UCE613_ FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

IS CODE CHARTS AND TABLES AFTER MST

Fig: Variation of N with 

Table : Bearing Capacity Factors

(IS: 6403 - 1981)
Degrees Nc Nq N
0 5.14 1.0 0.0
5 6.49 1.57 0.45
10 8.35 2.47 1.22
15 10.98 3.94 2.65
20 14.83 6.40 5.39
25 20.72 10.66 10.88
30 30.14 18.40 22.40
35 46.12 33.30 48.03
40 75.31 64.20 109.41
45 138.88 134.88 271.76
50 266.89 319.07 762.89

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 The depth factors are given as under:
D
d c  1  0.2 . N
B
dq = d = 1 for  < 10o

D
and d q  d   1  0.1 . N  for  > 10o
B
where N = tan2 (45o +  / 2).

Table 3.3 Shape Factors (IS: 6403 -1981)

Shape of base Shape factors

Se Sq Sγ
1. Continuous strip 1.0 1.0 1.0
2. Rectangle  B  B  B
 1  0 .2   1  0 .2   1  0 .4 
 L  L  L
3. Square 1.3 1.2 0.8
4.Circle 1.3 1.2 0.6

The inclination factors are given as under

2
  
2

i c  i q  1   i   1  
 90   

where  = inclination of the load to the vertical, in degrees.

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 Pore pressure coefficient, A

Fig. Settlement coefficient for three dimensional consolidation

Fig. Fox’s depth correction factor

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Load Carrying Capacity of Pile foundation:
IS: 2911 Part I Sec3 -1984 recommends that the ultimate bearing capacity ‘Qu’ of piles in granular soils is
given by

Qu  A p 0.5DN   PD N q    KPDi tan  Asi

n

i 1
where Ap = cross-sectional area of pile toe
D = stem diameter , γ = effective unit weight of soil at pile toe
PD = effective overburden pressure at pile toe
Nγ, Nq = bearing capacity factors depending upon Φ at toe
n


i 1
= summation for n layers in which pile is installed

K = coefficient of earth pressure

= 1 to 3 for driven piles in loose to medium sand and 1 to2 for bored piles in loose to medium sand
PDi = effective overburden pressure for the ith layer where i varies from 1 to n
δ = angle of wall friction between pile and soil (may be taken equal to Φ)
Asi = surface area of pile stem in the ith layer where I varies from 1 to n

Table 4.3: Nγ values

Φ 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 32 34 36 38 40 45 50
Nγ 0 0.4 1.2 2.6 5.4 10.9 22.4 30.2 41 56.5 78 109.4 270 763

Fig. Bearing capacity Nq for piles based on IS:2911

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IS: 2911 Part I Sec3 -1984 recommends that the ultimate bearing capacity ‘Qu’ of piles in cohesive soils is
given by

Qu  A p N c C p   C As

where Ap = cross sectional area of pile toe

Nc =bearing capacity factor taken as 9
Cp = average cohesion at pile tip
α = reduction factor

C = average cohesion throughout the pile length

As = surface area of pile shaft
Table 4.4
Consistency N-value Value of α
Bored Piles Driven Piles
Soft to very soft <4 0.7 1
Medium 4 to8 0.5 0.7
Stiff 8 to 15 0.4 0.4
Stiff to hard >15 0.3 0.3

ALLOWABLE LOAD ON A PILE (FROM PILE LOAD TEST)

1. Two-thirds of final load at which the total displacement attains a value of
12mm unless otherwise required in a given case on the basis of nature
and type of structure in which case, the safe load should be
corresponding to stated total permissible displacement.
2. 50% of the final load at which the total displacement equals 10% of pile
diameter in case of uniform diameter piles and 7.5% of bulb diameter in
case of underreamed piles.
Allowable load is lesser of the two.

s
s (5 
 4 B  2.7 
2 )
Sg Sg
 3
  Si 1
S i  B  3.6  1
r

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BEARING CAPACITY OF UNDERREAMED PILES:
Design Consideration based on IS: 2911 (Part III):1984

1. The diameter of under reamed bulbs shall normally be 2.5 times the diameter of pile stem.
2. In deep layers of cohesive expansive soils the minimum length is 3.5m.
3. The centre to centre spacing for such piles should not be less than 2Du. For spacing of 2Du
the bearing capacity of pile group may be taken equal to number of piles multiplied by
bearing capacity of individual pile.
4. The number of bulbs in under-reamed compaction piles should be limited to two.

Cohesive soils: In case of clayey soils the ultimate load carrying capacity based on IS:2911 Part-III is given
by following expression:
Qu  Ap N c C p  Aa N c C ' a  C ' a A ' s  C a As
Qu = ultimate bearing capacity of the pile, Ap = cross sectional area of the pile stem at toe
Nc = bearing capacity factor taken as 9, Cp = cohesion of the soil around toe
Aa = Π/4( D2u –D2) where Du and D are under reamed bulb and stem diameter respectively. C’a = average
cohesion of soil around the under-reamed bulbs. A’s = surface area of cylinder circumscribing the under-
reams. α = reduction factor (0.5 for clays)
Ca = average cohesion of soil along the pile stem. As = surface area of stem
This equation is applicable for the vertical spacing between under-reamed bulbs not greater than 1.5
times the diameter of under-reamed bulb.

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Cohessionless Soils: In case of sandy soils the ultimate load carrying capacity based on IS:2911 Part-III is
given by following expression:

  r n
 
Qu  ( D 2 u  D 2 ) 0.5Du nN   N q  d r   D 2 0.5DN   d f N q 
4  r 1  4

 0.5DK tan  d 1  d f  d n
2 2

2

where Du = dia of under-ream bulb; D = dia of stem, n = number of under-ream bulb; γ = average filed
density; Nγ, Nq = bearing capacity from IS: 6403 as for shallow foundations; dγ = depth of the centre of
different under-ream bulbs; df = total depth of pile; K= earth pressure coefficient =1.75 for sandy soils;
δ=angle of wall friction; d1 = depth of centre of first under-ream bulb; dn = depth of centre of last under-
ream bulb.

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