can be deactivated

Circulating Current
Suppression
Vref Vd Σ NLC to MMC
+ Σ kV
- Park-1 Clarke-1
Vq
Vmeas 0

Freq. 2π Θref
7
 SSO demonstration
800

Windfarm side CCSC 400

Iabc (A)
deactivated at t = 21 s 0

-400
◼ No oscillations before 21s
-800
20.8 21 21.2 21.4 21.6 21.8 22
Time (s)
◼ PCC current and voltage
oscillations appear after IFFT
10 2 35 Hz
deactivation of CCSC (no CCSC)

Iabc (A)
65 Hz
10 1 IFFT
(with CCSC)
10 0
◼ Significant harmonics:
10 -1
35 Hz, 65 Hz in both
10 -2
current and voltage 105
VFFT
104 (no CCSC)
Vabc (V)

35 Hz
65 Hz
103 VFFT
(with CCSC)
102
101
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hz) 8
 SSO demonstration
1.194
ω turb.
Windfarm side CCSC 1.192 ω gen.

ω (rad/s)
deactivated at t = 21 s 1.19
zoom

1.188
◼ No oscillations before 21s
1.186
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
◼ WF turbine speed is stable 1.1895

ω (rad/s)
WF generator speed (ASM)
1.189
◼

after deactivation of CCSC 1.1885

◼ Significant oscillations at 15 Hz 1.188

29 29.2 29.4 29.6 29.8 30
◼ Small peaks at 30 and 45 Hz 0
Time (s)
10

50 Hz – 15 Hz = 35 Hz
-2
◼ 10 15 Hz
ω (rad/s)

50 Hz + 15 Hz = 65 Hz -4
10 30 Hz
(frequency of AC current -6
10
and voltage oscillations) -8
10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hz) 9
 Analysis
Zin analysis:

1. Measure VMMC, IWF: voltage and current at PCC (3-phase, 50 Hz, no SSO)

2. Disconnect WF+grid from MMC

3. Apply VMMC and IWF sources to WF+grid and MMC, respectively

4. Apply small perturbation at different frequencies in time-domain:

1. MMC with and without CCSC: Zin(f) = Vabc(f) / Iperturb(f)
2. WF + grid: Zin(f) = Vperturb(f) / Iabc(f)
Iabc Zin

WT ASM Grid Zin MMC1 MMC2

Vabc
= ~ V Ipe rturb V, f VDC, Q
~ = Vpe rturb
control control
VMMC IWF
10
 Analysis
IWF
IPCC ZMMC
Impedance-based stability - 1 + IPCC
IWF VMMC Σ Σ
criterion: ZWF+GRID +
- ZWF+GRID +

VMMC ZMMC
◼ Zmmc / Zwf+grid
ZMMC
◼ MMC without CCSC: 10 1
ZWF+GRID Negative
gain margin
f = 33 Hz: gain = 2 10 0

gain
◼

◼ f = 35 Hz: phase = -210° 10 -1 ZMMC+CCSC

ZWF+GRID
◼ System not stable 10 -2
◼ 35 Hz – frequency of current 90

and voltage oscillations 0

phase (deg)

-90
◼ Better phase margin in case
of MMC with CCSC -180
Negative
phase margin
-270
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Frequency (Hz) 11
 Analysis
Impedance-based stability
criterion, negative sequence:
10 1 ZMMC
◼ MMC without CCSC: ZWF+GRID

gain
◼ f = 9 Hz: pole 10 0 ZMMC+CCSC
◼ f = 15 Hz: unity gain ZWF+GRID

◼ safe phase margin 10-1

◼ MMC with CCSC: 90

◼ f = 13 Hz: unity gain
phase (deg)

0
◼ safe phase margin
◼ Stable system -90

-180
10 20 30 40 12
 Analysis
ZWF+GRID ZMMC
R-X analysis:
1000 no CCSC
◼ Zsum = Zwf+grid + Zmmc

Zsum (Ω)
X
500 zoom
0
◼ Oscillations if negative R when X=0 R
-500
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
◼ MMC without CCSC, f = 35.9 Hz: 25 no CCSC

Zsum (Ω)
◼ X = 0, R = -45 Ω 0

◼ System not stable -25 negative R

◼ 35 Hz – frequency of current and -50

32 34 36 38
voltage oscillations Frequency (Hz)
150
with CCSC
◼ MMC with CCSC, f = 19 Hz: 100 X
Zsum (Ω)

50 positive R
0
◼ X = 0, R = 60 Ω -50
-100 R
-150
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
13
Frequency (Hz)
 Analysis
R-X analysis, negative sequence:
150
◼ MMC without CCSC:
100
positive R
◼ f = 15 Hz 50 X

◼ X=0 0
-50
◼ R = 20 Ω
-100 R
without CCSC
◼ MMC with CCSC: -150

◼ f = 13 Hz 150
100
◼ X=0 positive R
50 X
◼ R = 27 Ω 0
◼ Stable system -50
-100 R
with CCSC
-150
10 20 30 40
14
 Analysis
SM capacitance effect: zoom1
10 2 zoom2

◼ Energy: 39, 40, 41 kJ/MVA 10 1

Iabc (A)
10 0
◼ With lower capacitor energy
(i.e. smaller capacitances): 10 -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
◼ Higher amplitude oscillations Frequency (Hz)

◼ SSO frequency peaks shift 20

39 kJ/MVA
closer to 50 Hz 50

40 40 kJ/MVA 15
Iabc (A)

Iabc (A)
30
41 kJ/MVA 10
20
5
10

0 0
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)

15
 Analysis
Vdc-control station modeling: WF + grid MMC1
VDC
V, f
◼ Ideal DC voltage source control

◼ Smaller oscillations in 10 2
zoom1
zoom2
AC currents and voltages
10 1

Iabc (A)
◼ SSO frequency peaks shift 10 0
further from 50 Hz
10 -1

◼ MMC station 10 -2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Frequency (Hz)

◼ Larger oscillations in
50 10
AC currents and voltages MMC
station
40 8
◼ Oscillations in DC voltage
Iabc (A)

Iabc (A)
30 6
and DC current 20 4

10 DC source 2

0 0
30 32 34 36 38 60 62 64 66 68 70
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) 16
 Analysis
MMC model effect:

◼ AEM:
◼ All SMs aggregated into one equivalent variable Ceq
◼ Sustained SSO (demonstrated in the presentation)
◼ DEM:
◼ Each SM available, IGBT switches represented by RON, ROFF
◼ Sustained SSO (results similar to AEM)
◼ AVM:

◼ Controlled voltage sources

◼ No oscillations
◼ Circulating current does not exist in this model
17
 Conclusions
◼ Sub-synchronous oscillations can occur between DFIG-WF and
MMC-HVDC

◼ Cause: MMC input impedance characteristics in absence of CCSC

(pole at 27 Hz)

◼ Negative sequence impedance has negligible impact on SSO

◼ Submodule capacitance impacts the amplitude of the oscillations

◼ Smaller amplitude oscillations if ideal DC voltage source is used at

the other end of HVDC transmission

◼ Average value MMC model insufficient to see sub-synchronous

oscillations
18
Sub-synchronous oscillations with
type 3 WT and MMC-HVDC

THANK YOU!

Anton Stepanov, Ulas Karaagac, Jean Mahseredjian