SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY (PART 1)

SOLUTION : PRACTICE ACTIVITY SHEET 1

Q. 1.  (A) 
(i) (C)

(ii) (A)

(iii) (B)

(iv) (C)

(v) (D)
Q. 1.  (B) 

(i) Retina

(ii) False

(iii) Specific heat capacity  _  cal / g·°C

(iv) Convex lens : Positive power of the lens : : Concave lens : Negative power

of the lens

(v) Russia

Q. 2.  (A) 

(i) (1) When an object is placed within the focal length of a magnifying glass or
simple microscope ( convex lens ), its larger and erect image is obtained
on the same side of the lens as that of the object.

(2) By adjusting the distance between the object and the lens, the image can
be obtained at the minimum distance of distinct vision. Thus, a watch
repairer can see the minute parts of a watch more clearly with the aid
of a magnifying glass ( a simple microscope ) than with the naked eye,
without any stress on the eye. Hence, watch repairers use a magnifying
glass ( a simple microscope ) while repairing the watches.

(ii) (1) Grills of doors and windows are made from iron. Iron has a tendency to
undergo corrosion.
(2) Paint does not allow air or moisture to come in contact with iron
surface.

Therefore, to prevent rusting of iron, grills of doors and windows are

always painted before they are used.

(iii) (1) The earth is surrounded by an atmosphere which is denser near the

surface of the earth. When the rays of light from the sun enter the
earth’s atmosphere from outer space, they travel from a rarer medium
to a denser medium. Hence, they bend towards the normal on refraction.

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 (2) Hence, even when the sun is below the horizon while rising or setting,
its rays reach us due to refraction and it appears to be on the horizon.
Therefore, the sun is seen on the horizon a little before sunrise as well
as for some time even after sunset.
Q. 2.  (B) 

(i) 
Ethene Propene

Homologous
series of alkenes

1-Butene 1-Pentene

(ii) Power of accommodation of the eye : The eye lens is held in its position
by the ciliary muscles. When we look at a nearby object, the ciliary muscles
compress the eye lens so that it becomes rounded. Hence, the focal length
of the eye lens decreases. Therefore, the image is formed on the retina of
the eye and hence the nearby object is seen clearly. When we look at a
distant object, the ciliary muscles relax so that the eye lens becomes flat.
Hence, the focal length of the eye lens increases. Therefore, the image is
formed on the retina of the eye and hence the distant object is seen clearly.
This ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length is called the power of
accommodation of the eye.

(iii) Imagine that you have held a current-carrying straight conductor in your
right hand in such a way that your thumb points in the direction of the
current. Then turn your fingers around the conductor. The direction of
the fingers is the direction of the magnetic lines of force produced by the
current.

(iv) Data : u  0 m/s, s  5 m, t  5 s, g  ?

1
  s   gt2
2
1 1
  5 m   g  (5 s)2   g  5 s  5 s
2 2
2
  g   m/s2  0.4 m/s2 (on the planet).
5

(v) When ethanol is heated at 170 °C with excess of conc. sulphuric acid, one
molecule of water is removed from its molecule to form ethene (unsaturated
compound).
Conc. H2SO4
CH3  CH2  OH IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIJ  CH2  CH2  H2O
170 °C
Ethanol Ethene Water

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Q. 3. 
  (i) The compound acquires specifies chemical properties due to these hetero
atoms or the groups of atoms that contain hetero atoms, irrespective of length
and nature of the carbon chain in that compound. Therefore these hetero
atoms or groups of atoms containing hetero atoms are called the functional
groups.

Functional group Compound Formula

  OH Ethyl alcohol C2H5OH

  CHO Acetaldehyde CH3CHO

 (ii) Newton’s universal law of gravitation : Every object in the Universe

attracts every other object with a definite force. This force is directly
proportional to the product of the masses of the two objects and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
 athematical form : Consider two objects of masses m1 and m2. We assume
M
that the objects are very small spheres of uniform density and the distance
r between their centres is very large compared to the radii of the spheres.

Gravitational force between two objects

T
 he magnitude ( F ) of the gravitational force of attraction between the objects
is directly proportional to m1m2 and inversely proportional to r2
m1m2 m1m2
  F       F  G  ,
r2 r2

where G is the constant of proportionality, called the universal gravitational

constant.
v(iii) (a)  The atomic number of this element is 20.
(b)  The group of this element is 2.
(c)  The element belongs to a period 4.

  (iv) A flow of large amount of current in a circuit, beyond the permissible value
of current, is called overloading.
It occurs when many electrical appliances of high power rating, such as a
geyser, a heater, an oven, a motor, etc., are switched on simultaneously. This
causes fire.
Overloading can be avoided by not connecting many electrical appliances of
high power rating in the same circuit.

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 (v) The iron rust is formed due to electrochemical reaction. Different regions on
iron surface become anode and cathode.

Reaction on anode region :


Fe(s)  ¾®  Fe2  (aq)  2e
  

Reaction on cathode region :

O2(g)  4H (aq)  4e   ¾®  2H2O(l)

When Fe2   ions migrate from anode region they react with water to form

Fe3   ions.

A reddish coloured hydrated oxide is formed from Fe3  ions. It is called rust.

2Fe3  (aq)  4H2O(l)  ¾®   Fe2O3.H2O(s)   6H (aq)

  A way to prevent rusting by colouring with acrylic paints, Zn plating,

galvanizing, anodizing, alloying, etc.
(vi) Dobereiner made groups of three elements each, having similar chemical
properties and called them triads. He arranged the three elements in a triad
in an increasing order of atomic mass and showed that the atomic mass of the
middle element was approximately equal to the mean of the atomic masses of
the other two elements.

Dobereiner’s triads :
(a)  S (32.1), Se (79.0), Te (127.6)

(b)  Be (9.0), Mg (24.3), Ca (40.1)

(vii) 

b. Medium Earth Orbit

a. Low Earth Orbit

c. High Earth Orbit

Orbits of satellites

Orbits of Satellites with their height from the earth’s surface :

(a)  Low earth orbits : height above the earth’s surface : 180 km to 2000 km
(b) Medium earth orbits : height above the earth’s surface : 2000 km to
35780 km
(c)  High earth orbits : height from the earth’s surface > 35780 km

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 (viii) The ratio of the actual mass of water vapour content in the air for a given
volume and temperature to that required to make the same volume of air
saturated with water vapour at the same temperature is called the relative
humidity.
Whether air is saturated with water vapour or not is determined on the basis
of the extent of water vapour present in the air. If the relative humidity is
100%, air is saturated with water vapour. In that case, we can see formation
of water droplets on the leaves of plants / grass.
If the relative humidity is less than 100%, air is not saturated with water
vapour.
Q. 4. 
(i) (1) As a star is far away from the earth, it appears as a point source of light.
The density of air decreases with height above the earth’s surface. Hence,
the refractive index of air also decreases with height. When starlight
enters the earth’s atmosphere, it undergoes refraction continuously in the
medium with gradually changing refractive index. The bending of starlight
occurs towards the normal as it passes from the optically rarer part of the
medium to the optically denser part.
(2) Hence, when a star is observed near the horizon, its apparent position is
slightly higher than the actual position.
(3) Further, the apparent position varies with time as the medium is not
stationary due to mobility of air and change in temperature. When more
light is refracted towards the observer the star appears bright. When less
light is refracted towards the observer, the star appears dim.

Actual position and apparent position of a star (Schematic diagram)

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 (4) Thus there is fluctuation in the brightness of a star when observed from
the earth. This is called twinkling of a star.

(5) Compared to stars, planets are relatively closer to the earth. Hence, a

planet appears as a collection of a large number of point sources. Due to
the changes in the refractive index of air, there is a change in the position
and brightness of these point sources. There is an increase in intensity of
light coming from some point sources while there is a decrease in intensity
of light coming from equal number of other point sources, on an average.
The average brightness of a planet remain the same. Also, there is no
change in the average position of a star. Hence, a planet does not twinkle.

(ii) Electrolytic reduction of alumina :

(1) The electrolytic cell consists of a rectangular steel tank lined from inside
with graphite.

(2) The carbon lining (graphite) acts as a cathode. The anode consists of

graphite rods suspended in the molten electrolyte.

(3) Alumina has very high melting point (  2000 ° C ). The electrolysis of

alumina is carried out at a low temperature by dissolving it in molten
cryolite ( Na3AlF6 ). The solution of alumina in cryolite and small amount of
fluorspar (CaF2) is added in the mixture to lower its melting point up to
1000 ° C.

(4) On passing an electric current, alumina is electrolysed.

(5) Molten aluminium is collected at the cathode, while oxygen gas is evolved

at the anode.

The electrode reactions are shown below :

 
Al2O3   2Al3    3O2

Anode reaction : 2O2    O2(g)   4e

Cathode reaction : Al3    3e   Al

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   The molten aluminium is heavier than the electrolyte. Therefore, it sinks

to the bottom of the electrolyte and is removed from time to time. About

99% pure aluminium is obtained by this process.

  The oxygen gas liberated reacts with carbon anode and forms carbon

dioxide. As the anode gets oxidised during the electrolysis of alumina, it

has to be replaced from time to time.

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